Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a neutron interferometer to observe the quantum-mechanical phase shift of neutrons caused by their interaction with Earth's gravitational field, which is known as the Earth's magnetic field.
Abstract: We have used a neutron interferometer to observe the quantum-mechanical phase shift of neutrons caused by their interaction with Earth's gravitational field.
978 citations
321 citations
TL;DR: The collagen produced in response to an injury of human skin is initially stabilized by a crosslink derived from hydroxyallysine, and characteristic of embryonic skin this article, which is typical of young skin collagen.
281 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the sign reversal of the wave function of a fermion produced by its precession of 2π radians in a magnetic field using a neutron interferometer was observed.
Abstract: We have directly observed the sign reversal of the wave function of a fermion produced by its precession of 2π radians in a magnetic field using a neutron interferometer.
248 citations
TL;DR: In the last 10 years an extensive research and development effort has been made to implement the catalytic removal of noxious constituents from automotive exhaust as discussed by the authors, which is finally coming to fruition as this paper is going into print.
Abstract: In the last 10 years an extensive research and development effort has been made to implement the catalytic removal of noxious constituents from automotive exhaust. This effort is finally coming to fruition as this paper is going into print. Vehicles sold in the United States in 1975 will be, in a significant proportion, equipped with catalytic devices. The incorporation of a miniature chemical conversion plant into millions of moving objects operating under widely varying conditions, while being required to assure reliable performance for extended usage periods, has called for the combined skills of scientists, engineers, and designers in several industries. Even so, at present only the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons has reached the implementation stage. The catalytic removal of nitrogen oxides has turned out to be a still more difficult task. This review will summarize very briefly the present state-of-art of the catalytic devices for the treatment of NO, emissions, but ...
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study has been made of initial activity, steady-state activity and activity in the presence of H2S for CO hydrogenation on a number of supported catalysts.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proved that if an ellipsoidal region in an infinite anisotropic linear elastic medium undergoes, in the absence of its surroundings, a stress-free transformation strain which is a polynomial of degree M in given position coordinates, then the final stress and strain state in the transformed inclusion, when constrained by its surrounding, is also a polylogarithmic of degree m in those position coordinates.
Abstract: The problem of an anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusion which undergoes a stress-free transformation strain (in the sense of J. D. Eshelby) is considered, and the following theorem is proved: if an ellipsoidal region in an infinite anisotropic linear elastic medium undergoes, in the absence of its surroundings, a stress-free transformation strain which is a polynomial of degree M in given position coordinates, then the final stress and strain state in the transformed inclusion, when constrained by its surroundings, is also a polynomial of degree M in those position coordinates.
168 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an extreme value type life-testing distribution is studied, which has the property that the hazard function assume a U-shaped form and the hazard is exponentially increasing on the right.
Abstract: An extreme-value type life-testing distribution is studied which has the property that the hazard function say assume a U-shaped form. Also the hazard function is exponentially increasing on the right. Some general properties of least squares type estimators are discussed for the case of location-scale parameter distributions, and these estimators are applied to the proposed model. Properties of the estimators are studied by Monta Carlo simulation, and procedures for interval estimation and tests of hypotheses for the parameters and reliability are provided. A numerical example is also considered.
159 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate a reversion to embryonic collagen in proliferating granulation tissue, a fact of considerable importance in understanding wound healing.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used thermionic electron emission microscopy to measure the thickness of proeutectoid ferrite sideplates in Fe-C alloys and found that the thickness increases with the number of seconds of growth, reaching 5 xl0-5±1 cm/s.
Abstract: Thermionic electron emission microscopy was used to measure directly the thickening kinetics of proeutectoid ferrite sideplates in Fe-C alloys. These kinetics were found to be exceedingly irregular. During the first few seconds of growth, the thickening rate is 5 xl0-5±1 cm/s; afterwards it usually diminishes to 1 - 30 × 10-6 cm/s. As predicted by a general theory of precipitate morphology, thickening was shown to occur only by the ledge mechanism, despite the relatively poor matching of the austenite and the ferrite lattices. Ledges were observed to lengthen at rates controlled by the diffusion of carbon in austenite. Tent-shaped and other more complex surface relief effects, rather than the invariant plane strain relief, were found to predominate. These features are shown to be the expected result of a diffusional transformation occurring by means of a ledge mechanism.
151 citations
TL;DR: Several metal oxides of the perovskite structure have been prepared and used as catalyst for the oxidation of CO and C2H4 as mentioned in this paper, and the reaction rates are positive fractional order with respect to both oxygen and the oxidant, and are slightly inhibited by H2O.
TL;DR: In this paper, the compressive flow behavior of Al, Al−7 pct Mg and 7075 Al alloy foams has been determined in structures whose void fraction varies from 0.80 to 0.95 of the total volume.
Abstract: The compressive flow behavior of Al, Al−7 pct Mg and 7075 Al alloy foams has been determined in structures whose void fraction varies from 0.80 to 0.95 of the total volume. In all cases, a greater than linear increase in flow strength with increase in density was exhibited, indicating that bending stresses within the foam structure are an important feature of the collapse mode. The flow strength did not follow proportionately changes in bulk flow strength in comparisons of either alloy or of heat-treatment conditions. Ancillary tensile and metallographic observations show that this lack of correlation arises because the different foams collapse by different modes with localized fracture becoming dominant in the higher strength 7075 alloy. The energy absorbing efficiency was found to be independent of foam density for all the materials. However, the efficiency was found to be a strong function of the alloy and heat treatment increasing from about 30 pct in Al, to 43 pct in Al−7 pct Mg and to 50 pct in the solution heat treated and aged 7075 alloy. The increase in efficiency occurs because of an increase in the propensity to fracture in the higher strength alloys which introduces the potential for a propagating constant-stress collapse process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electron tunneling spectra of Pb, Mg, Au, and Ag were studied and the effect on the electronic standing-wave energies was measured.
Abstract: Periodic structure in the electron tunneling spectra of Pb, Mg, Au, and Ag has been observed. Such spectra represent in fact a direct observation of size-dependent electronic states in thin metal films. Films with thicknesses from 100 to 1000 \AA{} were studied and the effect on the electronic standing-wave energies was measured. The physical model for these effects and their observability involve the existence of so-called commensurate states. The spacing of the quantized energy levels provides a direct measurement of the electron group velocity while their location in energy determines the position of band edges and other critical energy states in the band structure of the metals. In some cases, the effective mass can also be determined. A qualitative theoretical picture is sufficient to understand all of the sailient features of the observations. A number of experiments including alloying, strain, and electric field modulation are also described.
TL;DR: Diurnal variations in the hydroxyl radical concentration of ambient air were measured for the first time by the technique of laser-induced fluorescence.
Abstract: Diurnal variations in the hydroxyl radical concentration of ambient air were measured for the first time by the technique of laser-induced fluorescence
TL;DR: In this article, the sessile drop method was used to determine the wetting of several new materials for gas turbine engines, e.g., SiC, Si3N4, and C, by liquid Si and binary Si alloys containing Cu, Fe, and B.
Abstract: The wetting of several new materials for gas turbine engines, e.g. SiC, Si3N4, and C, by liquid Si and binary Si alloys containing Cu, Fe, and B was determined by the sessile drop method. All contact angles measured were < 90°. Hot-pressed SiC, Si3N4, and Refel SiC are easily wet by Si; wetting is controlled by the balance of interfacial energies. Carbon is wet well by Si, but wetting is controlled by reaction and, in some carbons, by infiltration of Si into C. Additives to Si such as B and Fe can form compounds in reaction zones during wetting at interfacial areas.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown how microstructural ideas involving dislocation micro-mechanisms do, when properly coupled to the classical continuum theories, prescribe not one but several forms of kinematic hardening and these forms are suggestive of strain hardening mechanisms on the micro as well as on the macro scale.
TL;DR: In this article, the major variables in the general rate equation for solid-solid nucleation were developed on the basis of various models of the critical nucleus shape during homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation.
Abstract: Expressions for the major variables in the general rate equation for solid-solid nucleation were developed on the basis of various models of the critical nucleus shape during homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. These models are based upon spheres, but in some a facet was incorporated at one boundary orientation to represent the presence of a partially or fully coherent structure. Gibbs’ relationship for the critical radius is applicable to all of the models. The other variables in the nucleation rate equation are affected by the model and by faceting. Reduction of AG* by faceting is concluded to be the primary cause for the presence of reproducible lattice orientation relationships and for the existence of transition phases during precipitation from solid solutions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the engagement behavior of two annular disks covered with a layer of porous material, and the engagement model dealt with was postulated to consist of three phases: squeeze film phase, mixed asperity contact phase and consolidating contact phase.
TL;DR: The formation of nitric oxide myoglobin from nitrite and myoglobin involves a complex series of reactions not all of which are completely understood even now, and the stability of the cured color, so important from the marketing point of view, continues to be investigated as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The formation of nitric oxide myoglobin from nitrite and myoglobin involves a complex series of reactions not all of which are completely understood even now, and the stability of the cured colour, so important from the marketing point of view, continues to be investigated. The amount of nitrite necessary for complete formation of nitric oxide myoglobin is very small and the presence of no more than 25 mg/kg of nitrite in the cured meat is enough to ensure an adequately stable colour. At least four times this level is essential to produce a full development of the typical cured flavour. Very little is known of the mechanism of the reactions leading to the formation of cured flavours in cooked products or of the identity of the volatile substances responsible for it.
TL;DR: The unit cell of poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) is triclinic with parameters a = 5.96 A, b = 4.83 A, c (fiber axis) = 11.3°; space group P1, calculated crystalline density 1.41 g/cc as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The unit cell of poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) is triclinic with parameters a = 5.96 A, b = 4.83 A, c (fiber axis) = 11.62 A, α = 115.2. β = 99.9, and γ = 111.3°; space group P1, calculated crystalline density 1.41 g/cc. The plane of the benzene ring is found to be inclined by about 15° from the fiber axis, contributing to a shortening of the fiber period as compared to the period expected on the basis of analogy with other members of the terephthalate ester series. The remaining shortening of the fiber period occurs in the O°CH2°CH2segment of the chain. No abnormally short distances among neighboring chain atoms were observed. A typical texture pattern was found in specimens of this polymer that were cold rolled and subsequently annealed. In this texture the c axis of the unit cell is highly oriented in the rolling direction; the a and b axes of the unit cell are oriented preferentially so that the terephthalate residue lies as close as possible to the plane of rolling.
TL;DR: In this article, the origins of mechanical damage are postulated and examined, and a plausible mechanism consists of ceramic dissolution at preexisting surface cracks; it depends on the interaction of capillarity, stress, and selective removal of electrolyte from crack tips by effluxing Na.
Abstract: Ceramic electrolytes derived from β-alumina are cracked by electrolysis under certain conditions. Cracks form only when Na+ ions migrate through the ceramic and are converted to metallic Na, as in the charging of an Na-S battery. The origins of mechanical damage are postulated and examined. A plausible mechanism consists of ceramic dissolution at preexisting surface cracks; it depends on the interaction of capillarity, stress, and selective removal of electrolyte from crack tips by effluxing Na. Relative solute fluxes are calculated for each contributing process. The proposed model is shown to account for many of the experimental observations, most notably a threshold current density below which no degradation is apparent.
TL;DR: In this article, the Monte Carlo method has been applied to the study of surface segregation in a multi-layer, regular solution model of alloy surfaces, and three different alloy configurations have been investigated: semi-infinite slabs, thin films and small particles.
Patent•
12 Jun 1975TL;DR: In this paper, a plate and fin heat exchanger in the form of a refrigerant evaporator is constructed and an apertured inlet manifold is used to communicate with the refrigerant flow channels.
Abstract: A plate and fin heat exchanger in the form of a refrigerant evaporator. The heat exchanger comprises a plate and fin structure providing alternately channels for the flow of refrigerant and spaces for the flow of air. An apertured inlet manifold is in communication with the refrigerant flow channels. A refrigerant distribution tube is inserted into the inlet manifold through the aperture in the latter. The distribution tube is provided with a series of orifices formed in the tube wall in register with the refrigerant flow channels. The improvement comprises a construction and arrangement in which the orifices are directed toward the air inlet side of the heat exchanger. Preferably, the orifices are directed to the air inlet side of the heat exchanger at an acute angle to a horizontal plane, the angularity being on the order of 0° to 15° relative to the horizontal plane and below the latter.
TL;DR: In this paper, additive and impurity distributions at grain boundaries in sintered Al2O3 were determined using a scanning Auger microprobe, transmission electron microscopy, metallography, and electron probe analysis.
Abstract: Additive and impurity distributions at grain boundaries in sintered Al2O3 were determined using a scanning Auger microprobe, transmission electron microscopy, metallography, and electron probe analysis. The results indicated that Ca was present uniformly at the boundaries as a segregant, whereas the Mg or Ni levels observed resulted from nonequilibrium spinel particles. The Ca concentrations were consistent with equilibrium segregation theory and followed an equilibrium segregation isotherm.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the elastic scattering can be quantitatively described by assuming there are static (or quasistatic) charge-density waves (CDW) in the parallel Pt{(mathrm{CN})}_{4}$ chains, with a temperature-dependent interchain correlation length.
Abstract: The triple-axis neutron technique has been used to make a detailed temperature-dependent study of the scattering associated with the $2{k}_{F}$ instability discovered by Comes et al. and subsequently studied by Renker et al. in the "one-dimensional" (1-D) conductor ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{0.3}$.3.2${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ O(KCP). At low temperatures, they found that the elastic scattering on the planes perpendicular to the conducting $c$ axis at ${Q}_{z}=2{k}_{F}$ was confined to relatively narrow peaks, and that with increasing temperature these peaks became diffuse perpendicular to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$. We find that the elastic scattering can be quantitatively described by assuming there are static (or quasistatic) charge-density waves (CDW) in the parallel Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$ chains, with a temperature-dependent interchain correlation length. The observed asymmetry of the scattering perpendicular to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$ is due to the variation of the structure factor of the Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$ complexes, which respond as a unit to the CDW. At elevated temperatures, the elastic scattering approaches the 1-D form expected for uncorrelated CDW's in "chains" of Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$. The temperature variation of the amplitude of the CDW in each chain is obtained from the data, and is found to decrease slowly with increasing temperature above 80 K. The width of the scattering along the chain direction remains very narrow at all temperatures, and for $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}160$ K a lower limit to the intrachain correlation length of 300 \AA{} has been set. The inelastic scattering in the vicinity of the $2{k}_{F}$ instability extends to lower energies than previously observed and in fact appears to fall to $E\ensuremath{\approx}0$ for all temperatures in the range 80-300 K. We interpret these results to indicate that at room temperature the CDW distortion has already manifested itself in the lattice, and that the development of interchain correlations at low temperatures is not directly related to a Peierls-type transition.
Patent•
08 Apr 1975TL;DR: In this article, a form of printed wiring antenna with integral transmission feed line is disclosed and a passive repeater using the antenna is shown printed onto a single printed wiring card and an array of such cards can be fabricated into a radiant energy lens.
Abstract: A form of printed wiring antenna with integral transmission feed line is disclosed and a passive repeater using the antenna is shown printed onto a single printed wiring card. An array of such cards can be fabricated into a radiant energy lens. The character of the lens is determined by the physical dimensions of the printed wiring cards and the electrical length of the printed transmission lines.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects on fatigue behavior of two types of plastic prestrains were determined, and it was found that tensile pre-strains are more detrimental to fatigue resistance than compressive pre strains, and that HSLA steel has a higher fatigue notch sensitivity than HRLC steel.
Abstract: High strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels are a relatively new group of alloys similar to hot rolled low carbon steel (HRLC) but having higher strengths as a result of composition and processing variations. Because these steels are of potential use in a variety of structural applications involving cyclic loading a knowledge of their fatigue behavior is important. Fatigue experiments were performed on several 80 ksi yield strength HSLA steels and on conventional HRLC steel for comparison. The HSLA steels were all found to exhibit similar fatigue resistance, and were superior to HRLC steel at longer lives. The effects on fatigue behavior of two types of plastic prestrain were determined. While prestrains caused large increases in monotonic strength properties, such improvements were largely lost in fatigue due to cyclic softening. Tensile prestrains are more detrimental to fatigue resistance than compressive prestrains. Finally, it was found that HSLA steel has a higher fatigue notch sensitivity than HRLC steel, however its notch fatigue resistance is still superior to that of HRLC steel.