Showing papers by "Forest Research Institute published in 1987"
TL;DR: Experimental studies in the Pacific Northwest and the southeast U.S.A., and in Norway, are drawn upon to show that tree resistance to attack may be closely related to the amount of current and stored photosynthate that is available for defense.
479 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental optimisation procedure has been used to investigate steam explosion of Pinus radiata, and the results showed that the steam-exploded fibre was 82% digestible by the cellulase enzymes used, and a total sugar yield of 57 g/100 g o.d.
Abstract: An experimental optimisation procedure has been used to investigate steam explosion of Pinus radiata. Enzymatic digestibility of this softwood is enhanced by steam explosion and addition of sulphur dioxide greatly Improves effectiveness of the process. The effects of the variables time, temperature, and sulphur dioxide level have been described by empirical models. The response parameters modelled are: dry-matter yield; water-insoluble fibre yield; water- soluble sugar yield; enzymatic-hydrolysis sugar yield; and total sugar yield. Near optimal total sugar yields were obtained with the conditions: 3 minutes; 215°C; and 2.55% sulphur dioxide. Under these conditions the steam-exploded fibre was 82% digestible (cellulose to glucose) by the cellulase enzymes used, and a total sugar yield of 57 g./100 g o.d. wood was obtained. This study has shown that softwoods, of which Pinus radiata is typical, can be made as amenable to hydrolysis by cellulase enzymes as hardwoods, which have previously been consi...
170 citations
TL;DR: This is the first report of a method of culturing shoots as hedges for a period of up to 18 months without manual subculturing, and an automated system used in combination with other cost-saving techniques or robotics could potentially result in a substantial reduction in costs.
Abstract: A novel system for in vitro shoot production has been developed whereby shoot hedges are maintained in one vessel. Monthly crops of shoots are produced for rooting. Radiata pine shoot hedges were maintained on Lepoivre (LP) nutrient agar medium for 18 months using a weekly liquid-nutrient replenishment system. In a separate experiment liquid-LP-nutrient replenishment of shoots twice weekly without transfers (D) resulted in better shoot growth and health than monthly transfers to fresh agar medium (B), monthly transfers to fresh agar medium plus aeration twice weekly (C), or no transfers and no liquid nutrient addition (A). Liquid nutrient replenishment twice weekly was better than 2 weekly or 4 weekly replenishment. The percentage of normal waxy (abundant tubular epicuticular wax) shoots harvested monthly increased significantly over the culture period from 41% at the first harvest to 93% at the eight harvest, and remained high at 97% from the ninth to twelfth harvest. The percentage of wet (no tubular epicuticular wax, small amounts of globular epicuticular wax) shoots harvested showed a corresponding decline—from 59%, to 7% at the eighth harvest. Shoots were harvested at a rate of 672/h (1.19 cents/shoot at a labour cost of NZ$8.00/h) and approximately 1100 shoots were produced per square metre of agar surface per month. Initial problems of contamination and crowding were overcome. These results will greatly facilitate progress towards automation of shoot production and reduction of costs of micropropagated trees. An automated system used in combination with other cost-saving techniques or robotics could potentially result in a substantial reduction in costs. This is the first report of a method of culturing shoots as hedges for a period of up to 18 months without manual subculturing.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been unequivocally identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the commercial seaweed extract, Maxicrop, which is derived from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum Le Jol.
76 citations
TL;DR: The response to aluminium concentrations was evaluated for birch seedlings (Betula pendula Roth, formerly Betula verrucosa Ehrh) by using a growth technique that provides stable internal concentrations of nutrients in plants as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The response to aluminium concentrations was evaluated for birch seedlings (Betula pendula Roth, formerly Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) by using a growth technique that provides stable internal concentrations of nutrients in plants. Aluminium was added as aluminium nitrate and aluminium chloride and pH was kept at 3.8±0.2 by adding HCl or NaOH. The seedlings were grown in two different series of nutrient treatments, either with near-optimum conditions (relative addition rate 25% day−1) or with constant nutrient stress (relative addition rate 10% day−1) before the aluminium addition. Growth reduction occurred at aluminium concentrations greater than 3 mM, and lethal effects at aluminium concentrations greater than 15 mM. In plants subjected to near-optimum conditions before aluminium addition, the internal nutrient concentrations decreased with increasing aluminium concentration for all macronutrients. The concentration of the macronutrients N, K and P decreased gradually with increasing aluminium concentration, while the concentration of Ca and Mg decreased fairly abruptly when aluminium concentrations exceeded 1 mM. The same tendency was observed in nutrient stressed birch seedlings, but the pattern was more scattered. Relative growth rate of the seedlings was not affected by a low Ca/Al ratio. In all treatments, the molar Ca/Al ratio in/on the roots was below 0.2 at the end of the experiments. As decrease in growth occurs only at high aluminium concentrations, there is no reason to suggest that aluminium in acid soils is growth limiting for natural birch stands.
74 citations
TL;DR: Two years of heavy defoliation of Pinus sylvestris by Neodiprion sertifer caused a volume loss of 33 % during a 9‐year period after the defliation of 90–120 years old pine forests.
Abstract: Two years of heavy defoliation of Pinus sylvestris by Neodiprion sertifer caused a volume loss of 33 % during a 9‐year period after the defoliation of 90–120 years old pine forests. This loss corresponds to 3 normal annual increments. The increment losses in height, diameter and basal area are calculated both for the old stands and a young one (40 years of age). The economic consequences of the growth loss are also calculated and discussed.
52 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Collections of seed and clonal material are traditional ways of storing genetic resources, while tissue cultures provide a complementary way, and cold storage of cultures at 0 to 15°C is a third method.
Abstract: Collections of seed and clonal material are traditional ways of storing genetic resources, while tissue cultures provide a complementary way. Freeze-preservation of cultured cells and meristems has become popular for long-term germplasm preservation (7,28,53). However, freeze-preservation requires the use of sophisticated techniques and expensive equipment, and often leads to tissue damage during freezing and thawing cycles. Another way of storing germplasm which does not require transfers is to limit growth by modification of the medium, e.g., by adding osmotically active substances. Cold storage of cultures at 0 to 15°C is a third method.
51 citations
TL;DR: Starch from sal seeds cake was isolated, bleached and purified as mentioned in this paper, and electron microscopy of the starch showed round to oval shaped granules of the size 3.5 to 12.3 μm.
Abstract: Starch from sal seeds cake was isolated, bleached and purified. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch showed round to oval shaped granules of the size 3.5 to 12.3 μm. The starch has more nitrogen, phosphorus, lipids, amylose and water binding capacity in comparison to the other starches of forest origin. Despite its low and seemingly restricted swelling, the sal starch is much more soluble at any particular degree of swelling. Paste viscosity curve showed no drop in viscosity after full gelatinisation had taken place, i. e. the paste is stable on continued cooking.
36 citations
TL;DR: Physical and chemical changes in surface peat layers after afforesting virgin peat lands are described for two sites, one with pine and one with spruce forest, in this article.
36 citations
TL;DR: The increased efficiency of disposal of plasma cholesterol by increasing hepatic LDL receptors will ultimately lead to depletion of excessive body cholesterol in the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis.
33 citations
TL;DR: A model, involving the existence of a linked lethal allele, is proposed, which accounts for significant temporal and maternal clonal differences observed in the rates at which single locus and multilocus gametes were incorporated in Norway spruce pollination.
Abstract: Rates and patterns of male gamete incorporation for a polycross mating design were studied for two independent years of pollination in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L) Karst. Segregation distortion in a subset of maternal clones was documented for one locus. We have proposed a model, involving the existence of a linked lethal allele, which accounts for these observations. Significant temporal and maternal clonal differences were observed in the rates at which single locus and multilocus gametes were incorporated. Striking differences in apparent fertility existed among four clones which produced unique multilocus gametes. One clone, in particular, was shown to be contributing three times as many gametes to the next generation as predicted by the hypothesis of equal clonal male contribution. These deviations from expectation were also detected in the genotypic distributions of the resultant filial generation. Ramifications of these results on family structures in the filial generation, effective size of the male population, and possible bias in inferences of genetic differences and parameter estimation are discussed.
TL;DR: The anaerobic digestion of wood ethanol stillage in a UASB reactor was studied, achieving soluble COD and BOD removals in excess of 86 and 93%, respectively, and removal of color averaged 40%.
Abstract: The anaerobic digestion of wood ethanol stillage in a UASB reactor was studied. At organic loading rates be low 16 kg COD/m(3) day the reactor performed effectively, achieving soluble COD and BOD removals in excess of 86 and 93%, respectively. Removal of color averaged 40%. At a loading rate of 16 kg COD/m(3) day the methane yield was 0.302 L CH(4) (STP)/g COD removed, and the observed cell yield was 0.112 g VSS/g COD removed. Operation of the reactor at higher loading rates was unsuccessful. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and alkalinity were supplemented. No additions of the essential trace elements Fe, Co, and Ni were required.
TL;DR: The pathogenicity of Lophodermium pinastri, L. conigenum and L. seditiosum on 14-month old transplants was investigated in Scotland and was found to be a serious pathogen, but L. pinastRI were not.
Abstract: The pathogenicity of Lophodermium pinastri, L. conigenum and L. seditiosum on 14-month old transplants was investigated in Scotland. While L. seditiosum was found to be a serious pathogen, L. conigenum and L. pinastri were not. Under outdoor conditions, L. seditiosum was found to kill needles five months after inoculation.
TL;DR: Exposure to moderate concentrations of SO(2) for 5-30 days caused a decrease in the photosynthetic rate but there was a complete recovery within 2 weeks and all exposure concentrations increased dark respiration.
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment, block by block, of forest in the core of the Akure Strict Natural Reserve was undertaken in 1974 and complemented with soil sampling, which indicated a gradient of soil reaction and available phosphorus through the core.
Abstract: To up-date and extend knowledge of the Akure Strict Natural Reserve an assessment, block by block, of forest in the core of the Inviolate Plot was undertaken in 1974 and complemented with soil sampling. Principal components analysis indicated a gradient of soil reaction and available phosphorus through the core of the plot. Ordination (DECORANA) of floristic data revealed that a floristic trend paralleled the soil trend. In the vicinity of a drainage line, at the western end of the core, soils were lower in available phosphorus, more acid, sandier and texturally more uniform with depth. Typical trees of ferralsols were prominent on these soils but were replaced by species of ferric luvisols, especially members of the Sterculiaceae, on soils of superior nutrient status towards the eastern end. It is suggested that the soil gradients were not effects produced by the trees. Comparison of a 1946 data set with the 1974 data supported the view that the forest had been structurally and floristically stable over the interval between assessments. This is considered justification of the original choice of the area as a Strict Natural Reserve representative of high forest in this part of Nigeria.
TL;DR: In this article, the vegetation of four different forest soils in lysimeters was killed with glyphosate and a corresponding increase in leached cations was evident, and the absolute effect of even small plants in controlling water regime and water chemistry was evident.
Abstract: The vegetation of four different forest soils in lysimeters was killed with glyphosate. New vegetation became established in some of the treated lysimeters the year after application. During this year, leachates from lysimeters without vegetation had nitrate concentrations up to 4.5 mM NO3 − in the fall. A corresponding increase in leached cations was evident. The settlement of one raspberry or one willow herb in treated lysimeters effectively hindered nitrate leaching as soon as the plants were sufficiently large (in mid‐summer). As plants became established in treated lysimeters, the chemistry of these leachates approached those of untreated lysimeters. The absolute effect of even small plants in controlling water regime and water chemistry was evident.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the results of a beehive kiln from rubberwood, acacia, eucalyptus and pine with those from mangrove woods (Rhyzophorae).
TL;DR: The effects of growth medium physical conditions were studied in this paper, where Peat and two series of peat mixed with hydrophobic mineral wool or perlite in three mixing ratios were prepared, and growth media porosities were characterized by the standardized time method and seedling development by measurements of stem length and fresh and dry weight.
Abstract: Effects of growth medium physical conditions were studied. Peat and two series of peat mixed with hydrophobic mineral wool or perlite in three mixing ratios were prepared. Growth media porosities were characterized by the “standardized time method” and seedling development by measurements of stem length and fresh and dry weight.
TL;DR: A provenance trial of lodgepole pine planted in 1969 at Matrand, Eidskog, Norway was apparently attacked by Gremmeniella abietina in 1984/85, with the most heavily attacked sources were those from southern latitudes and from high elevations.
Abstract: A provenance trial of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) planted in 1969 at Matrand, Eidskog, Norway was apparently attacked by Gremmeniella abietina in 1984/85. In late autumn the damage was recorded separately on the lower and upper halves of the trees. The material ranged in latitude from 40.25°N to 56.28°N, and in altitude from 2 850 to 450 m a.s.l., highest in interior western United States and lowest in western Canada. The most heavily attacked sources were those from southern latitudes and from high elevations. The attack frequency changed gradually from south to north. In order to avoid attack by G. abietina, only well‐adapted provenances should be used.
TL;DR: Multiple funnel, Schlitzfalle, and drainpipe traps baited with Linoprax or Biolure semiochemical baiting systems for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) were evaluated in similar experiments in British Columbia, West Germany, and Norway.
Abstract: Multiple funnel, Schlitzfalle, and drainpipe traps baited with Linoprax ® or Biolure ® semiochemical baiting systems for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) were evaluated in similar experiments in British Columbia, West Germany, and Norway. In British Columbia, the Biolure-baited traps caught more T . lineatum of both sexes than did Linoprax-baited traps. The Linoprax-baited traps caught more male T . lineatum in West Germany and Norway but fewer females than the Biolure system. Low percentages of female T . lineatum were often recorded at drainpipe traps.
TL;DR: Quinone methides prepared in situ from phenylcoumaran and s-C-l lignin models which did not contain a s-hydroxymethyl group, readily formed addition products with anthranol but not with anthrahydroquinone as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Quinone methides prepared in situ from phenylcoumaran and s-C-l lignin models which did not contain a s-hydroxymethyl group, readily formed addition products with anthranol but not with anthrahydroquinone. For s-aryl lignin models containing the hydroxymethyl group, the retro-aldol reaction (liberating formaldehyde) was so facile under the conditions used that stilbene formation from the quinone methide took precedence over adduct formation.
TL;DR: The ability of a forested watershed to retain infiltrated rainwater is limited under heavy rainfall storms during the wet season, and from the point of view of increasing flooding caused by timber harvesting, there was only a minor impact from clearcutting of the studied watershed.
TL;DR: Incorporation of sawdust or sawdust with Tricboderma 20 days before sowing increased the survival of seedlings and it was comparable to protection with Nemispor for Fusarium-menace, with Funaben T for Rbizoctonia menace and Oxafun T or Karbochin for both pathogens.
Abstract: Survival of pine seedlings was tested in greenhouses where substrates were infected with Rbizoctonia, Fusarium or Rbizoctonia with Fusarium. To reduce the pathogen menace biological (sterile sawdust, Tricboderma or sawdust with Tricboderma) or chemical (seed protection) treatments were performed. Incorporation of sawdust or sawdust with Tricboderma 20 days before sowing increased the survival of seedlings and it was comparable to protection with Nemispor for Fusarium-menace, with Funaben T for Rbizoctonia menace and Oxafun T or Karbochin for both pathogens.
TL;DR: In this article, electron microscopy of the granules of C. edulis showed that they are either smaller round or polygonal in shape, and they have low phosphorus and amylose content and water binding capacity while methanol soluble lipids and proteins are more than in maize starch.
Abstract: Starch from the seed of C. edulis is isolated, purified and its physicochemical properties are compared with maize starch. Scanning electron microscopy of the granules show that they are either smaller round or polygonal in shape. It has low phosphorus and amylose content and water binding capacity while methanol soluble lipids and proteins are more than in maize starch. Galatinization temperature and swelling power of C. edulis starch is almost comparable, but it has less solubility when compared with maize starch. Brabender viscosity shows high peak for C. edulis starch and lesser retrogradation.
Die Starke von Cassimiroa edulis - Vergleich mit Maisstarke.
Starke aus den Samenkornern von C. edulis wurde isoliert, gereinigt und hinsichtlich ihrer physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften mit Maisstarke verglichen. Die Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie der Korner zeigte, das sie entweder rund oder polygonal ausgebildet sind. Die Starke enthalt wenig Phosphor, hat einen geringen Amylosegehalt und ein niedriges Wasserbindungsvermogen, wahrend mehr Methanol-losliche Lipide und Proteine im Vergleich zur Maisstarke vorliegen. Die Verkleisterungstemperatur und das Quellvermogen von C. edulis-Starke ist etwa vergleichbar mit Maisstarke bei allerdings geringerer Loslichkeit. Die Brabender-Viskositat zeigt einen hohen Spitzenwert bei C. edulis-Starke, und die Tendenz zur Retrogradation it geringer.
TL;DR: Larvae of Neodiprion sertifer reared on treesgrowing in forest soil of low or high values of pH and degree of base saturation developed to adults with dry weights significantly lower than adults developed on trees growing in soil of intermediate values.
Abstract: Larvae of Neodiprion sertifer reared on trees growing in forest soil of low or high values of pH and degree of base saturation developed to adults with dry weights (i.e., fecundity) significantly lower than adults developed on trees growing in soil of intermediate values.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of acid deposition on soil acidity were evaluated based on general considerations of acid-producing and acid-consuming processes in the soil, theoretical calculations, reanalyses of soils previously analysed for soil acidities and experiments with artificial acidification.
Abstract: Evaluation of effects of acid deposition on soil acidity can be based on general considerations of acid-producing and acid-consuming processes in the soil, theoretical calculations, reanalyses of soils previously analysed for soil acidity and experiments with artificial acidification.
TL;DR: All experiments show that treatments with a combination of verbenone and ipsenol released from laminated structure dispensers significantly reduced the attack density of I. typographus, whereas turpentine treatment had no effect on the rate of beetle infestations.
Abstract: Logs of fresh‐felled Norway spruce were stored close to the south‐facing edges of clear‐cuts from the previous winter and treated with controlled release formulation of: 1. The pheromone components verbenone and ipsenol, which act as antiaggregative pheromone in Ips typographus. 2. Turpentine, a by‐product derived from pulp mills. The experiments were conducted in 3 locations in South‐Norway during a 3‐year period. All experiments show that treatments with a combination of verbenone and ipsenol released from laminated structure dispensers significantly reduced the attack density of I. typographus, whereas turpentine treatment had no effect on the rate of beetle infestations.
TL;DR: Sarocladium oryzae, the sheath rot pathogen of rice, has been isolated in Bangladesh repeatedly from Bambusa spp.
Abstract: Sarocladium oryzae , the sheath rot pathogen of rice, has been isolated in Bangladesh repeatedly from Bambusa spp. showing symptoms of blight, and on several occasions from healthy bamboo. The fungus has been obtained from bamboo leaf litter from India.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The ANE value turned out to be characteristic of the individual plant species or groups of species as well as of their nutrition status and leaf age and the distribution of elements within this value in the leaves of various plant species are similar.
Abstract: The content of nutrients in the leaves in various plant species was defined as a sum of many elements in the mass (ANE-Accumulation Nutritional Elements in meq per kg d.m.) and as the share of individual elements in ANE. Attention is also paid to some factors that determine the element accumulation in plant leaves, It has been found that ANE values for several plant species under study range from about 1500–2000 in pine needles. 2000–3000 in most deciduous trees. 3000–5000 in cultivated plants and are higher for vegetables. The nitrogen share in ANE is 60–70%. while of the remaining elements, the share of individual elements differs between the Mono- and Dicotyledoneous plants. The ANE value turned out to be characteristic of the individual plant species or groups of species as well as of their nutrition status and leaf age. In general, the difference between plant species appear mainly in the ANE value, while the distribution of elements within this value in the leaves of various plant species are similar
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The regional pattern of air pollution in Norway is discussed in this article, where concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen are at maximum in the southwestern part of Norway and concentrations of pollutants in air and precipitation decrease northwards.
Abstract: The regional pattern of air pollution in Norway is discussed. Depositions of sulphur and nitrogen are at maximum in the southwestern part of Norway and concentrations of pollutants in air and precipitation decrease northwards.