Showing papers by "University of São Paulo published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define the limits of the Sao Francisco Craton and establish these limits along evident marginal faults with.justified inferences between them, based on the assumption that the Aracuai folded belt corresponds to the Macaubas Group.
Abstract: This paper is an attempt to justify the original concept of the Sao Francisco Craton and to define its limits. This Craton covered almost the entire State of Bahia and parts of the near Minas Gerais, Goias, Pernambuco and Sergipe States during the Brasiliano Cycle. The authol characterizes the Aracuai folded belt whose structures correspond to the Macaubas Group and are disposed on the southern and southeastern borders of the Craton. The nature of the limits of the Craton with the adjacent folded belts is discussed. A proposal to establish these limits along evident marginal faults with .justified inferences between them is submitted.
412 citations
TL;DR: The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae, and estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number or matings undergone by the queen.
Abstract: The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae. Using these data, estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number of matings undergone by the queen. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9. The estimate is larger than previous ones, which have ranged between 10 and 12. However, the increase in the number of sex alleles can be explained by the large effective population number for our data. The best estimator of the number of matings by a queen is a maximum likelihood type that assumes a prior distribution on the number of matings. For the data presented here, this estimate is 17.3. This estimate is compared to others in the literature obtained by different approaches.
242 citations
TL;DR: The addition of sucrose to the soil doubled N2-fixation in roots in both grass species studied, but did not result in increased incorporation into the leaves of P. notatum.
Abstract: Intact soil cores containing plants of Paspalum notatum or Digitaria decumbens were selected with the acetylene reduction method, and then exposed to 15N15 to confirm nitrogen fixation in tropical grass-bacteria associations. In a preliminary experiment with P. notatum15N2 incorporation was slow but progressive during 24 h in roots but translocation to rhizomes and leaves ceased after 17h. With improved assay chambers, enrichments of 0.151 and 0.563 15N atom % excess were obtained in roots of D. decumbens cv transvala and P. notatum systems respectively, after 3 days. Enrichments in rhizomes were similar to those of roots; however in the leaves only 8% of root enrichment was observed. The addition of sucrose to the soil doubled N2-fixation in roots in both grass species studied, but did not result in increased incorporation into the leaves of P. notatum.
102 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical results are developed for zero–one linear multiple objective programs for the main problem, having as a feasible set the vertices of the unit hypercube.
Abstract: Theoretical results are developed for zero–one linear multiple objective programs. Initially a simpler program, having as a feasible set the vertices of the unit hypercube, is studied. For the main problem an algorithm, computational experience, parametric analysis and indifference sets are presented. The mixed integer version of the main problem is briefly discussed.
90 citations
TL;DR: Among other applications to Automaton Theory, it is shown that it is decidable whether the behavior of a given N – Σ automaton is bounded, and the cardinality of a finite semigroup S of n by n matrices over a field is bounded by a function depending only on n, the number of generators of S and the maximum cardinalities of its subgroups.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of hybridization experiments between two morphologically and behaviorally distinct species of Drosophila are reported, namely D. heteroneura and D. silvestris.
Abstract: Most biological species are reproductively isolated from their closest relatives both in nature and in the laboratory. Thus direct analysis of the genetic differences between them is not possible by Mendelian methods. Inferences as to the extent of genetic differences between species can be based on comparative biochemical studies (e.g. Ayala, 1974) or on polytene chromosome sequencing (Clayton et al., 1972). In key instances of certain very close species, however, both these techniques fail to be useful. Morphologically and behaviorally distinct species are known which cannot be distinguished either by allozymes or chromosomes (Carson et al., 1975). Indeed, the biochemical similarity between such obviously distant species as man and chimpanzee have led to the postulating of regulatory rather than structural genes as the basis of the important biological differences between species (King and Wilson, 1975). I report here the results of hybridization experiments between two morphologically and behaviorally distinct species of Hawaiian Drosophila. By using methods to overcome ethological isolation, it is possible to obtain reciprocal hybrids which are fertile in both sexes (Ahearn and Val, 1975). F2's and backcrosses reveal considerable segregating polygenic differences in morphology. These species show close cytological and electrophoretic similarity. Accordingly, I believe that the character segregations observed represent polygenes regulating morphology rather than differences in chromosome sequences or in structural proteins. The species considered in the present work are Drosophila heteroneura (Perkins, 1910) and Drosophila silvestris (Perkins, 1910). They are endemic to the Island of Hawaii where they are sympatric in many localities. They belong to a cluster of homosequential species of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila in the planitibia subgroup. Different aspects of this cluster have been the subject of several recent studies. The species constitute one of the end branches in Carson's chromosome phylogeny (Clayton et al., 1972). At the present time, four species are considered to belong to it: differens Hardy and Kaneshiro (1975), from Molokai; planitibia Hardy (1966), from Maui; heteroneura and silvestris from the Island of Hawaii. D. differens, just recently described as a new species, was referred to as planitibialike from Molokai by Ahearn et al. (1974), Craddock (1974a,b) and Johnson et al. (1975). Speciation in this cluster of species has been discussed in Carson (1970), Carson et al. (1970), Carson (1974), Craddock (1974a,b) and is the subject of an extensive work by Kaneshiro (in preparation). D. heteroneura and D. silvestris constitute a case of sympatric species from which fertile hybrids in both reciprocal directions can be obtained in the laboratory with relative facility. Premating barriers are responsible for reproductive isolation between them, as has been shown in a study of their ethological isolation by Ahearn et al. (1974), and discussed by Craddock (1974a,b). The full fertility of male and female laboratory hybrids makes these species suitable for studying the inheritance of species differences.
85 citations
20 Jan 1977
84 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species.
Abstract: The species are endemic to the newest island in the archipelago and are broadly sympatric. They are easily distinguished morphologically in both sexes. Using standard electrophoretic procedures, we have examined 25 loci encoding for structural proteins from 539 silvestris and 325 heteroneura collected at three widely-separated localities where the two species are sympatric. Pairwise comparisons within and between the species show the following coefficients of genetic identity (NEI'S I): within silvestris, 0.961 +/- 0.01; within heteroneura, 0.949 +/- 0.02; between silvestris and heteroneura, 0.939 +/- 0.01. Neither the differences within nor between the species are significant. There are no fixed allelic diffrences either within or between the species. At the three areas of sympatry, the species show gene frequency differences (P less than 0.05) at 9,11 and 13 loci respectively. This is not much different from the variation within either one of the species across the three localities. The two species have similar heterozygosity (H) levels (silvestris, 0.083; heteroneura, 0.089) and percent of polymorphic loci (both 0.37). It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species. Significant allozymic differences may not have had time to accumulate.
79 citations
TL;DR: The Angra dos Reis meteorite as mentioned in this paper is a unique achondrite with 93% fassaite pyroxene which has 15.7% Ca-Tschermak's molecule, plus calcic olivine (Fo53.1; 1.3% CaO), green hercynitic spinel, whitlockite (merrillite).
77 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The mineral composition of the Angra dos Reis meteorite, which fell in 1869, is described in this article, where several aspects of the mineral composition are discussed with reference to the implications of crystallization conditions.
Abstract: The mineral composition of the Angra dos Reis meteorite, which fell in 1869, is described. This achondrite contains phases reported in a meteorite for the first time. Petrofabric analysis shows that fassaite has a preferred orientation and lineation, which is interpreted as being due to cumulus processes, possibly the effect of post-depositional magmatic current flow or laminar flow of a crystalline mush. The mineral chemistry indicates crystallization from a highly silica-undersaturated melt at low pressure. Several aspects of the mineral composition are discussed with reference to the implications of crystallization conditions.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of exogenous concentrations of glucose and nitrate on total ethanol extractable phenols and leucoanthocyanins were studied in Paul's Scarlet Rose cells grown in either liquid suspension or solid culture.
Abstract: The effects of exogenous concentrations of glucose and nitrate on total ethanol extractable phenols and leucoanthocyanins were studied in Paul's Scarlet Rose cells grown in either liquid suspension or solid culture. Aliquots of liquid suspension cultured cells were harvested during logarithmic, early stationary, and late stationary periods of growth for determination of fresh weight, dry weight, total ethanol extractable phenols and leucoanthocyanins. Cells produced phenols during all phases of growth, but at stationary phase, the production was greatest. Increasing concentrations of exogenous glucose in the culture medium resulted in an increased synthesis of total phenols in logarithmic cells, and an increased synthesis of total phenols and leucoanthocyanin in stationary cells. Addition of increased concentrations of exogenous nitrate to the stationary cells grown in suspension culture markedly reduced synthesis of leucoanthocyanins although total phenol synthesis was not significantly affected. Similar observations were made in cells cultured on solid medium in respect to exogenous glucose concentration, however these cells differed from the suspension cultured cells by having increased amounts of total phenol synthesis and decreased synthesis of leucoanthocyanins in the presence of increasing concentrations of exogenous nitrate in the culture medium.
20 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The study of the internal anatomy of the female reproductive system showed that this group possesses a peculiar adenotrophic viviparity, presenting modification in the structure of the spermathecae, unknown in any other Calyptratae group.
Abstract: A revised classification of the family Mesembrinellidae, stat. nov., is presented, and its affinities discussed. This group is withdrawn from the family Calliphoridae and raised to full family status in the Calyptratae. Three subfamilies, two tribes, and seven genera are recognized; keys to these taxa are provided. The aedeagus, spermatheca, and the labial sclerite of the first instar larva are figured for nearly all species. Two new genera: Thompsoniella (type-species, anomala, sp. n.) and Souzalo-pesiella (type-species, Mesembrinella facialis Aldrich) are described. The zoogeography and phylogeny of this group indicate a long isolation. The distribution patterns and phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical genera are also analyzed, suggesting a Gondwanian origin for the Mesembrinellidae. The study of the internal anatomy of the female reproductive system showed that this group possesses a peculiar adenotrophic viviparity, presenting modification in the structure of the spermathecae, unknown in any other Calyptratae group. A comparison of the female genital tract of the Mesembrinellidae with that of Glossina and Melophagus ovinus discloses that it is fundamentally the same, ano essentially that of the other higher Muscoidea. The evolutionary trends within the Mesembrinellidae are discussed and critica) morphological details discussed and, illustrated.
TL;DR: The circular dichroism properties of the lipid-associated glucagon indicates that it has an increased content of alpha-helix, and this hormone can interact with dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine and this interaction is stronger below the phase transition temperature than above it.
TL;DR: If the amounts of wood consumed in deforestation to increase agricultural land and as firewood in underindustrialized countries are added to the amount consumed by the money economies as forest products, the estimates of the net amount of wood removed from the biosphere in this century should be revised upward.
Abstract: If the amounts of wood consumed in deforestation to increase agricultural land and as firewood in underindustrialized countries are added to the amount consumed by the money economies as forest products, the estimates of the net amount of wood removed from the biosphere in this century should be revised upward. The per capita ratio of the weight of carbon from net wood burned to the weight of carbon from fossil fuel burned in this century has been at least 0.1 and may have approached 1.0.
TL;DR: Chromosome complement of 5 Loricariidae was determined and Plecostomus ancistroides has 2n=68 and N.F.=105 in males and 106 in females.
Abstract: Chromosome complement of 5 Loricariidae was determined. Plecostomus ancistroides has 2n=68 and N.F.=105 in males and 106 in females. P. strigaticeps is 2n=74 and has N.F.=86. P. macrops.
TL;DR: In this article, water vapor flux and precipitable water was computed over the natural Amazon forest in the stretch between Belem and Manaus for 1972, and the atmospheric branch of the hidrological cycle teory was applied.
Abstract: The water vapor flux and precipitable water was computated over the natural Amazon forest in the stretch between Belem and Manaus for 1972. The atmospheric branch of hidrological cycle teory was applied and the most significant conclusions on an annual basis are: Atlantic Ocean water vapor contributes 52% to the regional precipitation and is significant the role played by local evapotranspiration in the precipitation in the area; there were signs of the phenomenon of water vapor recycling nearly throughout the year. Evapotranspiration contribute to 48% of the precipitations in the area studied. The real evapotranspiration estimated by this method was 1,000mm year-1.
TL;DR: The oscillatory responses of the system were affected by a previous anaerobic continuous cultivation of the yeast, and the suppression of the nitrogen source during the continuous test leads to a nonoscillatory transient state.
Abstract: Oscillatory changes in the growth rate were observed in undisturbed continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sugar-cane molasses media when nitrogen sources (2.56 to 6.17 g/liter of ammonium sulfate or 1.22 g/liter of urea) were added to the feeding mash and when the air rate was 1.3 to 1.6 v/v/m. The oscillations were not affected by the addition of yeast extract. The suppression of the nitrogen source during the continous test leads to a nonoscillatory transient state. No oscillations occured at all when no nitrogen source was added to the medium and/or the air rate was equal to zero or equal to about 3.3 v/v/m. The oscillatory responses of the system were affected by a previous anaerobic continuous cultivation of the yeast.
TL;DR: An analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the salivary glands of late fourth instar R. americana larvae was accomplished by the use of electrophoresis followed by fluorography of in vitro labelled proteins to detect five polypePTides which are synthesized only when the giant DNA puffs occur.
Abstract: An analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the salivary glands of late fourth instar R. americana larvae was accomplished by the use of electrophoresis followed by fluorography of in vitro labelled proteins. It was possible to detect five polypeptides which are synthesized only when the giant DNA puffs occur. One of these polypeptides was tentatively assigned to DNA puff B2 and another to the DNA puff C3. This assignment was based on correlations of polypeptide labelling, puffing patterns and RNA synthesizing capacity of the puffs in different sections of the gland during development. The possible meanings and implications of these DNA puffs are discussed.
TL;DR: Sao apresentados os resultados iniciais de observacoes destinadas a evidenciar a presenca de Panstrongylus megistus domiciliado e silvestre em uma mesma localidade, que sugerem a domicilacao desse triatomineo ao lado of seus habitos extradomiciliares.
Abstract: Sao apresentados os resultados iniciais de observacoes destinadas a evidenciar a presenca de Panstrongylus megistus domiciliado e silvestre em uma mesma localidade. Os resultados sugerem a domiciliacao desse triatomineo ao lado de seus habitos extradomiciliares. Estes estao localmente predominantes como ocos de arvores que servem de abrigos a animais silvestres. A presenca desses focos naturais ocorre nas manchas de florestas residuais e a capacidade invasiva em relacao aos ecotopos naturais evidenciou-se atraves da colonizacao de galinheiros experimentais instalados nesses locais.
TL;DR: Hoare's axiomatic method is applied in order to describe two controversial features: side effects and general jumps, suggesting that reasons for the exclusion of these features from programming languages are subtler than it has been thought.
Abstract: Hoare's axiomatic method is applied in order to describe two controversial features: side effects and general jumps. The relative simplicity of this description suggests that reasons for the exclusion of these features from programming languages are subtler than it has been thought.
TL;DR: Curves of blue-reducing values showed the midgut amylase is an α-amylase with a multiple attack degree between 1.7 and 6.7 Kcal/mole, and the resistance to the sulfhydryl reagents p-mercuribenzoate and iodoacetate together with the high Hg2+Ki suggest that sulfHydryl groups are not essential for the midGutAmylase activity.
Abstract: 1. 1. Rhynchosciara americana midgut amylase binds chloride ( K d = 1.6 mM at 37°C ) resulting in a 34-fold increase in the Kcat without affecting the Km, but causing a shift in the optimum pH of the enzyme from 6.8 to 8.0. 2. 2. The ions Br−, NO3− and I− also activate the amylase but with a decreasing efficiency. 3. 3. An Arrhenius plot of activity versus temperature show that the amylase display only one slope with a corresponding apparent energy of activation of 4.8 Kcal/mole. 4. 4.|The amylase is a calcium-dependent metalloenzyme which shows a pure competitive inhibition by Hg2+ and a pure non-competitive inhibition by Cu2+ with Ki respectively of 0.21 mM and 0.23 mM. 5. 5.|The resistance to the sulfhydryl reagents p-mercuribenzoate and iodoacetate together with the high Hg2+Ki suggest that sulfhydryl groups are not essential for the midgut amylase activity. 6. 6. Curves of blue-reducing values showed the midgut amylase is an α-amylase with a multiple attack degree between 1.7 and 6. 7. 7. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of midgut homogenates shows the existence of two major isoamylases one of which is largely predominant. 8. 8. The results are compared with α-amylases from several sources.
TL;DR: Lipopeptidophosphoglycan, extracted from whole cells of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, has now been shown to contain 12.6% of fatty acids in addition to the previously identified content of neutral sugars, peptide and acid-hydrolyzable phosphate.
Abstract: Lipopeptidophosphoglycan, extracted from whole cells of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, has now been shown to contain 126% of fatty acids in addition to the previously identified content of neutral sugars (60%), glucosamine (08%), peptide (95%) and acid-hydrolyzable phosphate (2%) The main fatty acids are palmitic (69%) and lignoceric (46%) acids Stearic (055%), oleic (015%) and myristic (018%) acids were also found One third of the fatty acids are bound in the lipopeptidophosphoglycan as esters (14 mmol%) and two thirds as amides (28 mmol%) Lignoceric acid was found to be bound only as amide Two ninhydrin-positive compounds, obtained by chloroform extraction of a total acid hydrolysate of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan, were tentatively identified as sphingosine bases
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the length/weight relation ship of Sardinella brasiliensis and its variations as a function of their reproductive cycle and displacements along the Brazilian coast between 23 and 28 years.
Abstract: This paper analyses some aspects on the length/weight relation ship of Sardinella brasiliensis and its variations as a function of their reproductive cycle and displacements along the Brazilian coast between 23oS and 28oS. The area surveyed was divided into five sub-areas, each one covering one degree of latitude. The relationship and its variations between shoals were studied for each sub-area at different seasons and for the sub-areas at the same season. The absence of a variation pattern for the length/weight relationship has shown to be the result of seasonal changes in the physiological aspects of fish (as a function of their reproductive cycle) as well as result of behaviour of individuals in two main areas: 23oS-25oS and 26oS-28oS, which are spawning areas, spawning occuring during spring and summer at the first and only during spring at the latter. After spawning the young (from both areas) more at different times to a common trophic area where they find suitable conditions (25oS26oS), returning to their original sub-areas at different occasions, following their first sexual maturation. Although spawning takes place at different times and sites, with the convergence of young to a common nursery, mixing might occur. Further studies on meristics and body proportions are being developed regarding the existence of different populations.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was argued that the Gompertz growth function may better meet the features of some growth processes than the logistic growth function, and a method of fitting the GOMpertz growing function under homoscedasticity was described.
Abstract: Both the logistic growth function and the Gompertz growth function are used to describe growth processes. In this paper it is argued that, although the logistic has been more studied, the Gompertz growth function may better meet the features of some growth processes. In order to make possible the comparison between both growth functions when an additive error is assumed, a method of fitting the Gompertz growth function under homoscedasticity is described herein. Two numerical examples and a brief discussion of the results are also provided.
07 Dec 1977
TL;DR: A analise de regressao e correlacao sugeriu that a temperatura seguida da intensidade luminosa e umidade relativa foram fatores importantes na saida efetiva das abelhas.
Abstract: Foi estudada a influencia de fatores climaticos (temperatura, intensidade luminosa e umidade relativa) na atividade externa de Tetragonisca angustula (jatai). A analise de regressao e correlacao sugeriu que a temperatura seguida da intensidade luminosa e umidade relativa foram fatores importantes na saida efetiva das abelhas. Provavelmente a interacao entre a temperatura e a intensidade luminosa foi a principal determinante da atividade de voo, pois as Tetragonisca angustula nao saiam de suas colmeias a temperaturas baixas, mesmo com boa intensidade luminosa.
TL;DR: It was found that the polypeptides correlated with the appearance of DNA puffs B2 and C3 in the salivary gland of Rhynchosciara americana are present in theSalivary secretion, which makes it very likely that these polypePTides are used in spinning the communal cocoon.
TL;DR: Foram observadas algumas caracteristicas de populacoes locais de Panstrongylus megistus e de mamiferos domiciliados e silvestres e o papel das matas residuais na permanencia local da populacao triatominica, bem como o carater agrupado da dispersao do inseto com nitida preferencia pelos anexo domiciliares.
Abstract: Foram observadas algumas caracteristicas de populacoes locais de Panstrongylus megistus e de mamiferos domiciliados e silvestres. Confirmou-se o papel das matas residuais na permanencia local da populacao triatominica, bem como o carater agrupado da dispersao do inseto com nitida preferencia pelos anexos domiciliares. Observou-se apreciavel ecletismo alimentar do vetor e a ocorrencia de multiplicidade na utilizacao de fontes sanguineas, o que lhe confere consideravel amplitude na sua valencia ecologica local. Evidenciou-se a presenca de ciclos enzooticos silvestres e domiciliados indicando a clara possibilidade de reintroducao da tripanossomiase no ambiente humano direto. Conclui-se pela necessidade de manutencao da vigilância epidemiologica a ser cuidadosamente estudada face aos aspectos locais da parasitose.
TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for obtaining approximate thermodynamic properties of statistical models, based on a well known variational principle for the free energy, is developed, which involves the choice of a suitable parametrized trial Hamiltonian which contains some elementary interactions.
Abstract: A procedure is developed for obtaining approximate thermodynamic properties of statistical models, based on a well known variational principle for the free energy. The procedure involves the choice of a suitable parametrized trial Hamiltonian which contains some elementary interactions. The free trial Hamiltonian leads to the usual mean-field approximation. When the trial Hamiltonian includes a certain number of pair interactions only, the results are regained of the constant-coupling approximation for the Ising model if the number of interacting pairs is conveniently chosen by a comparison with the first few terms of the exact high-temperature expansion. This procedure is simpler than existing approximations and can be easily generalized. Besides treating the Ising model, some applications are presented to the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model, and to the spin-1 Heisenberg model with uniaxial anisotropy.
Nous avons developpe une methode pour le calcul approache des prorietes thermodynamiques de modeles statistiques, basee sur un principe variationnel bien connu pour l'energie libre. La methode comprend le choix d'un hamiltonien d' essai parametrise, qui contient quelques interactions elementaires. La partie libre de l' hamiltonien d'essai amene a l'approximation usuelle du champ moyen. L'addition a cet hamiltonien d'un certain nombre d'interactions de paires permet de retrouves les resultats de l'approximation du couplage constant pour le modele d'Ising, si le nombre de pairer en interactions est choisi par comparaison avec les premiers terms de l'expansion exacte a hautes temperatures. Notre method est plus simple que les approximations existentes, et est facilement generalisable. En plus d'un traitement du modele d'Ising nous en presentons quelques applications au modele de Heisenberg antiferromagnetique a spin 1/2, ainsi qu'au modele de Heisenberg a spin I avec anisotropie uniaxiale.
TL;DR: The benzofuranoid neolignans, classified into structurally homogeneous groups by constitution and ORD curves, have had their relative configurations have been discussed in this paper, where they have been classified into several groups.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In 1735, a small group of people were gathered on top of a mountain in the Peruvian Andes to measure a degree of longitude; a Spanish captain named Antonio de Ulloa accompanied them.
Abstract: Early one morning in 1735, a small group of people were gathered on top of a mountain in the Peruvian Andes. They belonged to a French scientific expedition, led by Bouguer and La Condamine, that had been sent out to measure a degree of longitude; a Spanish captain named Antonio de Ulloa accompanied them. What they saw on this occasion was, according to Bouguer [1]9 “a phenomenon which must be as old as the world, but which no one seems to have observed so far… A cloud that covered us dissolved itself and let through the rays of the rising sun… Then each of us saw his shadow projected upon the cloud… The closeness of the shadow allowed all its parts to be distinguished: arms, legs, the head. What seemed most remarkable to us was the appearance of a halo or glory around the head, consisting of three or four small concentric circles, very brightly colored, each of them with the same colors as the primary rainbow, with red outermost…”. Ulloa, who gave a similar decription and also drew a picture of what he observed, added: “The most surprising thing was that, of the six or seven people that were present, each one saw the phenomenon only around the shadow of his own head, and saw nothing around other people’s heads…”