Showing papers by "Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research published in 1995"
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of urbanization on energy consumption in developing countries is investigated in a multiple regression framework, using cross-national variations in urbanization and other development indicators to estimate a fixed-effects model of the determinants of energy usage.
Abstract: This paper seeks an exploratory assessment of the possible global greenhouse consequences of economic development in general and urbanization in particular, especially insofar as they relate to changing patterns of energy use. First, the nature of the relationship between urbanization and increased resource use is elaborated upon, and the impact of the development transition upon levels of energy consumption is empirically analysed in a multiple regression framework, using cross-national variations in urbanization and other development indicators to estimate a fixed-effects model of the determinants of energy usage. The same set of hypothesized determinants is then used to measure their contribution to estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the full set of countries. Next, we focus upon the subsample of developing countries to study the effects of urbanization upon their evolving profiles of energy use, disaggregated by final use sector and fuel type, and estimate the magnitude of the greenhouse effects attributable to each of these component fuel uses. Finally, we present some of the implications of the results for policies toward urbanization and energy strategies for developing countries in the context of global environmental management imperatives.
353 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated model using goal programming and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been developed for energy resource allocation, which incorporates nine quantitative and three qualitative criteria.
Abstract: Energy resource allocation presents a multi-criteria decision making problem with the criteria being quantitative and/or qualitative. Solving such a problem requires an integrated approach. In this paper, an integrated model using goal programming and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been developed for energy resource allocation. It incorporates nine quantitative and three qualitative criteria. The model has been applied to the household sector of Madras, India. A detailed sensitivity analysis has also been carried out. Three additional scenarios have been developed. Use of the model suggested: natural gas, fuelwood and solar thermal for cooking; biogas and electricity generated from fuelwood for water pumping; and all decentralized electricity generation technologies for lighting and operating household appliances. Grid electricity was perferred only for lighting.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a plea to include gender issues in macro level energy policies such as energy investment, imports and pricing, and discuss the need for better understanding of these issues for women engaged in different sectors, whether agriculture, transport, industries, household and the energy sector itself.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, seven energy sources usable for lighting in households have been evaluated against 12 (9 quantitative and 3 qualitative) objectives representing the energy-economy-environmental system using an integrated goal programming-AHP model.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multilogit model has been developed to study the effects of different factors on the selection of an energy carrier for cooking or water heating in Bangalore, and the model is then applied to explain energy-carrier choices in Bangalore.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to set out a broader perspective in which public distribution system is to be evaluated and showed that revamping the public distribution systems as currently understood, would not be feasible since it would run counter to the very spirit of the reform programme; there is the need for a search for cost effective options to ensure food security.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the demand-insensitive markup depends on the bargaining power of unions relative to owners of firms, in addition to more standard product market characteristics.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive approach that considers fuel, fodder and fertiliser relationships has been used to analyse the rural energy system of Karnataka and a linear programming model that incorporates these relationships was used to simulate and study the effects of various policy options on the rural EE system in 2000 A.D.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied engineering economics within a "perfect foresight" frame work to evaluate the installation of a solar water heater vs purchasing an electrical water heater, and found that depending upon certain conditions, either alternative may be economically advantageous.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the design of a discrete-mode variable structure power system stabilizer (VSPSS) has been presented, where the pole-shift factor and switching gains are obtained by applying an iterative Integral of Squared Error (ISE) algorithm.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have shown that a room of length 3.5 m, breadth 3.4 m and height 3.14 m would lead to about 6 tonnes of CO 2 emissions if constructed at the minimum possible cost, which is distributed as follows: foundation, walls, 46, roof, 16, floor, 4.8, and plastering.
TL;DR: In this article, a 1,000-household survey was used to study the type of energy carrier used by households in different income groups for different end-uses, such as cooking, water heating, and lighting.
Abstract: This article analyses the pattern of energy carrier consumption in the residential sector of Bangalore, a major city in south India. A 1,000-household survey was used to study the type of energy carrier used by households in different income groups for different end-uses, such as cooking, water heating, and lighting. The dependence of income on the carrier utilized is established using a carrier dependence index. Using regression analysis, the index analyses the impact of different explanatory variables such as family income, family size, and price of energy carrier on consumption. The results show that income plays an important rote not only in the selection of an energy carrier but also on the quantity of consumption per household. Also, a source-service matrix is prepared for Bangalore's residential sector, which shows the disaggregation of energy consumption by the type of energy carrier and end-use.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical framework within which the demand for electricity in the residential sector is studied is studied, and the cross-sectional household survey data is analyzed to estimate the consumption of electricity for different end uses by relating the household electricity consumption with the stock of electrical appliances.
Abstract: In this article a theoretical framework within which the demand for electricity in the residential sector is studied. The cross-sectional household survey data is analyzed to estimate the consumption of electricity for different end uses by relating the household electricity consumption with the stock of electrical appliances. Using these estimates, appliances elasticities are obtained. It is shown how these elasticities can be used to relate future electricity usage to changes in the stock of appliances for Bangalore, the capital of Kamataka state in southern India.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used an exact maximum likelihood estimation method and constructed the likelihood function through Kalman filtering recursions and used the Cochrane's variance ratio technique to find little long-term persistence in IIP.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to shift the focus from supply augmentation to demand management by analyzing the existing pricing policy mechanism and suggest different tariffs based on long-rang marginal costs.
Abstract: Electricity consumption in India is increasing rapidly. The increased demand forces the electricity boards to increase their generating capacity. The huge investments in generation, transmission, and distribution (at the cost of alternative development projects) adversely affect India's foreign exchange reserves. Also, internal resources like coal are utilized at great risk to the environment This article tries to shift the focus from supply augmentation to demand management by analyzing the existing pricing policy mechanism and suggests different tariffs based on long-rang marginal costs. It is shown that the “economic pricing” based on long-run marginal costs is an indicator of efficient utilization of resources.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a linear programming modelling framework (INGRID) for SO 2 emissions reduction from the Indian power system for existing capacity and future capacity addition, which can take place through integrated optimal operations of various electricity utilities by substituting generation of more polluting plants by less emitting efficient plants as long as the cost of reduction is lower than that of flue gas desulfurization.
Abstract: There is a trade-off between cost and emission minimizing objectives for electricity generation because of the measures needed to reduce emissions. For SO 2 emissions reduction these are adjustment within the system which involve deviation from the least-cost generation schedule, changing power mix for future capacity and installation of abatement equipments, e.g. flue gas desulfurization unit. The linear programming modelling framework (INGRID) presented here brings out the nature of this trade-off for SO 2 emissions reduction from the Indian power system for existing capacity and future capacity addition. The adjustment within the existing system can take place through integrated optimal operations of various electricity utilities by substituting generation of more polluting plants by less emitting efficient plants as long as the cost of reduction is lower than that of flue gas desulfurization.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical model has been developed to estimate the conservation potential of the DSM programs and the model is then used to illustrate the benefit derived by deferring the construction of a new power plant.
Abstract: Demand side management options (DSMO) can reduce the peak electricity demand for utilities. This reduction in demand is helpful to the utility in at least two ways : first, it minimizes the penalty costs of not being able to meet the peak demand and thus it has the potential to reduce costs ; second, it also can defer the need for building new power plants and hence it can release, at least for some period of time, the scarce capital (which is especially important for the developing countries) for use in development activities elsewhere. These two benefits have been considered in detail in the paper. An analytical model has been developed to estimate the conservation potential of the DSM programmes. The model is then used to illustrate the benefit derived by deferring the construction of a new power plant. The model has been applied to the Maharashtra State Electricity Board, an electric utility in India, as a case study. Several scenarios have been constructed to account for different levels of the DSM possibilites. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to tackle some of the uncertainties associated with the assumptions in the analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out that there is no evidence of any serious urban bias in the public distribution of food in India and pointed out the need for a policy mix to address the objectives served by public distribution system.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between widowhood and poverty in rural India, based on National Sample Survey data on consumer expenditure, and found that even relatively small economies of scale imply that the incidence of poverty among single widows, living with unmarried children, and female household heads is higher than in the population as a whole.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between widowhood and poverty in rural India, based on National Sample Survey data on consumer expenditure. In terms of standard poverty indices based on household per-capita expenditure, there is no evidence of widows being disproportionately concentrated in poor households, or of female-headed households being poorer than male-headed households. These findings also apply in terms of adult-equivalent consumption, for any reasonable choice of equivalence scales. Poverty indices for different household types, however, are quite sensitive to the level of economies of scale in household consumption. Even relatively small economies of scale imply that the incidence of poverty among single widows, living with unmarried children, and female household heads (all of whom tend to live in relatively small households) is higher than in the population as a whole.
TL;DR: A new class of matrices is defined and it is established that in$$\bar Z$$ superfluous matrices of any ordern ⩾ 4 can easily be constructed.
Abstract: Superfluous matrices were introduced by Howe (1983) in linear complementarity. In general, producing examples of this class is tedious (a few examples can be found in Chapter 6 of Cottle, Pang and Stone (1992)). To overcome this problem, we define a new class of matrices\(\bar Z\) and establish that in\(\bar Z\) superfluous matrices of any ordern ⩾ 4 can easily be constructed. For every integerk, an example of a superfluous matrix of degreek is exhibited in the end.
TL;DR: In this paper, a linear programming simulation model (NATGRID) is used to analyse the key issues related to national grid operations, which shows that the power shortage could be reduced by 22.9 TWh and total generation could be increased by 26 TWh through better capacity utilization.