Procter & Gamble

About: Procter & Gamble is a company organization based out in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Alkyl & Pulmonary surfactant. The organization has 19701 authors who have published 23667 publications receiving 719391 citations.

Structure-activity relationships of various bisphosphonates

Abstract: A variety of bisphosphonates with aliphatic side chains of increasing length, as well as 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (AHPrBP, formerly APD), dichloromethylene-bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP, formerly Cl2MDP), and dibromomethylene bisphosphonate (Br2MBP, formerly Br2MDP), were compared in vitro and in vivo to find (a) a possible relationship between structure and activity in order to give some indication about their mechanism(s) of action on bone and (b) the most efficient and safe compound having an effect on bone resorption. Some relationship was found between inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation in vitro and of mineralization in vivo. No correlation existed, however, between any parameter measured and bone resorption. The number of calvaria cells in culture was decreased by compounds with a chain length greater than 5-C, by AHPrBP, Cl2MBP, and Br2MBP. Lactate production by these cells in vitro was increased by the long chain bisphosphonates and AHPrBP, and was decreased by Cl2MBP. No good correlation existed between the inhibition of bone resorption measured in vitro on calvaria and that seen in vivo on rat tibiae metaphyses. The latter was inhibited the most efficiently by the bisphosphonates longer than 5-C and by AHPrBP; these were 10 times more effective than Cl2MBP. Taking into account all factors, 1-hydroxypentylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and AHPrBP seem to be the most active compounds to inhibit bone resorption.

Safety and efficacy of risedronate in patients with age-related reduced renal function as estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault method: a pooled analysis of nine clinical trials

Abstract: The incidences of osteoporosis and renal insufficiency increase with age. We studied the influence of renal function on the safety and efficacy of risedronate 5 mg daily in osteoporotic women. Risedronate was safe and effective in osteoporotic women with mild, moderate, or severe age-related renal impairment. Introduction: The incidences of both osteoporosis and renal insufficiency increase with age; thus, the effect of renal impairment on the safety and efficacy of osteoporosis treatments is a clinical concern. Risedronate is a pyridinyl bisphosphonate well established as safe and effective in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Currently, there is little available information about the effect of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with renal insufficiency. This retrospective analysis was conducted to study the influence of renal function on the safety and efficacy of risedronate in a population of osteoporotic women. Materials and Methods: Combined data from nine randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III risedronate trials were analyzed. The patients in these studies had no markedly abnormal laboratory parameters that were considered clinically significant and no evidence of significant disease. This analysis included patients who received placebo (n = 4500) or risedronate 5 mg (n = 4496) for up to 3 years (average duration of exposure, 2 years) and who had renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] < 80 ml/min). CrCl was estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault method, based on age, weight, and serum creatinine. Patients were categorized as having mild (CrCl ≥50 to <80 ml/min), moderate (CrCl ≥30 to <50 ml/min), or severe (CrCl < 30 ml/min) renal impairment. Results: Of the patients studied, renal impairment at baseline was mild in 48% (mean [range] serum creatinine, 0.9 [0.4–1.6] mg/dl), moderate in 45% (1.1 [0.6–1.9] mg/dl), and severe in 7% (1.3 [0.7–2.7] mg/dl). In both the placebo and risedronate treatment groups, the patients with the most severe renal impairment were older and had more severe osteoporosis. The incidences of overall adverse events and of renal function-related adverse events were similar in the placebo and risedronate 5 mg groups regardless of renal function. Furthermore, evaluation of changes from baseline in serum creatinine revealed no difference in renal function between the placebo and risedronate 5 mg groups in any of the renal impairment subgroups at any time-point. In all three subgroups, risedronate effectively preserved BMD and reduced the incidence of vertebral fractures. Conclusions: These findings show that risedronate is safe and effective in osteoporotic women with age-related mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment.

Personal care compositions

Abstract: Aerosolized compositions including a cyclic oligosaccharide; a fragrance; a volatile solvent; and a propellant; wherein the aerosolized composition is free of nonvolatile solvents are described herein. The aerosolized compositions and methods disclosed herein may provide a longer lasting fragrance.