Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1983"

Calcium Segregation to a Magnesium Oxide (100) Surface

Abstract: The segregation of calcium to a (100) cleavage surface of an MgO crystal, with bulk calcium concentration of 200 ppm was measured in situ at T=900° to 1450°C in ultrahigh vacuum, using Auger and low-energy ion-scattering spectroscopies. A measured heat of segregation of approximately -50.3 kJ/mol (-12 kcal/mol) is in favorable agreement with a value of -58.7 kJ/mol (-14 kcal/mol) determined using solute strain energy and surface free energy criteria. The equilibrium value for the calcium segregation between 950° and 1000°C is estimated to correspond to a 20% occupation of the surface cation sites.

A New Implementation of the Mellin Transform and its Application to Radar Classification of Ships

Abstract: A modified Mellin transform for digital implementation is developed and applied to range radar profiles of naval vessels. The scale invariance property of the Mellin transform provides a means for extracting features from the profiles which are insensitive to the aspect angle of the radar. Past implementations of the Mellin transform based on the FFT have required exponential sampling, interpolation, and the computation of a correction term, all of which introduce errors into the transform. In addition, exponential sampling results in a factor of ln N increase in the number of data points. An alternate implementation, developed in the paper, utilizes a direct expansion of the Mellin integral definition. This direct Mellin transform (DMT) eliminates the implementation problems associated with the FFT approach, and does not increase the number of samples. A scale and translation invariant transform is developed from a modification of the DMT. The MDMT applied to the FFT of the radar profiles results in the desired insensitivity without having the low-pass filtering characteristic that exists in other Fourier-Mellin implementations.

An Analysis of Valve Train Friction in Terms of Lubrication Principles

Abstract: Friction losses in a motored 1.6L valve train can be reduced by roller tappets, by needle bearing inserts placed in the rocker arm/fulcrum contact and in the cam journals and by reducing spring tension. Friction reducing engine oil additives reduce valve train friction substantially, but oil viscosity has only a limited effect. These results can be quantitatively accounted for by a simple friction model based on lubrication theory. Both the model and the experimental results are consistent with the idea that the friction losses in the valve train are mainly due to boundary and mixed lubrication.

Bounds on (Deterministic) Correlation Functions with Application to Registration

Abstract: The auto/cross correlation of L2 functions are constrained by certain bounds which may often be used to advantage. These bounds apply to all the common cross correlation functions used for registration purposes (called ``deterministic'' correlation functions in this paper, as opposed to stochastic correlation based on non-L2 functions). It is shown that the envelopes of deterministic autocorrelations have essentially a cosine-like behavior but with jump discontinuities at points where the normalized relative displacement is the reciprocal of an integer. Several inequalities extending these results are given. It is shown how these can be applied toward obtaining improved registration algorithms.

Battery state of charge gauge

Abstract: A method of computing the state of charge for a battery including the steps of sensing the battery voltage and current, and computing the used battery capacity, C u , and the average battery current, I. The total battery capacity, C t is calculated from average current using the Peukert equation. The state of charge is calculated as a function of C u /C t to account for temperature and aging effects, recuperation effects, regeneration effects, and current variation effects.

An FTIR study of the mechanism for the reaction HO + CH3SCH3

Abstract: Product studies were made using the Fourier transform infrared method in the uv (300–400-nm) photolysis of mixtures containing CH3SCH3, C2H5ONO, and NO in ppm concentrations in 700 torr of O2–N2 diluent. Methyl thionitrite, CH3SNO, arising from the reaction CH3S + NO, was detected as an intermediate product. In addition, the yields of the major sulfur-containing products SO2 and CH3SO3H coincided with those of the oxidation of the CH3S radicals generated directly by the photodissociation of CH3SNO. The formation of CH3S in the HO-initiated oxidation of CH3SCH3 in the presence of NO suggests a reaction scheme involving the H-abstraction reaction HO + CH3SCH3 CH3SCH2 + H2O as the primary step.

Factors influencing the emissions of nitrated-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (Nitro-PAH) from diesel engines

Abstract: The potential problem of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) formation during filter sampling of diesel emissions from dilution tubes is assessed. Rates of formation are calculated using data generated from several independent filter exposure studies. A portion of the 1-NP (12% average) found in participates collected from light-duty (LDD) and heavy-duty diesels (HOD) was found to be due to formation on the filter under average sampling conditions of 10-15/1 dilution at 44°C with 3 ppm NO2 for 23 min. On the average, the concentration of 1-NP in participates emitted from HDD is 16 times less than that found in LDD run under similiar transient conditions. The average emission rate of 1-NP generated from the LDD and HDD was 4.7 μg/km and 1.5 μg/km, respectively for the vehicles operating under Federal Test Procedure (FTP)-transient conditions. Under operating conditions which increase exhaust temperature (increased speed and load), the concentration of nitro-PAH is significantly reduced with a concurrent increase in the c...

Rate constant and products of the reaction CS2 + OH in the presence of O2

Abstract: The reaction of OH radicals with CS2 has been investigated by the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using both photolytic and nonphotolytic competitive techniques in a 420-L reaction chamber at different pressures over the temperature range of 264–293 K. The measured effective rate constant was found to be dependent on total pressure, temperature, and the mole fraction of O2 present in the system. The products of the reaction were found to be COS and SO2 with one molecule of each being formed for every reacted CS2. A value of (2.7 ± 0.6) × 10−12 cm3/molecule·s was obtained as effective rate constant for the reaction at 293 K in 760 torr of synthetic air.

Adjustable steering column mounting

Abstract: A mounting for an adjustable steering column comprising a support (6) for rotatably carrying a column member, a bracket (1) carrying the support, the support (6) being movable relative to the bracket in two mutually perpendicular directions, two rack and pinions sets (16,17,18,19 and 22,23,24,25) connected between the bracket (1) and the support (6) such that movement of the support (6) relative to the bracket in each of the mutually perpendicular directions causes the pinions (18,19,24,25) to roll relative to their racks (16,17,22,23) of respective rack and pinion sets, and clamping means (32,36,38) for clamping the bracket to the support by increasing the frictional forces opposing the relative movement of the racks and the pinions.

Apparatus for periodically oxidizing particulates collected from exhaust gases

Abstract: An apparatus for regenerating a filter trap (A) used to collect particulates from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus comprises: (a) apparatus (C-2) providing a flow of a heat transfer medium through the filter trap (A), (b) apparatus (C) for heating the heat transfer medium to a temperature effective to incinerate the particulates in the filter trap (A), and (c) a flow mask (22) stationed in the flow of heat transfer medium, upstream from said filter trap (A) effective to divert the heat transfer medium away from the radially inner zone of the filter trap (A) while guiding the heat transfer medium to engage and ignite the particulates along a radially outer region of the filter trap (A). The mask (22) is a circular disc and spaced upstream from the filter trap (A) effective to mask a central core area of the flow of heat transfer medium. The apparatus (C) for heating comprises one or more electrically heated resistance elements (21) arranged in a planar coil configuration extending transversely across the flow of heat transfer medium. A flow diffuser (23) is stationed upstream from the mask (22) and is comprised of a plurality of foraminous plates effective to diffuse and slow down the flow of heat transfer medium for increasing heat exchange. The flow diffuser (23) has a radiation reflective coating to limit heat losses and a member (24) is employed for depressing the temperature required to ignite the particulates.

Pneumatic spring and strut assembly

Abstract: A suspension strut for a motor vehicle which has a pneumatic spring assembly 28 mounted about a strut assembly 10. The pneumatic spring assembly has a flexible diaphragm 30 secured to a tubular sleeve 48 which is coaxially mounted about the strut body 18. The sleeve 48 is rotatably mounted to the strut body 18 by a bearing 54 and a bushing 67 to minimize torsional stress of the flexible diaphragm 30 when steering of the wheel rotates the strut body 18 with respect to the vehicle body.

Miniature dual-mode, dielectric-loaded cavity filter

Abstract: A ceramic resonator element having high Q, high dielectric constant, and a low temperature coefficient of resonant frequency is enclosed within a cavity to form a composite microwave resonator having reduced dimensions and weight as compared to a simple cavity resonator. A pair of tuning screws extend into the cavity along orthogonal axes to tune the structure to resonance along these axes at frequencies near the fundamental resonance of the ceramic element. Several such cavities can be formed in a short length of waveguide by the use of transverse partitions at spaced intervals and coupling between cavities can be accomplished by using simple slot, cross or circular irises. In each cavity, a mode-perturbing screw is positioned along an axis 45° from each of the orthogonal tuning screws, such that resonance along either of the orthogonal axes is coupled to excite resonance also along the other. The realization of complex filter functions requiring cross couplings is feasible by means of coupling separately to only one of the two orthogonal resonant modes in the cavities.

Finite element analysis of sinusoidal small-amplitude vibrations in deformed viscoelastic solids. Part I: Theoretical development

Abstract: A general method is presented for the isothermal mechanical analysis of incompressible material solids in which a small-amplitude time harmonic oscillation is superposed on a static finite deformation field. Material behaviour is assumed to be of the ‘fading memory’ type describable by the finite linear viscoelasticity theory of Coleman and Noll.4 Existing finite element codes, that treat finite elasticity material behaviour, can be extended with minor modifications to treat the subject problem. A specialized form of the finite linear viscoelasticity constitutive equations proposed by Morman8 has been implemented in the MARC nonlinear finite element program for predicting the response of statically deformed elastomeric components to small amplitude vibrations. Numerical results obtained with MARC for the static force-deflection behaviour and dynamic (complex) stiffness for a viscoelastic cylinder subject to combined axial and twisting pre-loads, are in excellent agreement with corresponding analytical results.

Domed accumulator for automotive air conditioning system

Abstract: An accumulator for an air conditioning system having a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator wherein the accumulator receives refrigerant from the evaporator at a location near an upper wall thereof, said accumulator including a domed baffle plate in its interior adjacent the accumulator inlet opening whereby liquid portions of the refrigerant are dispersed to the sides of the accumulator allowing the gaseous components of the refrigerant to accumulate in the upper regions of the accumulator adjacent the inlet opening of an outlet tube that extends vertically through the accumulator.

Bus access arbitration using unitary arithmetic resolution logic and unique logical addresses of competing processors

Abstract: A composite address resolution scheme is used in a distributed processing computer communications system. Many parallel processors are connected together via a multi-processor intertie bus, which serves to communicate data from any processor to any other processor. Resolution of control among several competing processors which desire access to the bus is resolved directly on the bus. The processors are online replaceable; and the system fails soft. Each processor contains resolution logic which enables simultaneous parallel resolution by any number of processors. The resolution is performed on the basis of a composite logical address (CLA) which originates within each processor. The CLA can contain non-unique priority information as well as unique logical location information. The bus is awarded to the processor exhibiting the lowest CLA. The resolution is performed starting with the most significant bit or bits and working downward towards the least significant bit or bits. The resolution for each bit or bits is delayed an appropriate period of time to enable resolution information from each processor to travel along the bus to all other processors which might be requesting access. Individual resolutions are performed by resolve elements which analyze the status of each binary bit or group of bits following translation into unitary state representation. The number of resolves can be reduced, thereby increasing the speed of the network, by means of performing resolves on two or more binary bit positions simultaneously, provided one is willing to accept added complexity.

Method of operating an engine with a high heat of vaporization fuel

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine of the spark ignition type with a fuel having a high latent heat of vaporization such as methanol by injecting the fuel in two stages, the first major portion of the fuel being injected at the start of the intake stroke into a bowl-in-piston cavity combustion chamber to be vaporized and atomized, the second smaller portion being injected late in the compression stroke just prior to ignition to remain close to the injector tip to richen the mixture adjacent the spark plug, and igniting the mixture.

In-Cylinder Measurements of Wall Layer Hydrocarbons in a Spark Ignited Engine

Abstract: The hydrocarbon emissions process for the conventional, spark ignited, IC engine has been studied experimentally using a rapid acting gas sampling valve mounted in the combustion chamber wall. The sampling valve was electrohydraulically actuated. Design of the valve specifically allowed sampling in the vicinity of the wall quench layer with minimum leakage and crevice contributions to the measured hydrocarbon concentrations. Experimental results presented give substantial evidence that hydrocarbons remaining in a wall quench layer are not a major source of exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. Measurements of species concentrations as a function of time in the cycle and sample flow rate indicate that after flame arrival and quenching at the cold walls, hydrocarbons in the quench layer are rapidly and extensively oxidized within 2 msec. By use of an analytical model for the gas flow profile into the sampling valve, conservative upper limit calculations have been made of the quench layer contribution to t...

Interior light assembly for a vehicle

Abstract: A combination interior illumination and reading light assembly for a vehicle. The assembly comprises a lamp housing 1, a lamp 5 disposed within the housing, a reflector 3associated with the lamp 5 and a diffuser lens screen 7 for providing diffuse illumination to the vehicle interior. A movable lens element 10 is associated with the reflector 3 and has a focusing lens 9 which serves to provide a directed reading light beam. The lens element 10 also transmits light through its sidewalls to illuminate the diffuser lens screen 7. The lens element 10 is received in a ball-type socket defined by a circular aperture in the diffuser screen 7 and is rotatable relative to the screen 7 in the manner of a captive ball to enable the direction of the reading light beam to be varied at will.

Thermal and catalytic regeneration of diesel particulate traps

Abstract: Thermal and catalytic techniques for regenerating particulate traps were assessed. The thermal technique used a burner which heated engine exhaust to the ignition temperature of the particulates to achieve over 90% regeneration effectiveness. HC, CO and particulate emissions resulting from combustion of particulates and burner exhaust were 25 to 50% of the allowable vehicle emissions for one CVS cycle. The fuel consumed by the burner was 9% of the fuel consumed by a vehicle over one CVS cycle. Problems with burner nozzle clogging, ignition reliability, trap durability and control system requirements were identified. In the catalytic technique, diesel fuel containing .5 gm/gal lead and .25 gm/gal copper lowered the ignition temperature of the particulates by 425 deg F so that periodic regeneration occurred. The trap collected nearly all of the lead and copper resulting in limited trap life, and deposits on the engine fuel nozzles tended to increase HC emissions.

Deaths and injuries caused by slipping, tripping and falling.

Abstract: ‘Underfoot accidents’ is suggested as a description of slipping, tripping, falling and other events causing injuries on floors, stairs, roofs and scaffolding, etc. Some statistics are available for falls but there is no information about the numbers of other underfoot accidents. In 1979 there were 5886 fatal falls in England, Wales and Scotland. Statistics published by the Health and Safety Executive and the Home Accident Surveillance System indicate that there are at least half a million injuries from falls requiring hospital treatment or causing absence from work of at least 3 days. The United States Health Service recorded 13·6 million falls in 1972. National statistics on underfoot accidents would be valuable for accident prevention and could be obtained by investigating the causes of all accidental injuries attending hospital accident and emergency departments.

The Effect of Fuel and Operating Variables on Hydrocarbon Species Distributions in the Exhaust from a Multicylinder Engine

Abstract: Measurements of the concentrations of individual exhaust hydrocarbon species have been made as a function of engine operating variables (φ, rpm, EGR, spark timing, and coolant temperature) in a 2·3-liter four-cylinder engine. Three fuels were used in these experiments: propane, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), and an unleaded gasoline (indolene clear). The results show that a change in operating variable can change not only the total hydrocarbon concentration but also the distribution of species in the exhaust. All three fuels show similar trends when an operating variable is changed. Fuel-air equivalence ratio is a critical parameter in controlling exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. Beginning near stoichiometric, the total hydrocarbon concentration and the percentage contributions of methane and acetylene to the exhaust increase as the mixture becomes richer. These species contribute less than 2 percent to the total hydrocarbon emissions at <0.95. Their contribution rises to 15–25 percent at φ...

Precursors of the major end products of aerobic metabolism of Brochothrix thermosphacta

Abstract: To further our understanding of off-odour production by Brochothrix thermosphacta, the nature and origins of its end products have been compared during aerobic growth in complex and in minimal, defined medium. In complex medium glucose is the major precursor of acetoin and acetic acid but alanine may be an additional minor source. Isobutyric, isovaleric (3-methylbutyric) and 2-methylbutyric acids are derived exclusively from valine, leucine and isoleucine, respectively. In minimal defined medium although the same end products are produced they are all derived from glucose.

Composite components of sandwich construction

Abstract: A composite sandwich formed by enclosing a central resilient layer of a soft compressible material between two plate-shaped parts of foamable synthetic material and inserting the assembly into a cavity formed from two shells of prefabricated sheet metal. The resultant composite is subjected to a heat treatment for about 10 minutes at about 200° C. so that the foamable material expands to fill the cavity.

A Combustion Bomb Study of the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Engine Crevices

Abstract: Two combustion bombs manufactured from a Ford 1.6L Escort production engine were used to determine the effects of engine crevice volumes on hydrocarbon emissions. Since these combustion bombs were used as static reactors, the results cannot be directly applied to an operating engine but they focus attention on the major hydrocarbon-producing crevices in an actual engine geometry. During Ihis propane-fueled experiment, the crevices were sequentially filled with epoxy or viton rubber, and after filling each crevice, the exhaust hydrocarbon emission was measured by gas chromatography. This provided a quantitative measurement of the hydrocarbon emission from each crevice. For these reactors, the ring-pack crevices produced approximately 80.5 percent of the total scaled hydrocarbon emission, while the head gasket and spark plug threads produced approximately 12.5 percent and 5 percent, respectively. All other hydrocarbon sources produced less than 2 percent of the total scaled hydrocarbon emissionfrom...

Selective parametric self-calibrating control system

Abstract: A controlled system (10) has a control means (12) supplying a manipulated input, Y, to a plant (14). The control means (12) has external inputs V, input control model parameters C, and a predetermined mathematical model to compute a desired controlled system output XD into Y as a function of V and C. The method for operating the controlled system (10) includes establishing an initial value for C, measuring V, and generating an initial model for generating Y from XD as a function of V and C. The method also includes correcting C as a function of the difference between XD and the actual controlled system output, X, and as a function of measured external inputs V.

Mechanism to engage part time drive system in a moving vehicle

Abstract: The transfer case of a vehicle that can be driven in two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive includes a range speed transmission driveably connected to the output of a multiple speed ratio transmission and adapted to drive the transfer case output shaft. A drive sprocket journalled on the output case is driveably connected by a chain belt to a driven sprocket that is connected to the front driveshaft. The front axle has a differential that transmits power from the front driveshaft to left and right axleshafts when four-wheel drive is selected. Automatic locking hubs driveably connect the front axleshafts to the front wheel assemblies and are adapted to automatically disengage when the front wheels rotate opposite the direction that produced engagement of the locking hubs. The drive sprocket is accelerated from rest to the speed of the output shaft of the transfer case through operation of a magnetic clutch or hydraulic coupling. A hub member engaged with the driven sprocket is moved to a position of potential engagement with the spline teeth on the output shaft when four-wheel drive operation is selected. The splines remain disengaged, however, until the speed of the drive sprocket reaches approximately that of the output shaft; then the splines engage and the sprocket is driven from the output shaft.