Showing papers by "University of Memphis published in 1986"

Toward an understanding of developmental language and reading disorders.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the ability of language-impaired and reading-impaired children to process (i.e., encode and retrieve) phonological information. Four measures of phonological awareness and several measures of word and sentence repetition abilities were used to evaluate phonological processing skills. Two additional measures assessed children's awareness of lexical and morphological information. Subjects were 12 language-impaired (LI), 12 reading-impaired (RI), and 12 normal children between the ages of 6 and 8 years. The findings supported previous claims that children with reading impairments have difficulty processing phonological information. To our surprise, however, the LI children performed significantly worse than the RI children on only three measures, all involving word and sentence repetition. These findings raise questions about the distinctiveness of school-age children with a history of language impairment and poor readers with no history of language impairment.

Engineering Heat Transfer

Abstract: Fundamental Concepts Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Dimensions and Units Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction Thermal Conductivity Convection Heat Transfer Convection Heat-Transfer Coefficient Radiation Heat Transfer Emissivity and Other Radiative Properties Combined Heat-Transfer Mechanisms Steady-State Conduction in One Dimension One-Dimensional Conduction Equation Plane Geometry Systems Polar Cylindrical Geometry Systems Spherical Geometry Systems Thermal Contact Resistance Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces Steady-State Conduction in Multiple Dimensions General Conduction Equation Analytical Method of Solution Graphical Method of Solution Conduction Shape Factor Solution by Numerical Methods (Finite Differences) Numerical Method of Solution for Two-Dimensional Problems Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations Unsteady-State Heat Conduction Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance Systems with Finite Internal and Surface Resistances Solutions to Multidimensional Geometry Systems Approximate Methods of Solution to Transient-Conduction Problems Introduction to Convection Fluid Properties Characteristics of Fluid Flow Equations of Fluid Mechanics Thermal-Energy Equation Applications to Laminar Flows Applications to Turbulent Flows Natural-Convection Problem Dimensional Analysis Convection Heat Transfer in a Closed Conduit Heat Transfer to and from Laminar Flow in Circular Conduit Heat Transfer to and from Turbulent Flow in Circular Conduit Heat-Transfer Correlations for Flow in Noncircular Ducts Convection Heat Transfer in Flows Past Immersed Bodies Boundary-Layer Flow Turbulent Flow over Flat Plate Flow Past Various Two-Dimensional Bodies Flow Past a Bank of Tubes Flow Past a Sphere Natural-Convection Systems Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface: Laminar Flow Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface: Transition and Turbulence Natural Convection on an Inclined Flat Plate Natural Convection on a Horizontal Flat Surface Natural Convection on Cylinders Natural Convection around Spheres and Blocks Natural Convection about an Array of Fins Combined Forced- and Natural-Convection Systems Heat Exchangers Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units Method of Analysis Crossflow Heat Exchangers Efficiency of a Heat Exchanger Condensation and Vaporization Heat Transfer Condensation Heat Transfer Boiling Heat Transfer Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Emission and Absorption at the Surface of an Opaque Solid Radiation Intensity Irradiation and Radiosity Radiation Laws Characteristics of Real Surfaces Radiation Heat Transfer between Surfaces View Factor Methods for Evaluating View Factors Radiation Heat Transfer within Enclosure of Black Surfaces Radiation Heat Transfer within an Enclosure of Diff use-Gray Surfaces Bibliography and Selected References Appendices Index

The effects of parental influences on children's food intake, physical activity, and relative weight

Abstract: The current investigation assessed the relationship between observed child mealtime behavior, physical activity, selected parent behaviors, and child relative weight. Subjects were 30 (15 male, 15 female) preschool children varying in age from 22 to 46 months (mean = 30.5 months). Each subject and parents were observed during the dinnertime meal with an observational instrument designed to measure children's mealtime behaviors and parental influences on child eating. Further, children's activity levels were assessed for one hour and parental influences on child activity were observed. Results indicated that parental encouragements to eat correlated both with the percent of time the child ate and with child relative weight. Similarly, parental encouragements to be active correlated to extreme levels of child motor activity and negatively to relative weight. Implications of the current study are discussed and the present findings are compared and contrasted with previous research.

An evaluation of the family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales and the circumplex model

Abstract: Two basic assumptions of the Circumplex Model of family systems were evaluated: (1) Healthy families evidence balanced degrees of cohesion and adaptability, whereas problem families evidence extreme degrees, and (2) families with balanced degrees of cohesion and adaptability possess more positive communication skills than families with extreme degrees. Subjects were 58 mother-son dyads from father-absent families. In 29 of the families the adolescent was a juvenile offender, while in the remaining families there was no history of arrest or psychiatric referral. The dyads completed the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES) and an unrevealed differences interaction task. FACES was highly proficient at differentiating delinquent from nondelinquent families. Moreover, in families with balanced degrees of cohesion and adaptability, the mothers' communication was significantly more supportive and explicit, and the dyads evidenced significantly greater warmth and affection than dyads with extreme degrees.

A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s

Abstract: The youth culture is on everyone's lips today, as pressures build to ban controversial song lyrics, reintroduce school prayer, and prohibit teenagers' access to contraceptives. It's not the first time Americans have been outraged over the "seuction of the innocent." When James Dean and Marlon Brando donned their motorcycle jackets and adopted alienated poses in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden, and The Wild One, in the 1950's, so did countless numbers of American teenagers. Or so it seemed to their parents. American teenagers were looking and acting like juvenile delinquents. By mid-decade, the nation had reached a pitch of near obsession with the harmful effects of film, radio, comic books, and television on American youth. Experts across the land denounced mass culture as depriving young people of their innocence and weakening their parents' hold on them. By the end of the decade, the obsession had ended, although the actual numbers of juvenile delinquents had apparently risen. A Cycle of Outrage explores the 1950's debate over the media and juvenile delinquency among parents, professionals, and the creators of mass culture themselves. In this groundbreaking study, James Gilbert sees the attempt to blame the media as part of a larger reaction of discomfort echoed in recent debates over censorship. The book examines how the central phenomena of the 1950's--the development of youth culture and the rise of a mass media society--became intertwined and confused and argues that young people ceased to be a threat as they were recognized to be a market. , bout the Author: James Gilbert is a Professor of History at the University of Maryland. He is the author of Another Chance: America After World War II, among other books. A groundbreaking study of the '50s obsession with juvenile deliquency .Sheds new light on the rise of the youth culture and America's response to change ."A marvelous exploration...He deeply illuminates our understanding of the contemporary United States."--William M. Tuttle, Jr. ."Cultural history at its best."--David Nasaw"

Gender and Racial Differences in the Acceptance of Rape Myths Within a College Population

Abstract: Four hundred forty nine students completed a questionnaire that sought to measure degree of acceptance/rejection of nine statements that reflected prejudical, stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, or rapists. These statements, termed rape myths, are seen as reflecting and perpetuating sexual and racial stereotypes as well as serving to demean the victim and hinder the functioning of the criminal justice system. The data indicate that at least a substantial minority of respondents do accept rape myths as valid. Further analysis revealed significant differences by racial and sexual groupings. Results were interpreted through use of the concept of defensive attribution.

The person–situation debate: A critical multiplist perspective.

Abstract: Critical multiplism is an approach to question and method choice predicated on the only partial validity of most current social science practices In the first part of this paper, the approach is described, and note is made of many of its advantages but also of two of its limitations Critical multiplism is then applied to the person-situation debate The analysis reveals that major protagonists in the debate have often discussed different versions of what appears to be the same question, and they usually agree when they define the questions similarly The major real difference concerns predictions about the extent of cross-situational consistency in behaviors This entails at least two subquestions (1) how consistent is the same molecular behavior across situations? and (2) how crosssituationally stable are different molecular behaviors presumed to indicate the same latent trait? Data from Peake (1982) reported in Mischel and Peake (1982) are then reanalyzed For molecular behaviors within the trait of conscientiousness, the central tendency of the cross-situational correlation is between 30 and 50, while for the nine different behaviors measured as most prototypical of the latent trait of conscientiousness it is in the 30 to 40 range While these values are higher than those of Mischel and Peake (1982), comparable analyses of their friendliness data failed to replicate the results for conscientiousness, cautioning us not to overgeneralize estimates of cross-situational consistency from any of the analyses currently available

Peer interactions of conduct-disordered, anxious-withdrawn, and well-adjusted black adolescents.

Abstract: The relationship between behavior problems and adolescent peer relations was examined in 30 black male adolescents divided into three equal-sized groups on the basis of individual psychosocial functioning (conduct-disordered, anxious-withdrawn, well-adjusted). Groups were matched on age, IQ, and father absence. An observational method was used to evaluate dominance, conflict, affect, and social competence manifested with a friend and with a well-adjusted stranger. Conduct-disordered and anxious-withdrawn adolescents displayed less social competence and less positive affect than well-adjusted adolescents when interacting with both friends and strangers. Anxious-withdrawn adolescents evidenced more personal apprehension than their well-adjusted counterparts. All groups showed greater leadership ability, talked more, and showed less personal apprehension with friends than with strangers. The findings support the role of peer relations in the maintenance and exacerbation of adolescent psychosocial difficulties.

Cognitive structure and death anxiety

Abstract: One goal of thanatology is to study the idiosyncratic belief systems that individuals have regarding the meaning of death. Although more recent multidimensional scales for assessing death anxiety represent an improvement over earlier global scales, both are limited in their ability to measure subtle structural properties of such belief systems. The present paper investigated the feasibility of studying personal meanings of death through the use of the Death Attitude Repertory Test (DART), a cognitive assessment strategy grounded in personal construct theory. Pilot data indicate that (a) the DART can assess the complexity, flexibility and uncertainty of our frame- works for understanding death, (b) these properties relate meaningfully to demo- graphic and psychological characteristics of respondents, and (c) such cognitive structural variables are nonredundant with traditional death anxiety measures, whether unidimensional or multidimensional.

India Ink Pinprick Assessment of Age-Related Changes in the Cricoarytenoid Joint (CAJ) Articular Surfaces

Abstract: Age-related changes in the articular surfaces of the cricoarytenoid joints (CAJ) of 12 human Caucasian male larynges (6 age 19 to 30 years; 6 age 50 to 80 years) were investigated. Differences in c...

Isolation and characterization of lactose-binding lectins from the venoms of the snakes Lachesis muta and Dendroaspis jamesonii.

Abstract: Two lectins have been isolated: one from the venom of Lachesis muta (bushmaster lectin) and one from Dendroaspis jamesonii venom (Jameson's mamba lectin). The lectin from bushmaster venom (BML) is similar to the lactose-binding lectins previously isolated from snake venoms (Gartner et al. (1980) FEBS Lett. 117, 13-16; Gartner & Ogilvie (1984) Biochem. J. 224, 301-307) in that it is calcium-dependent, lactose inhibitable, and is a dimer of molecular weight 28,000. In contrast, the lactose-blockable lectin from Jameson's mamba venom (JML) has an apparent molecular weight of 26,000 and agglutinates erythrocytes in the presence of EDTA. The absorption spectra of BML were affected by the binding of calcium, or calcium and lactose to the lectin. However, JML spectra were not affected by these conditions. While the hemagglutination activity of each of the previously described lactose-binding snake venom lectins is inhibited by reducing agent, the activities of BML and JML are not affected by reducing agent. Antiserum against bushmaster lectin cross-reacts with thrombolectin, cottonmouth lectin (CML), rattlesnake lectin (RSL), and copperhead lectin (CuHL) but not lectin from Jameson's mamba venom. This evidence plus a comparison of atomic absorption spectra, isoelectric points and amino acid analyses of the lectins demonstrate that JML and BML are different from thrombolectin, CML, RSL, and CuHL.

Quasi‐experimentation in a critical multiplist mode

Abstract: Since it is usually the case that no defensible option for performing a task within quasi-experimentation is unbiased, it is desirable to select several options that reflect biases in different directions. This aim is to avoid constant biases and to overlook only those biases that can be considered least plausible.

Communicability of the Emotional Connotation of Type.

Abstract: The communicabllity of the emotional connotation of type was investigated in this study. Typographers, student instructional technologists, and naive readers rated 30 typefaces using a semantic differential scale. The results indicated that different typefaces arouse similar results in different subject groups, and that different subject groups agree on the emotional connotations of typefaces. The agreement of these results with previous studies suggests the use of typeface connotation as a variable in typeface selection.

Legitimation of Oppression: Response and Reflexivity

Abstract: The basic question addressed in this article is why people in inferior and devalued strata submit to oppression. It is my thesis that the legitimation of oppression is one of the key issues for subordinate people and that the study of the creation and processes of legitimation among such groups will shed light on the phenomenon of human obedience or of resistance to oppressive rule. The core of the study consists of (1) the development of a model of the legitimation process and (2) the use of examples from the experiences of oppressed groups to illustrate dimensions of this process. Servility and submission are hardly new: these responses thread through history, deeply incised, though shadowed by the claims and power of domination. Changes in the status of subject peoples historically have been slow, and the treatment of the powerless often has been harsh and oppressive. Yet we find revolution against oppression exceedingly rare. Meakness, the inability to resist, and even willing subservience more frequently have been the cornerstones of human response.

Dynamic loading on parallel shaft gears

Abstract: A computer-based analysis of the dynamic effects of spur gear systems is presented. The method of analysis with its associated computer code is capable of determining the dynamic response of spur gear systems having involute tooth profiles and standard contact ratios. Various parameters affecting the system dynamic behavior are examined. Numerical results of the analysis are compared with semi-empirical formulae, AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) formulae, and experimental data. A close correlation with the experimental data is obtained.

The threat hypothesis: A conceptual and empirical defense

Abstract: A detailed rebuttal of Chambers' critique of the death threat literature is presented. Close examination of Chambers' argument reveals that his position is grounded in an incomplete understanding of both personal construct theory and other cognitive theories, and fails to consider the substantial empirical literature demonstrating the validity of the Threat Index, Moreover, the results of a preliminary study conducted to test his assertions yielded little evidence supporting his criticism. It is concluded that the threat hypothesis remains viable, although further work might extend and clarify its implications for thanatological research.