Showing papers by "Rider University published in 1990"

Advertising and the Transformation of American Society, 1865-1920:

Abstract: Preface The American Economy in Transition The Men, the Media, and the Message, 1865-1900 Any Fool Can Make Soap Leisure Time for the Ladies: Bicycles, Cameras, Appliances, and Other Luxuries Trademarks and Brand Names--Selling the Image I'd Walk a Mile for a Camel Advertising Comes of Age Bibliography Index

Reliability, Construct Validity, and Response- Set Bias of the Revised Learning-Style Inventory (LSI-1985)

Abstract: This research investigated the internal consistency and construct validity of the revised Learning-Style Inventory (LSI-1985) In particular, the study examined the possibility of a response-set bias based on the single-scale-per-column format of the instrument Order effects were considered as well To study the possible response set, two versions of the instrument were administered: (a) the standard LSI-1985 and (b) a scrambled version Estimates of scale consistency were less in the scrambled version suggesting the presence of a response set for the standard LSI-1985 Factor analyses failed to support the construct validity of the revised instrument and also seemed to indicate the presence of a response set In addition, completing the LSI after the administration of a second instrument seemed to affect the reliabilities of some scales Further research is needed to clarify the effects of the psychometric properties and underlying assumptions of the LSI-1985

Mechanical strength of shells of selected extant articulate brachiopods: Implications for paleozoic morphologic trends

Abstract: Dried shells of Terebratalia transversa, Laqueus californianus, Hemithyris psittacea, and T. unguicula and alcohol‐soaked, tissue‐lined shells of Terebratulina retusa, Dallina septigera, Cryphus vitreus, and Liothyrella uva were crushed in an apparatus that facilitated measurement of the force (newtons) against the valves at the instant of fracture. The results revealed that the costate shells of T. transversa and T. retusa were the strongest. Force is correlated with valve thickness, but not with size (length). When normalized for valve thickness, the force required to fracture shells is correlated with shell biconvexity (height/length) among pooled species of dried specimens. Geniculate specimens of T. retusa were not stronger than the intraspecific variants with a constant radius of curvature to their valves. The percent‐frequency of plicate, spinose, lamellose and rugate genera increase significantly in the successive stages, Caradocian (Late Ordovician) through Famennian (Late Devonian) at the expens...

Epizoans on late Ordovician brachiopods from Southeastern Indiana

Abstract: The frequency of epizoans (cornulitids, inarticulate brachiopods, bryozoans, solitary and colonial rugosan corals) on over 8000 specimens of articulate brachiopods (four strophomenids, five orthids, one rhynchonellid) was calculated for four stratigraphic horizons in the Dillsboro Formation of southeastern Indiana. Frequency of shells encrusted correlates significantly with the surface area of the valves. Punctae in brachiopod shells (Onniella meeki) may have deterred larval settlement of epizoans. Coarse ribbing on articulates deterred encrustation by the inarticulate brachiopod. The horn coral shows a preference for attachment to the anterior of Hiscobeccus capax. Bryozoans show a preference for the incurrent lateral margins of inferred living hosts, suggesting rheotropic behavior by settling larvae. Inarticulate brachiopods are concentrated around the sloping commissure of the brachial valve of strophomenids, suggesting geotropic behavior and/or selective survival of settling larvae. Inarticulates dete...

Palisades sill: Origin of the olivine zone by separate magmatic injection rather than gravity settling

Abstract: The still widely cited view of the Palisades sill, northeastern United States, being differentiated largely by vertically directed, olivine-dominated fractionation is not supported by available structural, petrographic, and geochemical data. Rather, the sill can be viewed as a sheetlike composite intrusion, possibly made up of multiple magma types common to the Mesozoic eastern North America magmatic province. The famous olivine zone of the Palisades sill may have resulted from a separate late intrusion of olivine-normative magma and not from gravity-controlled, olivine-accumulation processes. Pyroxene-dominated fractionation accounts for much of the vertical and lateral compositional variations in the Palisades sill and other related intrusions from the province.

The effects of regulation and competition on the price of AT&T intrastate telephone service

Abstract: Using data on AT&T intrastate toll prices, this study examines the effect of changing regulatory practices and increased competition on AT&T pricing behavior in the intrastate long-distance telecommunications industry. The results suggest that, with some qualification, the price of AT&T telephone service is lower in states which have the longest history of departure from rate-of-return regulation. Moreover, the regulatory climate has a far more significant effect on AT&T prices than does competition. The paper outlines several possible explanations for these results.

Disarticulated shells of Late Ordovician brachiopods; inferences on strength of hinge and valve architecture

Abstract: More than five thousand specimens of nine species of articulate brachiopods from the Waynesville-Liberty Formation (Late Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana were analyzed for the percentage of specimens disarticulated and the ratio of pedicle to brachial valves. Among biconvex species, the rhynchonellid Hiscobeccus capax displayed the highest ratio (2.66) of articulated to disarticulated specimens, an observation attributed to its cyrtomatodont hinge. The six orthid species from the same assemblages have much higher frequencies of disarticulated valves and deltidiodont hinges, which did not necessitate breakage of the teeth or sockets in order to disassociate the valves. Platystrophia clarksvillensis has the highest percentage of articulated specimens among the orthids, a fact attributed to the hydrodynamic stability of this species and the interlocking of the valves by the plicae around the commissure. The largest of the three concavo-convex taxa, Rafinesquina ponderosa, has the highest ratio of articulated to disarticulated specimens (3.03) and requires the fastest current velocities to transport the shells based on flume experiments. Additionally, the deltidiodont hinge of R. ponderosa is more complex than those of Strophomena planumbona and Leptaena richmondensis, which might have increased the amount of jostling necessary to disarticulate the valves. The infrequency of brachial valves of H. capax, Hebertella occidentalis, Plaesiomys subquadrata, S. planumbona, and R. ponderosa and the pedicle valves of L. richmondensis probably reflects the comparative mechanical weaknesses of these valves given the high frequency of fragments in the biosparites, which resemble tempestites. Pedicle valves of orthids and rhynchonellids are up to 10 times thicker posteriorly relative to corresponding points on the opposite valve. Brachial valves ofL. richmondensis are more than four times thicker anteriorly relative to the pedicle valve. The occurrence of posterior remnants of the fragmented brachial valve still hinged to the unfractured pedicle valve support the idea that the thinner valve is mechanically much weaker.

WRITING ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES: Applications to the Accounting Classroom:

Abstract: The importance of good communications skills for success in the business world is being asserted increasingly by businesspeople and educators alike. Yet, the need for such skills in accounting is not a recent phenomenon or realization. More than twenty years ago, Roy and MacNeill [1967] in their landmark study identified &dquo;written and oral English&dquo; as the most important subject within the &dquo;common body of knowledge for certified public accountants&dquo; out of a total of 53 alternatives. This conclusion was based on a large-scale survey (n= 1,890) of accounting educators and practitioners. The relative importance of such skills to success in accounting has been demonstrated consistently through survey evidence since the time of the Roy and MacNeill study (e.g., Estes [1979], Ingram & Frazier [1980], Addams [1981], Andrews & Sigband [1984], Gingras [1987], and Henry & Razzouk [ 1988]). There is ample evidence, in fact, that the breadth of writing demands on the job has been increasing. As Pustorino [1989] points out, common written communication tasks for the accountant include the followingwide variety of footnote disclosures, mostly narrative in content, associated with increasingly complicated reporting and disclosure requirements; need for a variety of let-

Higgs boson production in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract: Cross-section calculations are presented for the production of intermediate-mass Higgs bosons produced in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions via two-photon fusion. The calculations are performed in position space using Baur's method for folding together the Weizsacker-Williams virtual-photon spectra of the two colliding nuclei. It is found that two-photon fusion in nucleus-nucleus collisions is a plausible way of finding intermediate-mass Higgs bosons at the Superconducting Super Collider or the CERN Large Hadron Collider.

The Special Education Costs of Low Birthweight

Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between low birthweight, enrollment in special education and special education costs in the united states. we use the Child Health Supplement to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey, obtaining a sample of approximately 8,000 children aged 6 to 15 who are in school. For these children, we calculate the probability of attending special education, holding constant, individual, family and regional variables. We find that children who weighed less than 2500 grams at birth are almost; fifty percent more likely to be enrolled in any type of special education than children who were of normal weight at birth. Since previous studies have found the incremental cost, of special education (1989-1990) to be $4,350 per student, this results in an incremental cost; of special education of $370.8 million (1989-1990) per year due to low birth weight, holding other characteristics constant, these costs, which were conservatively estimated, imply that previous studies, which considered only medical expenditures, substantially underestimate the full cost; of low birthweight.

Functional Literacy Assessment: Issues of Interpretation

Abstract: Adult educators typically have no difficulty recognizing theoretical distinctions between the concept of functional literacy and constructs that refer to internal traits such as cognitive aptitude or intelligence. In practice, however, interpretations of a person's performance on functional literacy tasks are confounded frequently by implicitly held notions that a cognitive trait closely aligned with intelligence is being measured. This essay discusses problems and issues inherent in measuring and interpreting functional literacy performance. First, a brief overview of the definitional dilemma and a synopsis of some of the widely known functional literacy assessments will be presented to provide a necessary context. Specific issues related to validity will then be examined. Finally, the impact of various conceptualizations of validity upon our interpretation of functional literacy test performance will be explored.

Electric quadrupole excitations in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract: Calculations are presented for electric quadrupole excitations in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The theoretical results are compared to an extensive data set and it is found that electric quadrupole effects provide substantial corrections to cross sections, especially for heavier nuclei.

Single nucleon emission in relativistic nucleus-nucleus reactions

Abstract: Significant discrepancies between theory and experiment have previously been noted for nucleon emission via electromagnetic processes in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The present work investigates the hypothesis that these discrepancies have arisen due to uncertainties about how to deduce the experimental electromagnetic cross section from the total measured cross section. An optical-model calculation of single neutron removal is added to electromagnetic cross sections and compared to the total experimental cross sections. Good agreement is found thereby resolving some of the earlier noted discrepancies. A detailed comparison to the recent work of Benesh, Cook, and Vary is made for both the impact parameter and the nuclear cross section. Good agreement is obtained giving an independent confirmation of the parametrized formulas developed by those authors.

Charge dependence and electric quadrupole effects on single-nucleon removal in relativistic and intermediate energy nuclear collisions

Abstract: Single-nucleon removal in relativistic and intermediate energy nucleus-nucleus collisions is studied using a generalization of Weizsacker-Williams theory that treats each electromagnetic multipole separately. Calculations are presented for electric dipole and quadrupole excitations and incorporate a realistic minimum impact parameter, Coulomb recoil corrections, and the uncertainties in the input photonuclear data. Discrepancies are discussed. The maximum quadrupole effect to be observed in future experiments is estimated and also an analysis of the charge dependence of the electromagnetic cross sections down to energies as low as 100 MeV/nucleon is made.

Wandering in Search of a Sign A Contemporary Version of the Vision Quest

Abstract: The vision quest was practiced in earlier societies, especially among some of the tribes of the Plains and Plateau Indians, as a method of gaining psychological and spiritual insight. The person would wander into the wilderness, alone, in search of a vision that would reveal a truth. Drawing on questionnaire data and the personal accounts of people who undertook a contemporary, modified version of the vision quest, this paper describes the essential ingredients of this practice. It explores the therapeutic qualities of wandering, relating self to world during the wandering, and attaining insights via the appearance of signs. The vision quest offers the opportunity to tap an archetypal form of consciousness that fosters individuation and activates the subjective experience of unity with the transcendental realm that nourishes the self.

How Does Manganese Oxidize Water for Photosynthetic O2 Production

Abstract: Photosynthesis catalyzes the formation of O2 from 2 H2O molecules. The chemical mechanism of this process in which chemical bonds are broken and made remains unknown. Certain pathways have insurmountable energy activation barriers and so cannot occur. For example, any one-electron oxidation sequence involving free OH· radical formation. This raises the interesting question of how is water activated for O2 formation? Evidence given here shows that water is activated by binding directly to manganese within the water oxidizing complex, followed by deprotonation to form at least one oxo (or hydroxo) atom bridging between Mn ions, as the cluster is oxidized from the S0 to S2 state. We demonstrate this chemistry with dimanganese complexes as functional models of the active site.

Calculation of two-neutron multiplicity in photonuclear reactions

Abstract: The most important particle emission processes for electromagnetic excitations in nucleus-nucleus collisions are the ejection of single neutrons and protons and also pairs of neutrons and protons. Methods are presented for calculating two-neutron emission cross sections in photonuclear reactions. The results are in a form suitable for application to nucleus-nucleus reactions.

Deuteron tunneling at electron-volt energies

Abstract: We speculate on a new mechanism for deuteron-deuteron fusion reactions at electron-volt energies. Appealing to conservation principles, it is shown that deuteron tunneling leading to fusion is very unlikely to take place between two isolated deuterons. It is argued that in solids, however, tunneling may lead to fusion via a new reaction mechanism which populates energy levels of4He, with simultaneous energy transfer to an electron. Predictions of this theory are that d+d+e− fusion at electron-volt energies in solids should lead to copious production of tritium, protium, energetic electrons, and small quantities of4He.

The Prisoners' Dilemma as an Extended Arrow Problem

Abstract: t is generally acknowledged that the two most significant problems in the social choice literature are the Prisoners' dilemma (or PD) and Kenneth Arrow's General Possibility Theorem. However, amongst political scientists, the former has tended to garner most of the attention as a practical issue which potential or actual collectivities must overcome. The complexity of Arrow's problem, and the number of somewhat controversial conditions it places upon decision-making systems, have prompted some scholars to classify his proof as a "mathematical curiosity" (Dahl and Lindblom 1965). Indeed, the conditions which he places upon the ordering of possible social states into a "social welfare function" are often viewed as too restrictive to be of general relevance for most political analyses. This paper argues that the division between the two problems is artificialfor the Prisoners' dilemma is actually a specific example of the general Arrow problem. What follows falls into three parts. The first reviews the PD problem and Arrow's conditions, and proves that the twoperson Prisoners' dilemma game assumes all five conditions in its structure. The combination of these conditions provides the sting in the PD problem. The second part follows Hardin's argument (1971; 1982), that the problem of collective action constitutes a specific example of the Prisoners' dilemma. Here, I show that the problem of collective action involving more than two persons is equally an expanded version of the general Arrow problem. Finally, I examine some solutions which have been advanced by various theorists for the Prisoners' dilemma and the problem of collective action. Each solution operates by violating, in a "reasonable fashion," one of the conditions Arrow puts forth in his proof. I conclude by discussing how these results affect our view of the Prisoners'

EPR, Magnetic Susceptibility and Endor Studies of the Water Oxidizing Complex and Dimanganese Models: Consequences of CL− Exchange and CA2+Depletion

Abstract: Calcium, chloride and manganese are inorganic cofactors that are required for photosynthetic water oxidation. While manganese serves as the redox agent which catalyzes water oxidation, the biologcal roles of calcium and chloride have not been determined.

Orientation Selected Endor Studies of a Manganese Dimer

Abstract: Bi- and polynuclear Mn-containing active sites of biological material are responsible for the reduction of ribonucleotides in bacteria, disproportio- nation of hydrogeneperoxide by cataiases and most important for the photosynthetic oxidation of water to oxygen in higher plants and cyano- bacteria. For the photosynthetic watersplitting four Mn-ions are necessary and during light driven turnovers of the Photosystem II (PSII) they adopt different, partially stable oxidation states (S0-S4) involving metal oxidation states in the range II-IV. In recent efforts to model the complex Mn-cluster synthetically prepared Mn-dimers were often used1. Their EPR characteristic is a well known 16 line hf pattern in the MnIII MnIV oxidation state comparable to the “multiline” signal around g=2 of the S2 state of PSII.