Showing papers by "Gadjah Mada University published in 1996"

Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia

Abstract: Hominid fossils from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, are considered the most morphologically advanced representatives of Homo erectus. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and mass spectrometric U-series dating of fossil bovid teeth collected from the hominid-bearing levels at these sites gave mean ages of 27 +/- 2 to 53.3 +/- 4 thousand years ago; the range in ages reflects uncertainties in uranium migration histories. These ages are 20,000 to 400,000 years younger than previous age estimates for these hominids and indicate that H. erectus may have survived on Java at least 250,000 years longer than on the Asian mainland, and perhaps 1 million years longer than in Africa. The new ages raise the possibility that H. erectus overlapped in time with anatomically modern humans (H. sapiens) in Southeast Asia.

Vitamin A Supplementation Fails to Reduce Incidence of Acute Respiratory Illness and Diarrhea in Preschool-Age Indonesian Children

Abstract: Vitamin A supplementation of populations of vitamin A-deficient preschool-age children has been shown to reduce childhood mortality, but the primary preventive effects of such supplements on childhood infectious diseases have not been carefully evaluated. We conducted an individually randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial among 1,407 Indonesian preschool-age children, to measure the effects of high dose vitamin A on acute respiratory and diarrheal illnesses. Signs and symptoms of morbidity were monitored using every other day home surveillance by trained interviewers. High dose vitamin A supplements increased the incidence of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) by 8%, and acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) by 39%. These detrimental effects on acute lower respiratory illnesses were most marked in children with adequate nutritional status (rate ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.257-2.669). In contrast, vitamin A tended to be protective of ALRI in chronically malnourished children (rate ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.375-1.331). There was no overall effect of high-dose vitamin A supplements on the incidence of diarrheal disease (rate ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.920-1.225). However, we found a significant interaction between supplementation and age: vitamin A increased the incidence of diarrhea in children < 30 mo of age, but tended to reduce the incidence in older children. The finding of a significant adverse effect of vitamin A supplements in adequately nourished children highlights the need to review the criteria for selecting populations of preschool-age children for vitamin A supplementation.

Infection with GB virus C (GBV-C) in patients with chronic liver disease or on maintenance hemodialysis in Indonesia.

Abstract: RNA of a non-A to E hepatitis virus identified recently and designated provisionally GB virus C(GBV-C), was sought in patients in Indonesia by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with nested primers deduced from a helicase-like region. GBV-C RNA was detected in 32 (55%) of 58 patients on maintenance hemodialysis at a frequency significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in seven (5%) of 149 patients with chronic liver disease. Co-infection with hepatitis C virus was observed in 26 (81%) of the 32 patients on hemodialysis and in five (71%) of the seven patients with liver disease who were infected with GBV-C. Complete identity was observed in a sequence of 100 base pairs in the helicase-like region for GBV-C cDNA clones from some patients on maintenance hemodialysis. These results indicate that the patients on hemodialysis would be at high risk for GBV-C infection, which would be transmitted by transfusion and patient-to-patient routes.

Kepemimpinan transformasional dan pemberdayaan

Abstract: Dalam dekade terakhir, lingkungan bisnis mengalami perubahan yang sangat dramatis. Globalisas, liberalisasi, perdagangan, deregulasi, dan kemajuan teknologi informasi menciptakan realitas baru persaingan yang kian ketat. Tekanan-tekanan persaingan ini telah "memaksa" banyak organisasi untuk melakukan rightsizing, downsizing, delayering dan restructuring. Menghadapi berbagai perubahan tersebut, para pemimnpin perlu memikirkan kembali secara radikal cara mengelola sumber daya manusia dan institusinya (Kuhnert dalam Bass, 1994). Dengan jumlah karyawan lebih sedikit untuk menangani beban kerja yang semakin banyak, para pemimpin harus terus-menerus berupaya mengembangkan kapasitas dan kemampuan sumber daya manusianya, sejalan dengan berbagai perubahan aturan main (rules of the game) dalam industri dan persaingan yang terjadi secara cepat. Implikasinya, muncul kebutuhan konsep kepemimpinan "baru" untuk menghadapi perubahan lingkungan yang terus berlangsung, dan untuk mengkapitalisasi aset perusahaan paling penting 3/4 sumber daya manusia. Para pemimpin akan semakin dituntut untuk mempunyai kemampuan mengembangkan secara berkesinambungan sumber daya manusia perusahaan sampai mencapai tingkat potensi tertinggi mereka. Sayangnya, studi kepemimpinan selama ini diwarnai dua perangkap. Perangkap pertama menyangkut asumsi dimensionalitas, suatu pandangan sempit yang tidak ealistis dan terlalu menyederhanakan (over-simplified) fenomena kepemimpinan. Banyak penelitian yang terpaku pada pola penggunaan dua dimensi dominan variabel kepemimpinan: dimensi manusia/karya-wan dan. dimensi tugas (Karmel, 1978; Chemers dalam Wren, 1995). Berbagai contoh konsep kepemimpinan yang menerapkan asumsi dimensionalitas adalah teori X dan teori Y dari Douglas McGregor, empat sistem manajemen Rensis Likert yang menggunakan dimensi orientasi pada tugas dan orientasi pada karyawan, kisi-kisi manajerial dari Blake dan Mouton (dimensi perhatian terhadap produksi dan perhatian terhadap karyawan), studi Ohio State University (dimensi konsiderasi dan struktur pemrakarsaan), teori empat faktor Bowers dan Seashore (dimensi fasilitasi pekerjaan dan penekanan pada sasaran, serta dimensi dukungan dan fasilitasi interaksi), path-goal theory (ekspektasi dan valensi), dan model kontingensi Fiedler (orientasi pada tugas dan orientasi pada hubungan/orang). Meskipun berbagai konsep kepemimpinan tersebut cukup bervariasi, pada prinsipnya ada kemiripan dalam hal ketergantungan pada kedua dimensi tersebut, dan mengenyampingkan dimensi-dimensi lainnya, seperti tingkat aktivitas, karakteristik atribusi, dan derajat kepentingan (Karmel, 1978). Sementara itu, perangkap kedua yang tak kalah dominannya adalah isu mengenai gaya kepemimpinan terbaik untuk diterapkan dalam suatu organisasi. Pencarian gaya 'terbaik' untuk segala situasi seringkali menemui jalan buntu. Bahkan gaya manajemen partisipatif atau demokratif pun tidak selalu merupakan solusi terbaik. Gaya seperti ini belum tentu dapat berjalan dengan baik dalam situasi-situasi tertentu. Ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh sifat kepemimpinan itu sendiri yang 'dua arah', artinya melibatkan dua pihak: pemimpin dan pengikut (yang dipimpin) 3/4 serta faktor-faktor situasional. Dalam lingkungan bisnis yang semakin kom-pleks dan selalu berubah seperti saat ini, studi kepemimpinan tidak bisa lagi sesederhana penggunaan dua dimensi tersebut. Demikian pula upaya pencarian gaya kepemimpinan terbaik yang berlaku sepanjang masa akan sia-sia. Ada kebutuhan untuk menemukan model kepemimpinan yang lebih relevan dengan situasi kompleks seperti sekarang ini. Kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan salah satu konsep "terobosan" yang berhasil menghidupkan kembali gairah studi kepemimpinan yang hampir mati selama dekade terakhir ini. Menurut konsep ini, tugas seorang pemimpin adalah berupaya memotivasi bawahannya agar dapat berprestasi melampaui harapan dan perkiraan sebelumnya. Esensi kepemimpinan adalah memfasilitasi pengembangan individu untuk merealisasi potensi dirinya. Tulisan ini mernbahas kepemimpinan transformasional dan pemberdayaan karyawan. Pembahasan diawali dengan menelusuri secara sekilas berbagai teori kepemimpinan; kemudian, dilanjutkan dengan telaah terhadap mitos gaya kepe mimpinan "terbaik". Selanjutnya ulasan difokuskan pada berbagai karakteristik kepemimpinar transformasional yang merupakan trend kepemimpinan di masa datang. Akhirnya, tulisan ini mengupas pandangan mengenai pentingnya dimensi pemberdayaan (empowerment) dalam kepemimpinan manajerial, terutama untuk menyongsong era transformasi akibat perubaha lingkungan yang terjadi secara dramatik.

Islam dan Budaya Lokal

Abstract: Masalah sistem simbol dan budaya spiritual kedua-duanya bisa disebut simbolisasi agama. Apakah kita dapat memanfaatkan sistem simbol dalam budaya lokal untuk dakwah? Apakah ada yang disebut budaya spiritual Islam? Sistem simbol budaya lokal sering menimbulkan masalah dalam dakwah Islam. Apakah Islam harus menjauhkan diri dari sistem simbol lokal atau menerima begitu saja sistem budaya lokal bagi keperluan dakwah? Ternyata Islam tidak begitu saja menerima budaya lokal. Ada semacam proses seleksi. Seleksi itu di antaranya dengan desakralisasi Artikel ini akan berupaya menelusuri peran budaya lokal dalam dakwah Islam.

Lactic Acid Bacteria from Indigenous Fermented Foods and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract: Twenty-eight lactic acid bacteria ( LAB) strains were isolated from various indigenous fermented foods, i.e., asinan rebung (bamboo shoot pickle), asinan terong (eggplant pickle), gatot(fennented dried cassava), growol (fermented raw cassava), tape (fermented steamed cassava tubers), tempe (fermented soybean), tempoyak (fermented pulp of durian fruit), andmoromi. All strains found and identified belong to facultative hetero¬fermentative group lactobacilli. They produced DL-lactic acid, and contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan, and were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and L pentosus complex. These strains were further determined for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus using disc assay and turbidimetric assay. Two among them, Lactobacillus TGR-2 (from growol) and Lactobacillus TMO-4 (from moromi) were able to increase the lag phase, and to suppress the final population of the S. aureus growth after 12 h incubation.

Effect of Chitosan on Meat Preservation

Abstract: The effect of chitosan as preservative on the qualities of meat including microbiological, chemical, sensory and color qualities were examined In liquid medium chitosan 0.01% inhibited the growth of some spoilage and pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fragi and Staphylococcus aureus. At 0.1% concentration it also inhibited the growth of meat starter cultures, Lactoba¬cillus plantarum, Pediococcus Pentosaceus and Micro-coccus varians. In meat, during incubation at 30°C for 48 hours or storage at 4°C for 10 days, chitosan inhib¬ited the growth of spoilage bacteria, reduced lipid oxi¬dation, putrefaction and resulted in better sensory test. Chitosan also had a good effect on the development of red color of meat during storage.

Electrophoretic comparison of enzymes as a chemotaxonomic aid among aspergillus taxa: (3) the identity of the xerophilic species a. penicillioides in subgenus aspergillus section restricti

Abstract: The identity of the xerophilic species Aspergillus penicillioides and related taxa has been studied chemotaxonomically using polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. In a dendrogram based on the calculated similarity values of five enzymes, 14 isolates of A. penicillioides in subgenus Aspergillus section Restricti and 28 isolates of related taxa in subgenus Aspergillus formed 22 clusters at a 60% similarity level. A. penicillioides isolates were scattered over the 11 clusters. In the ubiquinone systems, all isolates of A. penicillioides, including IFO 8155 (originally described as A. vitricolae [sic]), had the Q-9 system, which was the same ubiquinone system as Eurotium spp. A case study based on comparisons between the similarity values in enzyme patterns and the homology values in DNA relatedness in subgenus Circumdati section Flavi clearly indicates that Aspergillus isolates at a 60% or greater similarity level in enzyme patterns are considered to be conspecific. According to this guideline, A. penicillioides isolates are extremely diverse and presumably assigned to several species and we revive the name A. vitricola for IFO 8155 (ex holotype). Further molecular systematic studies are needed to clarify the identity and speciation of A. penicillioides.

Antioxidative Effect of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water Extract on TBARS Value in Liver of Rats Fed Fish Oil Diet

Abstract: Ethanolic extract of the coconut water showed antioxidant activity in the in vitro assay using an emulsified-aqueous system containing linoleic acid and /3-carotene. To evaluate the possible antioxidative effect in vivo, a study with rats fed fish oil diet, was performed. Oral administration of the coconut water extract (CWE, 340mg/mL) did not influence food intake, daily body weight gain nor average liver weight of rats. It was investigated that the increase of liver TBARS value of rats fed fish oil diet was significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed by oral administration 0.8 ml of the coconut water extract (CWE 340 mg/ml)/rat twice per day during 14 days of experimental period. Oral administration of coconut water extract also tended to suppress the decreasing effect of fish oil diet on liver ascorbic acid. Liver total glutathione of rats fish oil diet was significantly lower than that of rats fed AIN-93G standard diet, but oral administration of the coconut water did not significantly change the liver glutathione. SOD activity in liver homogenate of rats fed fish oil diet and orally administrated by coconut water extract was significantly higher than that of those orallyadministrated by water. The result showed that the antioxidative properties of the coconut water extract have been demonstrated by in vivo assay using rats fed fish oil diet.

Antimicrobial Substance Produced by Lactobacillus sp. TGR-2 Isolated From Growol

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria strain TGR-2 was isolated from growol (fermented raw cassava) and then identified as Lactobacillus sp. TGR-2. According to results of the turbidimetric assay, the neutralized supernatant of Lac¬tobacillus sp. TGR-2 were able to inhibit the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Salmonella iyphimurium FNCC 0050, Escherichia coli FNCC 0091, Bacillus cereus FNCC 0057, and Morganella morganii FNCC 0122. The antimicrobial activity of neutralized supernatant of Lactobacillus sp. TGR-2 was stable at room tempera¬ture for 60 min, pH 3-8; heating 98 °C for 30 min, pH 3-8; 121 °C for 15 min, pH 3-8; storage at 4 °C for 21 days, p1-1 6.5. The third fraction obtained from purified of supernatant of Lactobacillus sp. TGR-2 by gel filtra¬tion which possessed the molecular weight 14,000 Dalton has a bactericidal effect on the growth of S. aureus.

Hubungan Kepadatan dan Kesesakan Dengan Stres Dan Intensi Proposal Pada Remaja Di Pemukiman Padat

Abstract: P eneli tla n in i  bertujua n untu k melihat adany a hubunga n antara ke· padata n da n kesesakan dengan stres  da n intensi prososlal pad a remaja di pemukima n padat . Sebaga i variabe l beba s adalah kepadatan jumlah penghun i da n kesesakan sedangkan sebaga i variabel tergantung adalah sire s dan intensi prososlal .  Hip o t esi s da/a m peneli t ia n ini adalah: (1) Ad a hubungan positi f antar a kepadatan da n kesesakan dengan stres ; (2 ) Ad a  hubungan nega t i f antar a kepadatan dan kesesakan dengan intens i prososia/. Subjek penelitian  adalah 80 remaj a penghuni pe ­ mukima n d i Keluraha n Duri Utara , Kecamatan Tambora, Jakarta Baral. P enelit ia n in i menggunaka n analisi s kore/asi regresi ganda (multiple regression). Hasi l ana/isi s menunjukkan bahw a (1) ada hubungan positif antar a kepadatan dan kesesakan dengan stre s pad a remaja, kepadat an da n  kesesakan  membenkan sumbangan secara bersama-sama t e r ­ hada p stre s sebesar 1 7 persen . (2 ) tida k ad a hubungan ant ar a kepada.tan da n kesesaka n denga n int ens i prososial pada remaja.

Peranan Orientasi Nilai Budaya Pada Kepuasan Kerja

Abstract: Penelitia n  ini bertujuan untuk me/iha t perana n orientasi mlai budaya pad a kepuasan kerja . Subje k penelitian ini adalah karyawan berke­ bangsaa n Indonesia yang bekerja pad a perusahaan swasta asing di bidan g administrasi d i bawa h pimpina n seoran g atau t i m yang ber latar belakan g individualisime , yan g berdomisili di Jakarta .  H asi l peneli tian menunjukka n  bahwa ( 1 )   sko r orientasi ni/ a i buday a pad a kelompok karyawa n perusahaan asing mempunyai distribus i normal , (2 ) on'entasi nila i  budaya mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kepuasa n kerj a pada karyawa n perusahaan asing, ( 3 ) orientasi nila i budaya individualisme subje k penelitia n  ternyata tida k signifikan pengaruhny a terhadap kepuasa n secara keseluruhan, kepuasan terhada p upah, da n kepuasan terhada p promosi. ( 4 ) orientas i nila i buday a individualism e da n  kolek ­ tivism e pad a karyawan perusahaa n asin g mempunyai hubunga n yang positif , da n (5 ) secar a keseluruhan kepuasan kerj a subje k penelitian cuku p tinggi.

Review of Flavor 1 Differences in Meat and Meat Products

Abstract: Hundreds or even thousands of volatile compounds present in meat have been documented. However, the flavor of meats have not always been successfully reproduced. This is in part due to interaction of factors such as genetic (species, breed and sex), environment (age, feeding and stress), processing methods (for¬mulation and thermal as well non-thermal processing), chemical and biochemical reactions present in meat. Species as well as type of feed are the most important factors influencing fresh meat flavor, while the flavor of processed meat is mostly determined by product formulation and cooking method.

Pengaruh Manajaemen Interpersonal Kelompok Efektif Objektif (MIKEO) Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan Perusahaan Di Jawa Timur

Abstract: MIKE O (Manajemen Interpersonal Kelompck Efekti f Objektil) ada/ah sebua h gagasan intervensi bag i peningkata n produktivi t a s karyawan. Dala m penelitian i n i  diasumsikan pendekatan MIKED berpengaruh secara positif t erhada p peningkatka n p r oduktivita s  kerj a karyawan . Penefitia n in i melibatka n 300subjek penelitian , yang terdir i ata s karyawan perusahaa n besa r berstatus BUMN yan g berjumlah  18 0 orang dan karyawa n perusahaan kecil berstatus BUM S yan g berjumla h 12 0  or­ ang, keduanya d i Jaw a Timur .  Hasi f penefitla n mengungkapka n bahwa karyawa n yang dikenai perlakuan MIKED menunjukkan peningkatan produktivita s kerja yang Jebi h tinggi dibandingka n karyawa n yang tid a k dikena i MIKED .

The flashover process based on the finding of surface charge distribution on alumina insulator surface in vacuum

Abstract: The measurement of insulator surface charge distribution on the whole area of alumina YSA 998 and alumina UHA 99 surface area after impulse voltage application revealed that the surface charging can be initiated either from the anode or from the cathode triple junction. The charging initiated from the anode triple junction (for positive polarity) produced positive charge at the anode region and the density is dependent on applied voltage, while the charging initiated from the cathode triple junction region (for negative polarity) produced negative charge around the cathode region. For positive polarity, the critical value of charge density to the flashover for alumina YSA 998 and alumina UHA 98 are 5.70 /spl mu/C/m/sup 2/ and 17.2 /spl mu/C/m/sup 2/, respectively.

The Socio-Economic Benefits of Indonesian Forest

Abstract: Since the beginning of the New Order Government, forest products, especially timber, has become the most important export product of Indonesia after oil. Some 60 million ha of Indonesian production forest (out of a total of 144 million ha), has been contracted out to 579 concessionaires, most of them in East and Central Kalimantan (255 concessionaires or Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH), 24 million ha), Maluku and Irian Jaya (64 HPH, 10 million ha), and Riau-Jambi (96 HPH, 9 Million ha). The revenue from forest exploitation has been so large that these regions have experienced a timber bonanza, giving a degree of prosperity to the majority of their population. In East Kalimantan, the economic impact has been so dramatic that people from other regions have flooded the province to take part in enjoying the bonanza.