Showing papers by "Goethe University Frankfurt published in 1970"
2,605 citations
TL;DR: A formalism which allows us to explicate certain rather gross properties of language processing systems and should be useful for designing the outlines of complex programming systems and their implementation, and it should be especially good for documentation.
Abstract: 7. Summary We have introduced a formalism which allows us to explicate certain rather gross properties of language processing systems. As it is, the notation should be useful for designing the outlines of complex programming systems and their implementation, and it should be especially good for documentation. The formalism should also provide a mathematical basis which can be extended to handle more detailed properties of such systems. Some specific inadequacies where it could be extended follow. 1. It does not describe the amount of compilation or interpretation, unless it is coupled with precise definitions of the languages involved. For instance, in (7) we have no idea whether IL is close to machine language or to the source language. IL could be little more than assembly language, or just a trivial modification of the source language , or anything in between. Of course precise definitions of SL, IL, and ML would clear this up. 2. It does not permit the description of such processes as incremental compilation. 3. It does not permit the formal description of systems involving programs which consist of two or more pieces written in different languages, such as FSL. Acknowledgment. We have benefitted from comments by J. Gray and J. Reynolds in preparing this paper.
708 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the author questions the ability of Chomsky's account of linguistic competence to fulfil the requirements of such a theory and proposes an outline of a theory of communicative competence that is based on the negations of three implicit assumptions, here called "monologism", "a priorism" and "elementarism".
Abstract: In this, the second of two articles outlining a theory of communicative competence, the author questions the ability of Chomsky's account of linguistic competence to fulfil the requirements of such a theory. ‘Linguistic competence’ for Chomsky means the mastery of an abstract system of rules, based on an innate language apparatus. The model by which communication is understood on this account contains three implicit assumptions, here called ‘monologism’, ‘a priorism’, and ‘elementarism’. The author offers an outline of a theory of communicative competence that is based on the negations of these assumptions. In opposing the first two assumptions he introduces distinctions, respectively, between semantic universals which process experiences and those that make such processing possible, and between semantic universals which precede all socialization and those that are linked to the conditions of potential socialization. Against elementarism, he argues that the semantic content of all possible natural languag...
660 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the author outlines a theory of communicative competence, and shows how the requirements of such a theory are to be found in an analysis not of the linguistic competence of a native speaker, but of systematic distortion of communication of the kind postulated by psychoanalytic theory.
Abstract: In this, the first of two articles outlining a theory of communicative competence, the author shows how the requirements of such a theory are to be found in an analysis not of the linguistic competence of a native speaker, but of systematic distortion of communication of the kind postulated by psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalyst's hermeneutic understanding of initially incomprehensible acts and utterances depends on the explanatory power of this understanding, and therefore rests on theoretical assumptions. After a preliminary delineation of the range of incomprehensible acts and utterances dealt with in psychoanalysis, the author presents an account of psychoanalysis as linguistic analysis. He then explicates the key theoretical assumptions underlying the analytical procedure, in particular those relating to the notion of ‘scenic understanding’, and concludes by indicating the place of explanatory understanding in a theory of communicative competence.
361 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that this transstimulation is due to a positive feedback control of amino acid uptake, rather than to exchange diffusion, to counterflow interaction, to an increase of passive permeability of the cell membrane, or to stimulation of metabolic energy production.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence of functions converging to an exact generalized diatomic orbital (solution of Eq. (1) of text) may be constructed so that matrix elements of frequently occurring operators between χ====== ()¯¯¯¯ and χ� ‡ can be computed without any numerical integration.
Abstract: If χ
i
(χ
k
) is an exact generalized diatomic orbital (solution of Eq. (1) of text), a sequence of functions χ
converging to χ
i
may be constructed so that matrix elements of frequently occurring operators between χ
()
and χ
()
may be computed without any numerical integration. Exact expectation values are given for kinetic and potential energy, dipole moment, θ
2=x
2+y
2, and quadrupole moment 3z
2−r
2, for various ratios of nuclear charges Z
1,Z
2 and for several distances R. Special subjects discussed in terms of computed expectation values are:
49 citations
TL;DR: In Periplaneta americana, olfactory receptors on the antennae of male adults and nymphs respond at low threshold to the specific natural odorous attractant produced by virgin females.
Abstract: In Periplaneta americana, olfactory receptors on the antennae of male adults and nymphs respond at low threshold to the specific natural odorous attractant produced by virgin females. There are no receptors for that odor on the antennae of female adults or nymphs of any instar.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, aus, das bei steigender (I)-Konzentration und hoherer Ausflussgeschwindigkeit resultiert, wirkt sich unter bestimmten Bedingungen die Entstehung eines Maximums II.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it has been demonstrated that potato parenchym is able to perform differentiated reactions depending on the changing influences on the reacting cells caused by the wound stimulus and partial isolation.
Abstract: Experiments with potato tuber fragments under normal atmospheric conditions (0.03% CO2) suggest that a wound periderm, prominently marked by suberin synthesis, develops regularly, independently of preparation technics. It has been demonstrated that potato parenchym is able to perform differentiated reactions depending on the changing influences on the reacting cells caused by the wound stimulus and partial isolation. Suberin synthesis and the cicatrization effect can be suppressed totally if changes remain insignificant as compared with the cellular state in the intact organ. This requires: 1. separating the tissue without bruising it to avoid deformations of the protoplasmatic structure; 2. removing adjacent fragments of destroyed cells by rinsing the slices; 3. maintaining cell turgidity by keeping the moisture in the reaction atmosphere at 100%. Moreover 10% CO2-concentration is necessary, corresponding to the intercellular air in situ.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, solid state reactions of TeO2 with CaO or CaCO3 at temperatures of 500-730°C were shown to yield tellurium and Ca3TeO6, the latter crystallizing with a cryolite lattice.
Abstract: Durch Festkorperreaktionen zwischen TeO2 und CaO bzw CaCO3 bei 500–730°C werden die Verbindungen CaTe2O5 und CaTeO3 gebildet SrTe2O5 und BaTe2O5 entstehen unter ahnlichen Bedingungen wie CaTe2O5 CaTeO3, im Gegensatz zu CaTe2O5 durch Luftsauerstoff bei hoheren Temperaturen oxydierbar, tritt in zwei verschiedenen Modifikationen auf Mit uberschussigem CaO oder CaCO3 setzt sich TeO2 zu Tellur und Ca3TeO6 um Dieses kristallisiert in einem Kryolithgitter mit a0 = 5,556 A, b0 = 5,786 A, c0 = 7,982 A und ≈ 90°
By solid state reactions of TeO2 with CaO or CaCO3 at temperatures of 500–730°C the compounds CaTe2O5 and CaTeO3 are formed SrTe2O5 and BaTe2O5 are obtained under similar conditions as CaTe2O5 There are two crystalline modifications of CaTeO3, which is oxidized by air at higher temperatures With an excess of CaO or CaCO3, TeO2 reacts to give tellurium and Ca3TeO6, the latter crystallizing with a cryolite lattice and a0 = 5556 A, b0 = 5786 A, c0 = 7982 A, β ≈ 90°
17 citations
TL;DR: Stacking disorder for compounds with Li2SnO3 structure has been discussed in this article, where the authors explain observations which have been interpreted in terms of polymorphism, in the case of Li2snO3.
Abstract: Fur Gitter vom Li2SnO3-Typ werden Stapelfehlordnungen diskutiert. Im Falle des Li2SnO3 lassen sich damit die Beobachtungen, die bisher auf eine Polymorphie dieser Verbindung zuruckgefuhrt wurden, hinreichend erklaren.
Stacking disorder is discussed for compounds with Li2SnO3 structure. In the case of Li2SnO3, this suffices to explain observations which have been interpreted in terms of polymorphism.
TL;DR: In this article, the reduction of Oxazepam at the dropping mercury electrode is described, and a cyclic aldehyde-ammonia adduct is formed in neutral and alkaline buffers (up to about pH 10).
Abstract: Oxazepam (I) wird an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode in sauren Puffern unter Verbrauch von 4 elektronen zum 7-Chlor-5-phenyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-on reduziert. In alkalischen Puffern entsteht unter Aufnahme von 2 Elektronen zunachst das 4,5-Dihydroprodukt. Dieses reagiert als instabiler cyclischer Aldehydammoniak weiter. I ist in neutralen und alkalischen Puffern bis pH 10, die Dimethylsulfoxid als Losungsvermittler enthalten, stabil. Die Bildung des 7-Chlor-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2H-benzodiazepin-2,3-(1H)-dions (II) und der 6-Chlor-3,4-dihydro-4-phenyl-2-chinazolin-carbonsaure (III) konnte mit Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden.
Mechanism of the Reduction of Oxazepam at the Dropping Mercury Electrode
Oxazepam (I) in acid buffers is reduced under the uptake of 4 electrons to 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one at a dropping mercury electrode. In alkaline buffers the unstable 4,5-dihydro-derivative is formed first, consuming 2 electrons. This then reacts further as a cyclic aldehyde-ammonia adduct. I is stable in neutral and alkaline buffers (up to about pH 10) containing dimethylsulfoxide as a solubilizer. The formation of 7-chloro-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2H-benzo-diazepin-2,3-(1H)-dione (II) and of 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-phenyl-quinazoline-2-carboxylic acid (III) in the course of polarographic investigation could be definitely excluded.
TL;DR: It was found that isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase differ in spermatozoa quantitatively and in the case of phenotype PGM1 1-1 a qualitative difference could also be observed.
Abstract: The isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) were investigated in human spermatozoa (Sp.-PGM1). The three phenotypes of PGM1-polymorphism commonly found in erythrocytes could also be demonstrated in spermatozoa. It was also found that these patterns differ in spermatozoa quantitatively and in the case of phenotype PGM1 1-1 a qualitative difference could also be observed. The eventual significance of these findings in forensic medicine were briefly mentioned.
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: Quantitative determinations of the three major immunoglobulins were made according to the immunodiffusion method of Mancini et al. in 23 patients following splenectomy.
Abstract: Quantitative determinations of the three major immunoglobulins were made according to the immunodiffusion method of Mancini et al in 23 patients following splenectomy
TL;DR: In this article, ausammenfassung in Britton Robinson-Puffern wird 4-Nitro-antipyrin an der Hg-Tropfelektrode in einer Stufe unter Verbrauch von 6 Elektronen reduziert.
TL;DR: The frog's muscles show only a weak reactive hyperemia, that means, a higher demand of oxygen will be satisfied mainly by a higher blood oxygen utilisation instead of an augmented blood flow in the warm-blooded animals.
Abstract: In der Unterschenkelmuskulatur wacher Frosche, denen bei de N. ischiadici durchtrennt worden waren, wurde gemessen: Im Vergleich zum Warmbluter hat der Frosch eine sehr viel hohere Ruhe-Muskeldurchblutung. In Ruhe ist das Sauerstoffangebot etwa 10 mal groser als der Sauerstoffbedarf (Sauerstoffutilisation etwa 10%). Aus diesem Grunde liegt der mittlere Sauerstoffpartialdruck etwa 10 Torr uber demjenigen des Warmblutermuskels. In der Froschmuskulatur last sich eine nur geringe reaktive Hyperamie auslosen (im Mittel+100%), d.h. in der Froschmuskulatur wird ein erhohter Sauerstoffbedarf weitgehend durch eine gesteigerte Sauerstoffutilisation gedeckt.
TL;DR: A sodium-potassium coupled pump-mechanism, which is inhibited by cardiac glycoside, appears to be present in the cochlear duct and might depend on ATP as its source of energy to maintain the microphonic potential and to sustain the different ionic concentrations of sodium and potassium ions in the fluids of the inner ear.
Abstract: A sodium-potassium coupled pump-mechanism, which is inhibited by cardiac glycoside, appears to be present in the cochlear duct. Such a mechanism might depend on ATP as its source of energy to maintain the microphonic potential, and to sustain the different ionic concentrations of sodium and potassium ions in the fluids of the inner ear.
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetization of a spin system with both isotropic Heisenberg exchange and dipole-dipole interactions was investigated and the Green's functions for such a system were decoupled in a first-order random-phase approximation.
Abstract: We have investigated the magnetization as a function of $T$ and $H$ of a spin system with both isotropic Heisenberg exchange and dipole-dipole interactions for $S\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{1}{2}$ and a hexagonal crystal structure. The Green's functions for such a system, recently derived by Becker, are decoupled in a first-order random-phase approximation. For both Heisenberg-dipole and simple-dipole crystals, we find a lowering of the magnetization below saturation at $T=0$. The Curie-Weiss temperature $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and the ordering temperature ${T}_{c}$ are calculated and compared with experimental values on Gd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$. In the limit of zero exchange, we obtain a condition for the type of lattice and shape of domains which make ferromagnetic ordering possible.
TL;DR: Die Injektion von Cyclofenil im Dosisbereich von 100 bis 600 μg/Tier zu einem Abfall von sowohl LH als auch LH-RF führte, konnte bei Verabreichung von Clomifen nur bei der Gabe von 25 μg/ Tier eine signifikante Herabsetzung of LH and LH- RF beobachtet werden.
Abstract: Der Effekt von Clomifenhydrogencitrat und von Cyclofenil auf den LH-Gehalt der Hypophyse und den LH-RF-Gehalt des Hypothalamus wurde an kastrierten, weiblichen Ratten untersucht, die mit Ostradiol und Progesteron blockiert worden waren. Wahrend die Injektion von Cyclofenil im Dosisbereich von 100 bis 600 μg/Tier zu einem Abfall von sowohl LH als auch LH-RF fuhrte, konnte bei Verabreichung von Clomifen nur bei der Gabe von 25 μg/Tier eine signifikante Herabsetzung von LH und LH-RF beobachtet werden.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism of cyclooctatetraene synthesis is discussed in which a temporary transfer of the multiplicity from the Ni2+ ion to the four acetylene molecules takes place.
Abstract: A mechanism of the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene is discussed in which a temporary transfer of the multiplicity from the Ni2+ ion to the four acetylene molecules takes place.
TL;DR: Bone marrow cells from a 49 years old man with erythroleukaemia revealed an extreme form of chromosomal number variation ranging from 39 to 135, interpreted as a feature of malignancy.
Abstract: Bone marrow cells from a 49 years old man with erythroleukaemia revealed an extreme form of chromosomal number variation ranging from 39 to 135. The presence of these sub-lines is interpreted as a feature of malignancy. Minute elements and dicentric like chromosomes were also present.
TL;DR: Isologous transplants of cellular suspensions of embryonic organs (stomach, intestine, pancreas, suprarenal body, liver, lungs, kidney, cartilage, and nerve tissue) were made on the adult rat and it was demonstrated that histiotypical organs develop from the suspensions.
Abstract: Aus isolog transplantierten Zellsuspensionen embryonaler Organanlagen der Ratte entwickeln sich beim erwachsenen Empfangertier histiotypische Organe. Dies gelang uns bisher fur folgende Organe: Magen, Darm, Pankreas, Nebenniere, Leber, Lunge, Niere, Knorpel und Nervengewebe.
TL;DR: It is assumed that HCR acts mainly late during clone growth within the host cell by excising premutations from genomes consisting of a premutated and a mutated strand, and that a premutation does not always cause a mutant but sometimes a wild-type daughter strand, which can also explain the few exceptional mosaics containing two mutant types.
Abstract: When free phage kappa was irradiated with UV and plated with host strains HY or hcr 42, respectively, most plaques due to c mutations contained solely or predominantly the mutant type. Both wild and c type from the infrequent mixed (mosaic) plaques were stable; inherited instability was very rare. The relative rarity of mosaics with < 50% c type was neither caused by selection within a host cell or plaque nor by a frequent very low burst size.
The 2 different UV doses used did not lead to significant differences in the percentage of mosaics among all mutant plaques, using either host strain. Nevertheless, recessive lesions within the DNA strand opposite to the premutated one could be the cause of c-clone purity.
The percentage of mosaics was significantly higher with hcr 42 than with HY at both dose levels, as expected if host-cell repair (HCR) could cause the production of pure c-clones. However, the difference is too small (with respect to the dose reduction factor of 12) to permit the conclusion that clone purity is caused by HCR alone. Further, the lower frequency of mosaics in HY compared with hcr 42 is mainly due to a shift from nearly pure c clones (99 to 75% c type) to pure ones (> 99% c type). It is therefore assumed that HCR acts mainly late during clone growth within the host cell by excising premutations from genomes consisting of a premutated and a mutated strand, and that a premutation does not always cause a mutant but sometimes a wild-type daughter strand. This hypothesis can also explain the few exceptional mosaics containing two mutant types.
An explanation is proposed of the effects of UV dose as well as repair, assuming a premutation to consist of 2 different hit products in opposite DNA strands.
TL;DR: In this article, a fall akuter Erythroleukamie with G-Trisomie berichtet and die mogliche Bedeutung hereditarer Faktoren fur die Manifestation akuter Leukamien diskutiert.
Abstract: Es wird uber einen Fall akuter Erythroleukamie mit G-Trisomie berichtet und die mogliche Bedeutung hereditarer Faktoren fur die Manifestation akuter Leukamien diskutiert.
01 Dec 1970
TL;DR: From these suspensions develop subcutaneous cysts, which possess the potency for the differentiation of histiotypical organs showing microscopically no difference to normal gastric and intestine mucosa, it was demonstrated.
Abstract: Bei der Ratte wurden isolog embryonale Zellsuspensionen von Magen- und Darmanlagen auf erwachsene Tiere transplantiert. Es zeigte sich:
1.
Aus den Suspensionen entwickeln sich subcutan gelegene Cysten, die die Potenz zur Entwicklung histiotypischer Organe besitzen und sich mikroskopisch von normaler Magen- und Darmschleimhaut nicht unterscheiden. Die Differenzierung der Schleimhaute beginnt nach Eroffnung der sonst bestehenbleibenden Cysten jederzeit.
2.
Fermenthistochemisch zeigt sich, das die untersuchten Enzyme in charakteristischen Differenzierungsphasen nachweisbar sind. In der ausdifferenzierten Transplantatmucosa findet sich eine Fermentverteilung wie in der normalen erwachsenen Schleimhaut.
3.
Die fermenthistochemischen Untersuchungen erlauben ein sehr fruhes Erkennen der Differenzierung in Richtung Magen- oder Darmschleimhaut.
4.
Beim Empfangertier verhalt sich die HCl-Sekretion des originaren Magens und des Magentransplantates mit und ohne Stimulation synchron.
TL;DR: By using esterase inhibitors and highly purified lipase it has been shown that the hydrolytic activity is due to the action of a pancreatic lipase.
TL;DR: Bei einem Fall von postoperativ gesichertem Phaochromocytom mit paroxysmalen Blutdruckkrisen, typischen biochemischen and Kreislaufbefunden wurde der rechtsventriculare und der Pulmonalarteriendruck gemessen.
Abstract: Bei einem Fall von postoperativ gesichertem Phaochromocytom mit paroxysmalen Blutdruckkrisen, typischen biochemischen und Kreislaufbefunden wurde der rechtsventriculare und der Pulmonalarteriendruck gemessen. Die Messung erfolgte vor, wahrend und nach einer durch den Histamintest provozierten Blutdruckkrise mit der von Grandjean beschriebenen Mikrokathetermethode. Dabei konnte eine relative Pulmonalklappeninsuffizienz festgestellt werden, die durch eine erhebliche, adrenalin-bedingte Zunahme des Schlagvolumens bei pulmonaler Hypertonie ausgelost wurde und nach Ansicht der Autoren mit der unterschiedlichen Windkesselkapazitat beider Gefassysteme erklart werden kann.
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: Patients with cirrhosis of the liver, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia were studied and it was assumed that the platelet pool in the spleen is augmented which results in an increased platelet destruction.
Abstract: 25 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia were studied. With 51Cr-labeled thrombocytes life span, recovery and splenic surface activity were determined. We assume that the platelet pool in the spleen is augmented which results in an increased platelet destruction.