Libera!

About: Libera! is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Bellman equation & European union. The organization has 501 authors who have published 571 publications receiving 7962 citations.

Improvements to Tree-based GA Applications for QoS Routing

Abstract: Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are emerging as a promising instrument for quality of service (QoS) routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). They implement an iterative process that can solve the NP search problem of routing with multiple QoS constraints. In each iteration new solutions are found through the mutation and crossover genetic operations. In this paper we focus on an existing GA tree-based application for QoS routing in MANETs which applies the genetic operations on a tree built from the network topology and uses fixed length chromosomes. The chromosome encodes junctions tree crossed by routes. This application suffers in convergence speed because its mutation operator does not allow deep exploration of the search space. The inefficiency of the adopted mutation operation is more evident in networks with big size and high network connectivity, i.e., networks with a larger search space. In this paper, we elaborate on the tree-based application with the main objective of improving its performance. We first introduce a criterion for junctions tree sorting based on their distance from the root. Later, we use chromosome properties due to the sorting criterion to design a sequential mutation technique with adaptive probability that allows faster convergence. We provide simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements while increasing the MANET size and connectivity. Keywords-Genetic Algorithm; QOS routing; junctions tree; MANET

A queen without a sceptre: public opinion and the political-constitutional debate in Italy in the first fifty years of national unification

Abstract: Italy's intellectual debate over the concept of ‘public opinion’ in the first fifty years after unification can be better understood if one starts from an analysis of the constitutional framework. The definition of the rights and duties of rulers and ruled was the most pressing concern for the liberal ruling class. It should be noted that a strong paternalistic element was always present in the Italian intellectual debate. This paternalistic approach emerges clearly in the official Catholic culture. The main difference between Catholic intellectuals and liberals was over the ‘public sphere’. Liberalism mistrusted the masses because they were prone to insubordination and easily manipulated by demagogy, but it also believed the masses could elevate themselves. The ruling class's culture was essentially a synthesis between ‘moderatismo’ and that section of Catholicism that was less closed to modernity. Public opinion was considered by many as ‘queen of the world’, but according to the Albertine constitutiona...