Showing papers by "University of Memphis published in 1984"

Characterization and Alleviation of Stress Associated with Hauling Largemouth Bass

Abstract: Stress and mortality associated with truck transport of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were characterized during and after simulated hauling periods of up to 30 hours at a density of 180 g fish/liter of water. Generally, “transported” fish had significantly elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and corticosteroids and decreased plasma chloride concentrations and osmolality. Significant mortality was associated with hauls of 24 and 30 hours (38% and 83–92%, respectively). Plasma characteristics returned to near-normal values 3–28 days after being hauled; recovery time generally was related to length of haul and associated mortality. Stress was reduced significantly and mortality was eliminated when fish were treated for diseases, held 72 hours without food before they were loaded, anesthetized before they were loaded, hauled at a cool temperature in physiological concentrations of salts with an antibiotic and a mild anesthetic, and allowed to recover in the same medium less the anesthet...

The Japanese Management Theory Jungle

Abstract: Many competing hypotheses have been advanced to account for the apparent effectiveness of Japanese management practices. The present review of some of the leading theories attempts to classify and clarify the state of knowledge of Japanese management. Although each theory may be correct as a partial explanation of Japan's success, no single conceptualization has captured the complexity of Japan's managerial achievement. Further development of integrated, internally consistent models is needed.

An “Events” Approach to the Problem of Cabinet Stability:

Abstract: This article seeks to develop the argument that existing theoretical work investigating cabinet stability in parliamentary democracies is in need of reorientation. In the first part, we offer an extended critique of historical and contemporary literature, focusing heavily on contributions from coalition theory and recent empirical research on situational determinants of cabinet longevity. Arguing that the various models associated with both these research traditions are likely to be misspecified, in the second section we offer the sketch of a preliminary model of cabinet stability based upon “events” arising in the political environment of cabinet actors and capable of bringing on the termination of their governments. Unlike earlier theoretical treatments, our “events” focus suggests that a major component of a successful model of cabinet stability should be stochastic. In the final section, we seek to demonstrate the versatility and efficacy of an “events” approach to cabinet stability by providing a res...

Confinement and Water Quality-Induced Stress in Largemouth Bass

Abstract: Plasma values of corticosteroids, glucose, chloride, and osmolality were determined in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides under various environmental conditions. No differences were observed in quiescent fish due to sex, size, time of day, or the types of holding facilities tested (tanks, raceways, ponds). Differences were observed in plasma glucose, chloride, and osmolality values among fish acclimated to 10, 16, and 23 C. Abrupt temperature changes caused elevations in plasma corticosteroid and glucose concentrations and reduced plasma chloride and osmolality. Confinement in a net, for up to 48 hours, caused elevated glucose and corticosteroids and reduced chloride and osmolality values. After 48 hours of confinement, fish required up to 14 days to recover normal plasma characters. Generally, short-term exposure to poor water quality (high concentrations of CO2 and NH3, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen) altered plasma corticosteroids and glucose but had little effect on plasma chlo...

The link between memory performance, self-assessment, and affective status

Abstract: To investigate the relationship between memory performance, self-assessment of memory, and affective status, 67 elderly females were administered a self-assessment memory questionnaire and multiple measures of affect and laboratory memory test performance. Canonical correlations indicated that the memory performance scores were not related to the affective measures nor to the scales of self-assessed memory ability. Affective status and self-assessment of memory skill were related, suggesting that investigations of memory performance which rely on self-assessment should also measure affective status.

Conformational transitions and geometry differences between low‐energy conformers of N‐acetyl‐N′‐methyl alanineamide: An ab initio study at the 4‐21G level with gradient relaxed geometries

Abstract: Energy pathways between the αR, β′, C, and β-regions of the conformational energy surface of N-acetyl-N′-methylalanyl amide were obtained by SCF ab initio calculations on the 4-21G level, with gradient geometry optimization at each point. The calculations indicate that no barrier exists at this computational level between αR and β′. The variation of geometry (bond distances and bond angles) with conformation is analyzed in detail, and the most important geometrical parameters that should be treated as variables in both empirical energy calculations and in the fitting of polypeptide chains in proteins by x-ray methods are identified. In addition to the ϕ,ψ correlation discussed previously for the helical state, a correlation of these dihedral angles in the β-region is described.

Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Corticosteroid Hormone Rhythms in Channel Catfish

Abstract: Plasma-corticosteroid concentrations in resting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus held at 21 C varied only slightly during a 24-hour period; further, increases in hormone concentrations induced by confinement stress were independent of time of day and photoperiod. Temperature strongly affected both resting corticosteroid concentrations and the dynamics of hormone secretion when fish were stressed. Resting concentrations were greatest in fish acclimated to 5 and 10 C (25–29 ng/ml), sharply lower in fish held at 15, 20, or 21 C (5–9 ng/ml), and intermediate in fish maintained at 25, 30, or 35 C (12–13 ng/ml). Hormone concentrations increased when fish were stressed by confinement. Corticosteroid concentrations hardly changed in fish held at 5 or 10 C, but increased markedly in fish at higher temperatures; in addition the response was more delayed at the lower temperatures.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Children

Abstract: Cognitive behavior therapy with children is a relatively new and rapidly developing area of clinical psychology. In a recent survey of employment in APA-approved clinical psychology programs, Klesges, Sanchez, and Stanton (1982) found that 40% of the new faculty described their theoretical orientation as cognitive behavioral and an additional 18% described themselves as behavioral; both of these percentages exceeded any other specific theoretical preference. In their recent survey sampling clinical psychologists of Division 12 of APA, Norcross and Prochaska (1982) reported that behavior modification and family therapy involving children were among the most rapidly increasing therapy activities. It is likely that this increased emphasis will continue, because the youngest group of therapists (less than 10 years of postdoctoral experience) spent a greater percentage of their time engaged in these recently developed approaches than did the more experienced therapists.

The use of penile tumescence measures with incarcerated rapists: further validity issues.

Abstract: The use of penile tumescence to categorize and assess the treatment of sex offenders has gained increasing popularity. Recent publications have expanded the use of tumescence measures for the classification of rapists. The majority of studies in the past using mainly subjects seeking treatment or admitting to difficulties in controlling rape urges have shown the technology to be a valuable asset in classification. The present investigation, however, points out the limitations of using this technology in certain populations. The responses of incarcerated rapists and incarcerated nonrape offenders were compared. Analysis of the data indicated that there were no significant differences between the responses of rapists and nonrapists and that the rape index proposed by Abel et al.(1978) did not reliably classify incarcerated rapists. This paper points out the limitations of penile tumescence assessment with certain populations and discusses possible reasons for the failure to discriminate in this investigation.

Evaluation of children with Down syndrome who participated in an early intervention program. Second follow-up study.

Abstract: The long-term effects of an early intervention program (EIP) on the motor, cognitive, and adaptive functioning of children with Down syndrome were examined. The cognitive and adaptive functioning was compared with a group of children with Down syndrome who had not participated in an EIP. The motor functioning was compared with the normative sample used in the development of the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. The children were assessed using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and either the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency or the Gesell Schedules of Motor Development. Results revealed that the children in the EIP earned significantly higher scores (p less than .0005, p less than .05) on the measures of intellectual and adaptive functioning than did the children of comparable age who did not participate in an EIP. The children in the EIP did not show the decline typically seen with age in intellectual and adaptive functioning in children with Down syndrome. The children in the EIP were below expected age levels in gross (77.7%) and fine motor skills (58.3%) but had mean fine motor skill levels that exceeded their mean gross motor skill levels (50%). Based on the results, EIPs for children with Down syndrome appear to provide a foundation for subsequent learning and development.

Morphologic Variation in the Raccoon, Procyon lotor, and Its Relationship to Genic and Environmental Variation

Abstract: Morphologic variation in the raccoon, Procyon lotor , from the southeastern United States was assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses. The species was found to be sexually dimorphic with skulls of males generally more massive. This may relate to intraspecific territorial defense rather than intersexual resource partitioning. A matrix of correlation among skull characters was computed, and the first three principal components were extracted. These accounted for 84.2% of the variation in the character set among males and 86.5% among females. Three-dimensional projection of localities onto principal components showed that, for both males and females, large individuals occurred in western and northern states and the smallest animals occurred in the Florida Keys. Size gradations were seen with most raccoons similar to those in nearby geographic areas. No relationship was detected between genic and morphologic variation; however, a relationship was found between patterns of morphologic and environmental variation. This relationship was stronger in males. Canonical correlation suggested that trends in size of raccoons follow Bergmann's rule, but other arguments are against this. It appears that patterns of variation in size in raccoons have developed under a complex array of environmental pressures which cannot be individually dissected. It may be that the raccoon genome, while relatively static, allows for a high degree of morphologic plasticity in the face of environmental variation.

Behavioral assessment and treatment of child migraine: implications for clinical research and practice

Abstract: SYNOPSIS Behavioral assessment and treatment strategies for adult migraine have gained wide acceptance during the past decade. However, very little research exists on the use of behavioral methods for child migraine. The present paper reviews clinical research and practice in the behavioral assessment and treatment of child migraine. Based on the available medical literature, it appears thatchild migraine closely parallels adult migraine, excepting for some neurological signs, a higher proportion of affected males, and the greater prominence of gastrointestinal upset characterizing the former. Assessment methods that have proven useful with adult migraineurs, including interview data and headache diaries, have yet to be validated with a child population. Several behavioral and social validation measures are proposed as additional assessment strategies for child migraine. Although recent studies evaluating the use of relaxation, biofeedback, and other behavioral approaches for child migraine have been encouraging, methodological shortcomings in these studies make the drawing of firm conclusions premature. It is concluded that child migraine presents a very promising research domain in light of recent successes in therapeutic trials with children and the background of successful behavioral interventions established with adults.

Management of Sentence Production Demands

Abstract: This study examined the effects of variations in language complexity on young children's phonological accuracy and consistency of target words. A more general intent was to understand better the way in which developmental level and children's tolerance of speech variability influenced the management of processing demands. Seven children aged 22–34 months were seen six times over a 4-month period. During these sessions, children were presented with an elicited imitation task consisting of 18 stimulus words, each of which occurred in eight sentences of varying language complexity. Younger children in Language Stage III were found to be more influenced by changes in language complexity than older children in Language Stages IV and V. Within-stage differences were also found. Moreover, in contrast to previous research, children showed as many improvements in phonological accuracy with increases in language complexity as they did decreases in phonological accuracy. It was suggested that between-stage differenc...

Learned Helplessness: A Piece of the Burnout Puzzle

Abstract: Learned helplessness is a phenomenon wherein people are repeatedly exposed to situations beyond their control. Such exposure results in passivity, decreased interest and a reduction in the initiation of responses. This presentation used learned helplessness as a model for better understanding burnout as experienced by teachers of exceptional children. Comparisons are made between the treatment for learned helplessness and possible parallel strategies for preventing burnout. These strategies include helping educators to (a) set realistic and attainable goals, (b) recognize the control which they do have and (c) develop a realistic understanding of the causes for their actual failures.

Postembryonic to adult growth and development in the crayfish orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus williams, 1952 (decapoda, astacidea)

Abstract: [Le developpement du juvenile d'Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus passe en deux semaines du premier stade arrondi avec vitellus abondant au troisieme stade, miniature de l'adulte. Apres 3 semaines, les juveniles au quatrieme stade sont independants des soins maternels. Le developpement des caracteres sexuels primaires (premiers pleopodes, orifices des oviductes et spermiductes, annulus ventralis) est plus tardif que celui des structures alimentaires, sensorielles et locomotrices. Le developpement morphologique des structures sexuelles primaires est complet dans les 3 mois, et les specimens arrivent a maturite dans les 6 a 8 mois. La croissance en taille (longueur de la carapace) est similaire pour les juveniles des deux sexes. Le taux maximal de croissance des juveniles est observe environ deux mois apres l'eclosion. Pendant cette periode, la carapace s'accroit a raison de 3,7 mm par mois. Les juveniles atteignent la taille adulte minimale 4 mois et demi apres l'eclosion; en 8 mois, les specimens effectuent 8 a 10 mues. L'accumulation de biomasse est similaire chez les adultes mâles et femelles, qui, typiquement, effectuent quatre mues par an et s'accroissent a chaque mue de 1,34 mm (carapace). Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel dans la taille; cependant, il existe des caracteres sexuels secondaires dimorphiques (longueur et largeur de la pince, largeur de l'abdomen). Les pinces presentent une croissance allometrique: elles sont plus longues et plus larges chez les mâles, alors que l'abdomen est plus large chez les femelles, les differences etant significatives. Des decalages allometriques de biomasse resultent de cette croissance sexuellement dimorphique., Le developpement du juvenile d'Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus passe en deux semaines du premier stade arrondi avec vitellus abondant au troisieme stade, miniature de l'adulte. Apres 3 semaines, les juveniles au quatrieme stade sont independants des soins maternels. Le developpement des caracteres sexuels primaires (premiers pleopodes, orifices des oviductes et spermiductes, annulus ventralis) est plus tardif que celui des structures alimentaires, sensorielles et locomotrices. Le developpement morphologique des structures sexuelles primaires est complet dans les 3 mois, et les specimens arrivent a maturite dans les 6 a 8 mois. La croissance en taille (longueur de la carapace) est similaire pour les juveniles des deux sexes. Le taux maximal de croissance des juveniles est observe environ deux mois apres l'eclosion. Pendant cette periode, la carapace s'accroit a raison de 3,7 mm par mois. Les juveniles atteignent la taille adulte minimale 4 mois et demi apres l'eclosion; en 8 mois, les specimens effectuent 8 a 10 mues. L'accumulation de biomasse est similaire chez les adultes mâles et femelles, qui, typiquement, effectuent quatre mues par an et s'accroissent a chaque mue de 1,34 mm (carapace). Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel dans la taille; cependant, il existe des caracteres sexuels secondaires dimorphiques (longueur et largeur de la pince, largeur de l'abdomen). Les pinces presentent une croissance allometrique: elles sont plus longues et plus larges chez les mâles, alors que l'abdomen est plus large chez les femelles, les differences etant significatives. Des decalages allometriques de biomasse resultent de cette croissance sexuellement dimorphique.]

Analysis of analog and digital records of the 1982 Arkansas earthquake swarm

Abstract: The Arkansas swarm is the largest earthquake swarm ever recorded in the Central or Eastern United States. Three-component digital and single-component analog recordings for 88 earthquakes occurring during a 12-day period provide a quality data set of manageable proportions for study of the swarm9s seismic properties. These 88 earthquakes occurred within a small volume of about 45 km 3 at depths from 4 to 7 km. Composite focal mechanisms indicate predominantly strike-slip motion with the P axis oriented NE-SW. Seismic wave velocity studies indicate that significant temporal and spatial variations of seismic wave velocities are present. The V p /V s ratio ranges from as low as 1.59 to as high as 1.78 with the majority of values falling between 1.67 to 1.70. An anomalous region immediately north of the center of swarm activity is found where both the P - and S -wave velocities and V p /V s ratio increase dramatically starting about 1 day before the 5 July M d = 3.8 event. Two strong secondary arrivals between the direct P and S arrivals can be clearly identified, especially at stations NNW of the activity. These secondary arrivals must be converted P waves from S waves incident on two deep discontinuities. The above observations are compatible with a small, highly heterogeneous swarm source volume within which the ambient stress regime can vary rapidly in both time and space. Some identified clustering and V p / V s changes are clearly precursory to the major events of the sequence but no simple, repeating pattern is evident in this restricted data sample.

An Extremal Problem for Paths in Bipartite Graphs

Abstract: A formula is found for the maximum number of edges in a graph G ⊆ K(a, b) which contains no path P2l for l > c. A similar formula is found for the maximum number of edges in G ⊆ K(a, b) containing no P2l + 1 for l > c. In addition, all extremal graphs are determined.

Simplification of /s/ + stop consonant clusters: a developmental perspective.

Abstract: This longitudinal study examined individual patterns and changes in /s/ + stop cluster simplifications of six normally developing children. Subjects produced selected words containing initial voice...