Showing papers by "University of Manchester published in 1974"
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01 Jan 1974TL;DR: A good deal of space has been devoted to top management and to the relationships between structure and strategy - topics that are not commonly considered in a book on management as mentioned in this paper, and that which every manager needs to know has been included in Drucker's book.
Abstract: Management is tasks. Management is a discipline. Peter Drucker's classic text on the subject reminds us that management is also people. Every achievement of management is the achievement of a manager. Every failure is a failure of a manager. People manage, not "forces" or "facts." The vision, dedication, and integrity of managers determine whether there is management or mismanagement. Management is work, and as such it has its own skills, its own tools, its own techniques. For management is the life-giving, acting, dynamic organ of the institution it manages. Without the institution, e.g., the business enterprise, there would be no management. But without management there would also be only a mob rather than an institution. The institution, in turn, is itself an organ of society and exists only to contribute a needed result to society, the economy, and the individual. What every manager needs to know has been included in Drucker's book. That which not every manager needs to know, however important or interesting, has been excluded, or at least given only cursory treatment. A good deal of space has been devoted to top management and to the relationships between structure and strategy - topics that are not commonly considered in a book on management. While management is a discipline - that is, an organized body of knowledge and as such applicable everywhere - it is also "culture." It is not value-free science, management is a social function and embedded in a culture - a society - a tradition of values, customs, and beliefs, and in governmental and political systems. Management is - and should be - culture conditioned; but, in turn, management and managers shape culture and society.
2,110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the Dommel-Tinney approach by incorporating exact outage-contingency constraints into the method, to give an optimal steady-state-secure system operating point.
Abstract: The Dommel-Tinney approach to the calculation of optimal power-system load flows has proved to be very powerful and general. This paper extends the problem formulation and solution scheme by incorporating exact outage-contingency constraints into the method, to give an optimal steady-state-secure system operating point. The controllable system quantities in the base-case problem (e.g. generated MW, controlled voltage magnitudes, transformer taps) are optimised within their limits according to some defined objective, so that no limit-violations on other quantities (e. g. generator MVAR and current loadings, transmission-circuit loadings, load-bus voltage magnitudes, angular displacements) occur in either the base-case or contingency-case system operating conditions.
1,487 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method that is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple, very reliable and extremely fast load-flow solution method with a wide range of practical application. It is attractive for accurate or approximate off-and on-line routine and contingency calculations for networks of any size, and can be implemented efficiently on computers with restrictive core-store capacities. The method is a development on other recent work employing the MW-?/ MVAR-V decoupling principle, and its precise algorithmic form has been determined by extensive numerical studies. The paper gives details of the method's performance on a series of practical problems of up to 1080 buses. A solution to within 0.01 MW/MVAR maximum bus mismatches is normally obtained in 4 to 7 iterations, each iteration being equal in speed to 1? Gauss-Seidel iterations or 1/5th of a Newton iteration. Correlations of general interest between the power-mismatch convergence criterion and actual solution accuracy are obtained.
1,447 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the solubility of alumina in complex orthopyroxenes crystallised in equilibrium with garnet has been determined over the pressure-temperature range 8-30 Kb and 800-1250 C. The results are in good agreement with predictions made using the simple thermodynamic model of Wood and Banno (1973).
Abstract: The solubility of alumina in complex orthopyroxenes crystallised in equilibrium with garnet has been determined over the pressure-temperature range 8–30 Kb and 800–1250° C. The results are in good agreement with predictions made using the simple thermodynamic model of Wood and Banno (1973). The model has been refined using a combination of the new data on orthopyroxenes of about En60Fs40 (with variable calcium content) and previously published data on more magnesian systems. Given analyses of coexisting Orthopyroxene and garnet in natural assemblages it is possible to calculate a P-T curve for the rock which should, in most cases, be accurate to within 2 or 3 kbar.
371 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that infinite decoupling zeros can be defined, and these induce a fourfold decomposition, of that part of the system giving rise to the polynomial port of the transfer function matrix, analogous to Kalman'B canonical decomposition.
Abstract: The system considered is Ex=Ax + Bu, y= Cx, with E singular. It is shown that infinite decoupling zeros can be defined, and these induce a fourfold decomposition, of that part of the system giving rise to the polynomial port of the transfer function matrix, analogous to Kalman'B canonical decomposition. Minimal indices are also defined, and are shown to be equal to dynamical indices based on the work of Forney and studied recently by Rosenbrock and Hayton.
354 citations
243 citations
TL;DR: Almost all the evidence for the special vulnerability of the brain growth spurt comes from experimental animals, usually rats, in whom nutritional growth restriction has been imposed during gestational, suckling and postweaning periods, or selectively in any one or two of these.
Abstract: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in a new kind of vulnerability of the developing brain which is concerned with disturbances and distortion of its later growth program, rather than with gross morphological anomaly, destructive lesions, or metabolic error. Thus there has grown up the concept of heightened sensitivity of the brain to growth retardation during its "growth spurt," a period arbitrarily defined as the time when the brain is passing through its most rapid phase of growth. The following remarks represent a personal view of the present situation and are amplified fled elsewhere. Almost all the evidence for the special vulnerability of the brain growth spurt comes from experimental animals, usually rats, in whom nutritional growth restriction has been imposed during gestational, suckling and postweaning periods, or selectively in any one or two of these.
233 citations
219 citations
TL;DR: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in a new kind of vulnerability of the developing brain which is concerned with disturbances and distortion of its later growth program, rather than with gross morphological anomaly, destructive lesions, or metabolic error as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in a new kind of vulnerability of the developing brain which is concerned with disturbances and distortion of its later growth program, rather than with gross morphological anomaly, destructive lesions, or metabolic error. Thus there has grown up the concept of heightened sensitivity of the brain to growth retardation during its "growth spurt," a period arbitrarily defined as the time when the brain is passing through its most rapid phase of growth. The following remarks represent a personal view of the present situation and are amplified fled elsewhere. Almost all the evidence for the special vulnerability of the brain growth spurt comes from experimental animals, usually rats, in whom nutritional growth restriction has been imposed during gestational, suckling and postweaning periods, or selectively in any one or two of these.
217 citations
01 Dec 1974
TL;DR: A technique which permits the power-flow problem in a power system to be analysed probabilistically instead of using normal deterministic methods, and shows the much wider range of information gained in this type of analysis.
Abstract: The paper describes and examines a technique which permits the power-flow problem in a power system to be analysed probabilistically instead of using normal deterministic methods. All the nodal loads and generation are defined as random variables and the power flow in each line is computed in terms of a probability density function. The expected values and standard deviation of each power flow are also calculated, and, in addition, the overall balance of power in the system is determined in terms of a density function. The purpose of this analysis is to account for the errors and statistical variations known to exist in the operation and planning of systems within one solution. This enables the power-flow problem to be treated objectively and allows quantitative assessment of reliability and security. The paper compares the results obtained probabilistically with those that would be obtained deterministically, and shows the much wider range of information gained in this type of analysis.
203 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that large approach velocities in a bubble column may be an important factor in limiting bubble coalescence, and a theory is put forward which shows that film rupture can occur before the approaching bubbles are brought to rest.
TL;DR: It is suggested that ascorbic acid may accelerate the healing of pressure-sores and be used as a first line treatment for deep vein thrombosis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the configurational free energy of random flight polymer chains adsorbed by one end onto a plane surface as a function of the distance from a parallel plane surface is expressed to a good approximation in simple analytic form.
Abstract: The configurational free energy of random flight polymer chains adsorbed by one end onto a plane surface as a function of the distance from a parallel plane surface is expressed to a good approximation in simple analytic form. The result is used to discuss the stabilization of a colloid suspension by adsorbed polymer. According to this theory two types of aggregation of colloid particles may occur. If $Ll$ < $AS$/2$\pi $^{3}$NkT$, where $l$ is the link length and $L$ the contour length of a polymer chain, $A$ is the Hamaker constant, $N/S$ is the number of adsorbed polymer chains per unit area and $kT$ is the Boltzman constant multiplied by temperature, the particles adhere closely, but if $AS$/2$\pi $^{3}$kT$ < $lL$ < $AS$/$8\pi kT$ lg 2$N$ a looser association is formed. It is expected that the presence of excluded volume effects would greatly increase the stability against the looser association.
TL;DR: In this article, the bifurcation problem governing the onset of axisymmetric necking in a circular cylindrical specimen in uniaxial tension is analyzed. But the authors do not consider the case where one end is subject to a prescribed uniform axial displacement relative to the other and both ends are shear free.
Abstract: The bifurcation problem governing the onset of axisymmetric necking in a circular cylindrical specimen in uniaxial tension is analysed. The specimen is made of an incompressible elastic/plastic material. One end is subject to a prescribed uniform axial displacement relative to the other and both ends are shear free. The true stress at bifurcation is greater than the stress at which the maximum load is attained by an amount which depends on (a) the radius to length ratio of the specimen, (b) the ratio of the elastic shear modulus to the tangent modulus, and (c) the derivative of the tangent modulus with respect to the stress. Bifurcation takes place immediately following attainment of the maximum load when the specimen is sufficiently slender.
TL;DR: The population of infants with the higher mean birth weight is composed mainly of pregnancies in which the length of gestation was mistaken, and these pregnancies form a small fraction of all births but an important fraction of preterm births.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model potential method is presented that can be applied to many electron single centre and two centre systems and leads to a Hamiltonian with terms arising from core polarization that depend parametrically upon the positions of the valence electrons.
Abstract: A model potential method is presented that can be applied to many electron single centre and two centre systems. The development leads to a Hamiltonian with terms arising from core polarization that depend parametrically upon the positions of the valence electrons. Some of the terms have been introduced empirically in previous studies. Their significance is clarified by an analysis of a similar model in classical electrostatics. The explicit forms of the expectation values of operators at large separations of two atoms given by the model potential method are shown to be equivalent to the exact forms when the assumption is made that the energy level differences of one atom are negligible compared to those of the other.
TL;DR: Data on the distribution and frequency of hymenopterous parasites of leaf-mining insects on deciduous trees show that Chalcidoidea of the family Eulophidae are the chief component of the parasite faunas.
Abstract: Data on the distribution and frequency of hymenopterous parasites of leaf-mining insects on deciduous trees show that Chalcidoidea of the family Eulophidae are the chief component of the parasite faunas. The regular parasite complement of a leaf-mining species is in the order of 10 to 20 species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Many of these are polyphagous, but in almost all instances a preference for a particular type of host is evident. The parasite faunas of tree leaf-mining Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera are shown to be qualitatively similar, but those of Diptera are rather different. The parasite faunas of tree leaf-miners are different also from those of leaf gall-forming insects on trees and, to a lesser degree, from those of leaf-miners on herbaceous plants. The parasite fauna associated with a tree genus is quantitatively and qualitatively characteristic and, in general, it most resembles that found on allied tree genera. Congeneric leaf miners attacking the same tree species are attacked by very similar parasite faunas, although mine situation and season of development may exert some influence. These latter factors are considered especially in relation to leaf-miners of the genus Phyllonorycter for which most data are available.
TL;DR: In this article, the four lowest autoionizing levels in helium have been studied near their thresholds for excitation by electron impact, and features in the spectra of electrons ejected from these states were seen to shift to steadily higher energies as the impact energy was lowered to within a few electron volts above threshold.
TL;DR: Electron micrographs of calf-skin collagen in the reconstituted native-type fibril and the segmented long spacing forms are matched with one another and with the distribution of charged residues in the known α1 chain sequence, confirming a substantial measure of matching of charged regions with charged regions.
Abstract: Electron micrographs of calf-skin collagen in the reconstituted native-type fibril and the segmented long spacing (SLS) forms are matched with one another and with the distribution of charged residues in the known α1 chain sequence.It is shown that:a) the pattern of bands in SLS corresponds closely with the charge distribution in the sequenceb) most of the bands in the fibril pattern can be matched in position (but not in intensity) to bands in the SLS pattern, confirming a substantial measure of matching of charged regions with charged regions (and therefore of hydrophobic regions with hydrophobic regions) on assembly of molecules into fibrilsc) when the al chain sequences are regularly staggered by 233 residues (to simulate the postulated packing in a fibril) the greatest concentrations of charged residues occur in regions which correspond closely with the bands in positively stained fibrilsd) the positions of the abrupt contrast steps(the overlaplgap junctions) in the image of a negatively contrasted f...
TL;DR: Eighty‐three tumors have been examined histologically; they have been graded according to evidence of maturation according to prognosis and clinical staging, and the results submitted to statistical analysis.
Abstract: Eighty-three tumors have been examined histologically. They have been graded according to evidence of maturation; the grades have been related to prognosis and clinical staging, and the results submitted to statistical analysis. Fourteen of these patients are still alive at least 3 years after diagnosis; their tumors show a high level of histologic differentiation. The histologic grades are also related to the age of the patient and the site of the tumor. We have also assessed the degree of lymphocytic infiltration within the tumors, but no significant relationship between this and prognosis could be established.
TL;DR: Ototoxicity was only detected in patients with serum creatinine concentrations above 3 mg/100 ml who tended to have higher trough concentrations and when treatment was prolonged beyond 8-10 days the risk of otot toxicity was increased without evidence of further substantial therapeutic benefit.
Abstract: 1 A nomogram and a digital computer program have been developed to calculate dosage schedules of gentamicin for individual patients. The minimum input data consist of the patients' age, sex, body weight and serum creatinine concentration. 2 These prescribing aids have been evaluated in 36 patients with severe Gram negative infections. Renal function ranged from normal to complete anuria. Nomogram dosage schedules gave serum concentrations of gentamicin within the chosen therapeutic limits. Physician dosage schedules gave serum concentrations which sometimes exceeded and sometimes fell below these limits. The validity of the computer program was demonstrated by its ability to predict serum concentrations of gentamicin whatever the dosage schedule. 3 Half the patients recovered from the bacterial infection but seven remained infected and eleven died. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most difficult organism to eradicate. 4 Four of the patients who survived developed ataxia and two developed hearing loss at high frequencies. The risk of ototoxicity was a function of mean trough serum gentamicin concentration and duration of treatment. Ototoxicity was only detected in patients with serum creatinine concentrations above 3 mg/100 ml who tended to have higher trough concentrations. When treatment was prolonged beyond 8-10 days the risk of ototoxicity was increased without evidence of further substantial therapeutic benefit.
TL;DR: It is concluded that either of two concepts could account for the morphogenesis of the anomaly and that further studies are necessary to determine the correct hypothesis.
Abstract: The morphologic and histologie findings in 14 univerrtricular hearts are described. All hearts had a single ventricle with a main chamber receiving both atrioventricular orifices and giving rise to the posterior great vessel. The anterior great vessel arose from a smaller outlet chamber. The main finding was a grossly abnormal situation of the cardiac specialized tissue. Thus, in all 14 hearts the atrioventricular node was a small hypoplastic structure in the interatrlal septum. Connection between the atria and ventricles was made by way of an anterior node situated at the junction of the right atrial appendage with the anterior interatrial septum. From this node an atrioventricular bundle descended in the outflow tract of the posterior vessel and lay on the right margin of the foramen between the main and outlet chambers. The bundle was found in this position in both dextro- and levo-bulboventricular loops. The bundle bifurcated astride the septum between the chambers, and a typical left bundle branch passed into the main chamber. Right bundle branch tissue was always present in the outlet chamber. In two hearts with complete heart block neither node made contact with ventricular myocardium, but specialized tissue was present in the ventricular subendocardium. Because these findings have significance for surgical treatment, it is important to distinguish such hearts from “common” ventricles in which the specialized tissue is reported to lie in the posterior position. The mode of development of the abnormal tissue is discussed, with particular reference to the presence of anterior nodal tissue in normal human development. Finally, it is concluded that either of two concepts could account for the morphogenesis of the anomaly and that further studies are necessary to determine the correct hypothesis.
TL;DR: Experimental data on the refractive indices, Verdet constants, and polarizabilities of the five inert gases are critically examined and tabulated in this paper, where the authors present a method for computing the polarizability of inert gases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the He(I) photoelectron spectra of the isoelectronic series Fe(CO)2(NO)2, Co( CO)3NO and Ni(CO4) were reported and interpreted by means of ab initio SCF-MO calculations.
Abstract: The He(I) photoelectron spectra of the isoelectronic series Fe(CO)2(NO)2, Co(CO)3NO and Ni(CO)4 are reported and interpreted by means of ab initio SCF-MO calculations. For the nitrosyl complexes it is found that ionization potentials calculated assuming Koopmans' theorem are seriously in error due to the considerably greater orbital relaxation accompanying ionization from metal than from NO valence orbitals. When such allowance is made for orbital relaxation by performing restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) calculations on the ionic states, the experimental spectra are accurately reproduced and the observed similarity of the spectra of all three molecules is explained.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of service in influencing buying behavior is examined, based on research carried out into the marketing of industrial raw materials, and the authors define service and set this within a conceptual theoretical framework.
Abstract: Examines the role of service in influencing buying behaviour, basing its results on research carried out into the marketing of industrial raw materials. Defines Service and sets this within a conceptual theoretical framework. Attempts to identify what industrial buyers perceive as service, and measures the performance, of suppliers against key facts of service. Discusses the developing realistic marketing strategies for suppliers.
TL;DR: The known amino acid sequence of the α1 chain of collagen enables the distribution of electric charges along the molecule to be predicted and p, which in the fibril is the number of residues per chain contained in the period D, can be deduced from the comparison yield.
Abstract: The known amino acid sequence of the α1 chain of collagen enables the distribution of electric charges along the molecule to be predicted (with the assumptions that the residues, including those in the telopeptides, are uniformly spaced and that the charge distribution in the α2 chain is similar to that in the α1). By summing this distribution for a set of molecules, mutually staggered by p residues, a histogram showing the predicted distribution of charge along a fibril can be generated. Histograms constructed in this way were compared with densitometric tracings taken from electron micrographs of band patterns from collagen fibrils doubly stained with metal-containing cations and anions. This comparison was made for various values of p, and it was extended to histograms artificially smoothed in an attempt to observe histograms and tracings at comparable resolutions. In this way p, which in the fibril is the number of residues per chain contained in the period D, can be deduced from the comparison yieldi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the Richardson-Zaki equation was used to determine the settling velocity of two particle fractions in binary sedimentation, where the total particle concentration is used to correct the terminal fall velocity of the particles in each fraction.