Showing papers by "University of Notre Dame published in 1985"

Trust as a Social Reality

Abstract: Although trust is an underdeveloped concept in sociology, promising theoretical formulations are available in the recent work of Luhmann and Barber. This sociological version complements the psychological and attitudinal conceptualizations of experimental and survey researchers. Trust is seen to include both emotional and cognitive dimensions and to function as a deep assumption underwriting social order. Contemporary examples such as lying, family exchange, monetary attitudes, and litigation illustrate the centrality of trust as a sociological reality. In recent years, sociologists have begun to treat trust as a sociological topic (e.g., Conviser; Garfinkel; Haas and Deseran; Henslin; Holzner; Strub and Priest; Weigert,a,b). Indeed, two short and powerful books, Niklas Luhmann's Trust and Pauoer (1979) and Bernard Barber's The Logic and Limits of Trust (1983), have placed trust at the center of sociological theorizing about contemporary society. Nevertheless, we agree with Luhmann's lament that there is a "regrettably sparse literature which has trust as its main theme within sociology" (8). There is a large quantity of research on trust by experimental psychologists and political scientists, which, however, appears theoretically unintegrated and incomplete from the standpoint of a sociology of trust. These researchers typically conceptualize trust as a psychological event within the individual rather than as an intersubjective or systemic social reality. They also tend to use methodological approaches that reduce trust to its cognitive content through psychometric scaling techniques or to its behavioral expressions in laboratory settings. Luhmann and Barber, on the other hand, present trust as an irreducible and multidimiensional so

The Differential Effects of Exercised and Unexercised Power Sources in a Marketing Channel

Abstract: Though considerable research has been reported on the effects of coercive and noncoercive power sources in marketing channels, the particular effects of power sources that have been exercised, as o...

The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments 1. Antecedents of ecology 2. The crystallization of ecology 3. Dynamic ecology 4. Quantitative community ecology 5. Population ecology 6. Ecosystem ecology, systems ecology, and big biology 7. Theoretical approaches to ecology 8. Ecology and environment References Name index Subject index.

A unified set of single step algorithms part 3: The beta-m method, a generalization of the Newmark scheme

Abstract: Introduced herein is a generalization of Newmark's time marching integration scheme, called the β-m method. Like the SSpj method (introduced in Parts 1 and 2 of this series), the β-m method provides a gcneral single-step scheme applicable to any set of initial value problems. The method is specialized by specifying the method order m along with rn integration parameters, β0, β1, …, βm−1. For a particular choice of m, the integration parameters provide a subfamily of methods which control accuracy and stability, as well as offering options for explicit or implicit algorithms. For the most part, attention is focused on the application to structural dynamic equations. Most well-known methods (e.g. Newmark, Wilson, Houbolt, etc.) are shown to be special cases within the β-m family. Hence, one computationally efficient and surprisingly simple algorithm unifies old and new methods. Stability and accuracy analyses are presented for method orders m = 2, 3 and 4 to determine optimal parameters for implicit and explicit schemes, along with numerical verification.

Social atomism, holism, and trust

Abstract: The metatheoretical difference between social atomism and social holism is clarified by analysis of the generic necessity of trust. A theoretical approach to trust can be traced from Durkheim, Simmel, Parsons, and the recent work of Luhmann and Barber. Trust functions as a deep assumption underwriting social order and is not reducible to individual characteristics. Changes in trust alter social relationships. The study of power, exchange, family, and politics illustrates how trust constitutes social reality as emergent and holistic. This helps us understand the formation of interpersonal relationships, the difference between economic and social exchange, and the discrepancy between attitudes toward society and toward particular institutional actors.

Shifts in phytoplankton size structure and community composition during grazing by contrasting zooplankton assemblages

Abstract: Contrasting zooplankton assemblages consistently produced different compositional shifts in a phytoplankton community. Two experiments in 120-liter enclosures were used to assess the responses of the algae to two different-sized zooplankton communities. Grazing by a mixture of small copepods, Bosmina longirostris, and rotifers led to increased growth of phytoplankters with greatest axial linear dimensions < 25 pm and ratios of surface area to volume ~2.6, such as Chlamydomonas and Chlorococcales. Larger phytoplankton taxa such as Asterionellafirmosa, Closteriopsis Iongissimus, and Synedra sp. declined in the presence of small zooplankters. In contrast, a mixture of large zooplankters dominated by Daphnia pulex and Diaptomus oregonensis caused declines in phytoplankters with greatest axial linear dimensions ~60 pm and ratios of surface area to volume ~2.75, while larger algae such as Aphanocapsa and Dinobryon increased. Discriminant analyses showed that volume and surface area were the most effective characters for determining the response of algae to grazers. Zooplankton community structure was important in determining the responses of algal assemblages to-grazing.

The influence of laminar separation and transition on low Reynolds number airfoil hysteresis

Abstract: An experimental study of the Lissaman 7769 and Miley MO6-13-128 airfoils at low chord Reynolds numbers is presented. Although both airfoils perform well near their design Reynolds number of about 600,000, they each produce a different type of hysteresis loop in the lift and drag forces when operated below chord Reynolds numbers of 300,000. The type of hysteresis loop was found to depend upon the relative location of laminar separation and transition. The influence of disturbance environment and experimental procedure on the low Reynolds number airfoil boundary layer behavior is also presented. The use of potential flow solutions to help predict how a given airfoil will behave at low Reynolds numbers is also discussed.

Arsenic, barium, germanium, tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor, Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Abstract: Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO3 and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The GeSi ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10−6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.

Familial pain models: the relationship between family history of pain and current pain experience.

Abstract: Recent evidence has underscored the importance of parental models and vicarious learning in the etiology of pain behavior. The present study investigated the relationships between the number of familial pain models to which an individual has been exposed, the individual's reports of current pain experiences, and the role of gender. One hundred and twenty male and 168 female college students reporting occasional pain episodes completed the Parameters of Pain Questionnaire. Results indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between the number of pain models in an individual's familial environment and the frequency of his/her current pain reports. Additionally, pain models had a greater impact on females than on males. These findings are discussed in terms of vicarious learning and health locus of control processes.

Variable Property Effects in Laminar Natural Convection in a Square Enclosure

Abstract: A numerical, finite-difference study has been carried out to determine the effects of variable properties on the temperature and velocity fields and the heat transfer rate in a differentially heated, two-dimensional square enclosure. Calculations have been done for a Rayleigh number range up to 106 , and temperature difference ratios θ0 = (TH –TC ) / TC of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, where TH and TC are the hot and cold wall temperatures, respectively. Specific issues that have been addressed are the limits of validity of the Boussinesq approximation, the proper use of a reference temperature, variable property correlation of the heat transfer rate, and the limits of conduction-dominated regions.

An exothermic continuous stirred tank reactor is feedback equivalent to a linear system

Abstract: This brief paper demonstrates the concept of linear feedback equivalence for an exothermic eontinu-ous stirred tank reactor with first order kinetics. Feedback control is achieved by finding a transformation for the nonlinear system which carries this system into a linear controllable system in Brunovsky canonical form. A linear state feedback controller is then designed which achieves control over a broad range of operating conditions. This example demonstrates how recent developments in nonlinear control theory can be applied to chemical systems without relying on the usual methods of local linearization.

Feast/famine growth environments and activated sludge population selection.

Abstract: The effect of feast/famine growth conditions on activated sludge cultures indicates that nonfilamentous cultures can be selected by providing proper substrate gradients and extended periods of endogenous metablism. Reactor operating strategies providing intermittently high substrate concentrations result in cultures characterized by high peak substrate and oxygen uptake activities, rapid settling rates, and high resistance to starvation. Sludge settleability can be manipulated using controlled variations in growth environment with corresponding changes noted in sludge activity. In combination with the low net growth rates associated with activated sludge systems, feast/famine environments would logically convey a selection advantage to microbes capable of readily assimilating substrate materials and maintaining viability during extended starvation periods.

Weakly normal groups.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes that a group G is weakly normal if and only if every definable X ⊂ G n is a Boolean combination of cosets of acl (ϕ)-definable subgroups ∀n if and only if every definable X ⊂ G n is a Boolean combination of cosets of definable subgroups (of G n ) ∀n. The chapter describes some equivalent conditions to that of weak normality and some basic results on stable groups. A locally connected definable subgroup of a weakly normal group is acl (ϕ)-definable. The chapter shows that if G is a weakly normal group, any p ∊ S(G) is determined by the definable cosets in p. The above result is enough to prove equivalence in the theorem, “an Abelian structure is an Abelian group A, together with distinguished subgroups of A n for various n's. Any Abelian structure is interpretable in a module.”

Vacation preference as a manifestation of optimal stimulation and lifestyle experience.

Abstract: Vacation travel provides the individual with a diverse variety of alternative experiences. At the extremes, a vacation may consist of unusual and exotic activities or relatively repetitive, commonp...

Asymptotically convergent modified recursive least-squares with data-dependent updating and forgetting factor

Abstract: Continual updating of estimates required by most recursive estimation schemes often involves redundant usage of information and may result in system instabilities in the presence of bounded output disturbances. This paper investigates an algorithm which has the capability of eliminating these difficulties. Based on a set theoretic assumption, the algorithm yields modified least-squares estimates with a forgetting factor. It updates the estimates selectively depending on whether the observed data contain sufficient information. The information evaluation required at each step involves very simple computations. In addition, the parameter estimates are shown to converge asymptotically to a region around the true parameter at an exponential rate.

Superconducting tunneling without the tunneling Hamiltonian

Abstract: The theory of superconducting tunneling is extended to treat superconducting junctions with arbitrarily thin, but structureless tunnel barriers. An exact expression for the tunneling current is obtained, using standard, many-body, nonequilibrium Green's function techniques, assuming Fermi distributions in each electrode. The tunneling current result agrees with the recent theory of Blonder, Tinkham, and Klapwijk, but extends their results to treat strong coupling superconductors, proximity effect tunneling, and the effects of tunneling angle. Results for the Josephson critical current in S' INS (superconductor S', insulator I, metal N, superconductor S) junctions, where NS is a proximity effect double layer, are presented for barrier thicknesses ranging from zero to barrier thicknesses for which the tunneling Hamiltonian approach is correct, and for varying N metal thicknesses. Results forI-V curves are presented for normal metal (M)-INS junctions for a similar range of barrier thicknesses and N metal thicknesses. It is shown that the tunneling currentI is the sum of a supercurrentISUP carried solely by Cooper pairs through S, and a quasiparticle currentIQP carried solely by quasiparticles. The influence of leakage on phonon structure observed on tunneling into strong coupling superconductors is described. The nonoscillating portion of the Josephson current is plotted as a function of voltage for the S' INS junction in the tunneling Hamiltonian limit.

The over‐Negativized conceptualization of deviance: A programmatic exploration

Abstract: It is the contention of this paper that past and current sociological conceptions of deviance are unduly limited in that they consider only negative conceptualizations of general deviance. The argument is advanced that sociologists are overdue to acknowledge the empirical existence of positive deviance and to incorporate the positive deviance into a broader, more general study of deviance. Since acknowledging positive deviance would highlight the inadequacy of conceptualizations limited to negative deviance only, guidelines for the beginnings of the solution to this problem are suggested. Suggestions are presented for reworking and reevaluating some of the basic definitional statements of (negative) deviance and some of the elemental aspects of the existing deviance paradigms in order to develop a more general field of study.

Juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone as primary and secondary stimuli of vitellogenesis in Aedes aegypti

Abstract: Female Aedes aegypti that were fed blood and immediately abdominally ligated did not deposit yolk. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (1.5–5.0 ng) or topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) analogue methoprene (25 pg) did not induce vitellogenesis in these abdomens. When blood-gorged ligated abdomens were treated with both hormones, however, vitellogenesis was stimulated in 60% of treated animals. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis indicated that vitellin concentration per follicle in treated animals was similar to that in intact controls. When ligated abdomens were first treated with methoprene and immediately injected with a crude head extract of egg development neurosecretory hormone, vitellogenin synthesis was induced at a rate similar to that in blood-fed controls. Methoprene at this concentration (25 pg), did not cause an increase in whole-body ecdysteroid titers. Larger amounts of methoprene (1.65 ng) were needed to stimulate egg development and ecdysteroid production. Implantation of ecdysone-secreting ovaries into ligated abdomens did not stimulate vitellogenesis in the recipients. However, in recipients that were first treated with methoprene (25 pg), implantation of ecdysone-secreting ovaries resulted in normal egg development. These experiments indicate that the appearance of JH precedes 20-hydroxyecdysone in stimulating vitellogenesis following blood feeding in Ae. aegypti.

Predicting Employee Turnover from Leader-Member Exchange: A Failure to Replicate

Abstract: The article discusses research pertaining to the effect of leadership on employee turnover rates. Research has shown a correlation between employee turnover and leadership or management styles. Res...