Showing papers by "University of Vienna published in 1974"
TL;DR: 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid inhibits hemagglutination by NDV and SV5 but does not inhibit agglutination of red cells by Sendai virus or influenza A and B viruses.
285 citations
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the notion of empirical probability was introduced in the context of the "urn model" in which a population of observations which are related to certain measurable outcomes is assumed to be infinite and the observations are always reproducible according to a fixed prescription.
Abstract: In connection with the notion of probability we described the following situation: Assume we have a population of observations which are related to certain measurable outcomes. This population is taken to be infinite in the sense that the observations are always reproducible according to a fixed prescription, for example, an infinite series of throws of a die. From this population one now chooses a series of observations “at random”. If there are enough observations, then the relative frequencies of events related to the outcome under observation deviate in general only slightly from a constant value, which we have called the empirical probability (see p. 20). It is not easy to give empirical criteria for deciding when a sample from a population can be viewed as random. One often satisfies oneself with the somewhat vague formulation that a random sample has been realized when there is no reason to believe that the choice of any particular sample is more probable than the rest. In this connection, one often calls on an “urn model”. The urn, or better, its contents (for example, equal balls) represents the population and balls are then drawn from it, making sure that they are always “well-mixed” before each draw. The drawn ball is viewed as a random choice from the urn. We recall what has already been said about the urn scheme; in particular, to what these ideas correspond in the calculus of probability (see p. 27).
234 citations
TL;DR: The Phaseolus proembryo provides a unique system to study early differentiation steps, and to investigate both the control and function of gene activity within highly specialized plant cells with polytene chromosomes.
147 citations
TL;DR: Intracranial hamartomatosis with lipo-fibro-angiomatosis of meninges, megadolichobasilaris and multiple “subependymomas” is discussed and the term “lipoma”, implicating a neoplastic character, should be abandoned.
Abstract: 13 cases of intracranial lipomatous hamartomas are presented, 12 of which were incidentally found at autopsy. Only one case, verified by biopsy, showed progressive focal symptoms and lipomatous infiltration of the acoustic nerve. 5 lipomatous hamartomas were located in the cisterna ambiens region, 3 in the cerebellopontine angle, 2 in the hypothalamic and 1 in the callosal regions. 2 cases had multiple intracranial adipose tissue masses. Extracranial malformations were present in 4 cases, whereas 8 observations showed (micro)dysgenesias of brain and meningeal tissues surrounding the lipomatous hamartoma (mixed neuroglial-mesenchymal tissue, glial dystopias, aberrant nerve fibres, “hypertrophic” nerve bundles, peripheral myelin, micropolygyria, cerebellar microdysgenesias). 5 cases are described in detail: 1. Pontine lipomatous hamartoma combined with body malformations, frontobasal epidermoid cyst, tentorial osteoma and cerebellar microdysgenesias. 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma associated with fibrolipomatous meningeal hamartoma and cerebellar micropolygyria. 3. Large lipomatous hamartoma of the callosal region encircling a colloid cyst. 4. Multiple meningeal fatty nodules associated with facial malformations, cerebellar dysgenesias and tentorial osteoma. 5. Intracranial hamartomatosis with lipo-fibro-angiomatosis of meninges, megadolichobasilaris and multiple “subependymomas”. The origin of intracranial fatty tissue is discussed; intracranial lipomatous hamartoma should be regarded as a complex malformation, affecting both the cerebral ectomesenchyma and brain parenchyma, and classified as true hamartoma (tumour-like, but primarily non-neoplastic malformation). The term “lipoma”, implicating a neoplastic character, should be abandoned. Links to phakomatoses are suggested.
138 citations
TL;DR: Data are presented which favor both a primary thyroid alteration and an aberration of the immunological self-recognition mechanism as factors underlying the development of SAT, a hereditary, spontaneous autoimmume thyroiditis beginning within the first few weeks of life.
119 citations
TL;DR: Ferritin-labeling experiments showed that the lipopolysaccharide diffuses away from the export sites at 37 °C and is found dispersed on the cell surface, whereas at 0 °C it remains immobile, possible reasons for the low order of magnitude of D are discussed.
Abstract: Salmonella typhimurium 1195 mutant bacteria were allowed to produce clusters of lipopolysaccharide with new, wild-type specificity over the export sites. Ferritin-labeling experiments showed that the lipopolysaccharide diffuses away from the export sites at 37 °C and is found dispersed on the cell surface, whereas at 0 °C it remains immobile.
The density of lipopolysaccharide molecules on the bacterial surface, measured as number of lipopolysaccharide molecules per μm2, or as percentage of the bacterial surface covered by lipopolysaccharide was determined in two wild-type S. typhimurium strains and one mutant strain, which was grown under conditions either permissive or nonpermissive for the formation of wild-type lipopolysaccharide. There are 0.7—1.0 × 105 lipopolysaccharide molecules per μm2 surface area. About 15—25% of the bacterial surface was found to be covered by lipopolysaccharide. The mean intermolecular distance at hypothetical uniform distribution of lipopolysaccharide was calculated to be in the range of 3—4 nm. It was of no consequence to the lipopolysaccharide surface density whether the mutant strain produced wildtype or mutant lipopolysaccharide.
An estimate of the lateral diffusion constant D (D∼ 3 × 10−13 cm2/s) of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane was made from earlier published data [2]. Possible reasons for the low order of magnitude of D, based on the observed surface density, are discussed.
113 citations
TL;DR: One species, the nematode Paramonhystera n.sp.
Abstract: The dominant nematode and harpacticoid species inhabiting a sheltered beach at Bermuda were characterized by their vertical distribution in the sediment, by their tolerance of high temperature under oxic and anoxic conditions, and by their tolerance of extreme pH-values. In 4 species of nematodes the respiratory rate proved to be inversely proportional to the depth at which the species occurs, and directly proportional to the size of the buccal cavity. One species, the nematode Paramonhystera n.sp., is more temperature resistant at zero or near zero pO2 than at atmospheric oxygen pressure; it is the first marine metazoan in which it can be shown that a specific biological process is favourably affected by anoxic conditions if compared with the situation at normal pO2.
109 citations
TL;DR: Lake George, a shallow lake in western Uganda, supports a permanent and dense crop of phytoplankton, and may be regarded as eutrophic although the ambient concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus are low.
Abstract: Lake George, a shallow lake in western Uganda, supports a permanent and dense crop of phytoplankton, and may be regarded as eutrophic although the ambient concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus are low. The figures for the annual nutrient loadings (Viner and Smith, 1973) would suggest, however, a eutrophic lake when analysed on the scheme of eutrophication proposed by Vollenweider (1968). The horizontal distribution of chlorophyll a shows a concentric pattern, with the maximum values occurring towards the center. This horizontal variation is thought to reflect water movements, and a general pattern of water flow is proposed. The majority of the species show no seasonal variation but populations of both Anabaena and Melosira show annual variations. These two species also have a horizontal distribution pattern which is the reverse of other species. This pattern is used to support the proposed movements of water. Phytoplankton generation times are discussed in relation to the diurnal cycle occurring in Lake George.
77 citations
TL;DR: Within 18 perennial and annualAnthemideae species from 7 genera nuclear volume, DNA content and karyogram length are positively correlated.
Abstract: Within 18 perennial and annualAnthemideae species from 7 genera nuclear volume, DNA content and karyogram length are positively correlated. Annuals develop much more rapidly than related perennials. This is obviously due to greater cell elongation and abbreviated cell cycles. Annuals have lower or much higher DNA content and usually more heterchromatin than related perennials. Possible direct influences of nuclear on developmental parameters, and different evolutionary strategies in annuals and perennials are discussed.
76 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compute certain moments similar to the Cornwall-Norton sum rules, which give at all values of Q2 precisely the coefficient functions occurring in the Wilson expansion of the product of two electromagnetic currents.
TL;DR: A unique type of melanin granule, occurring in a nevoid pigmented lesion in man, is described, and evidence is presented that identical vesciles also occur in normal filamentous melanosomes of man.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that normal adult humans and mice are potentially susceptible to staphylococcal TEN, and that adult human skin is at least as susceptible to toxin in vitro as is newborn mouse (NBM) skin.
TL;DR: Serum SP-1 concentrations steadily increased after the 20th week of gestation to reach a plateau in the 37th week, and single radial immunodiffusion failed to identify anySP-1 in umbilical cord blood of newborns.
Abstract: In 50 females with normal pregnancies serum concentrations of the pregnancy-specific protein SP-1 were assayed by single radial immunodiffusion (Mancini) from the 20th week of gestation onwards. The total of 283 single tests revealed that serum SP-1 concentrations steadily increased after the 20th week of gestation to reach a plateau in the 37th week. Single radial immunodiffusion failed to identify any SP-1 in umbilical cord blood of newborns. Serum SP-1 concentrations were also assayed in high-risk pregnancies: In cases with diabetes and Rh-incompatibility serum levels were within the normal range. In EPH gestoses with a favorable prognosis serum levels were usually below the means but still within the normal range. In EPH gestoses with a poor prognosis concentrations were found to be considerably lower and mostly fell below the 2S range.
TL;DR: Estimates of genotypic frequencies and population sizes over a two-year period suggested that random drift played an important role in the population changes toward a highly mosaic pattern of differentiation and local monomorphism in a substantial proportion of colonies.
Abstract: The population structure of wild oats (Avena fatua) sampled in two prune orchards was described using Wright's model of a population having many largely isolated, small subdivisions. A high degree of genetic differentiation was observed among the individual colonies for lemma color, leaf sheath hairiness and isoenzymatic loci. Estimates of genotypic frequencies and population sizes over a two-year period suggested that random drift played an important role in the population changes toward a highly mosaic pattern of differentiation and local monomorphism in a substantial proportion of colonies. It was recognized, however, that without additional extensive field studies, the hypothesis of irregularly dispersed factors of multiniche selection could not be ruled out. Similar studies are briefly reviewed in order to outline the research needed on the issue of selection versus random drift as the primary force in local differentiation.
TL;DR: Both conditions are true multiple congenital anomaly syndromes and neonatally lethal forms of dwarfism with a narrow thorax, polydactyly and associated visceral malformations probably caused by the homozygous state of different autosomal recessive genes.
Abstract: Four examples of short rib-polydactyly syndromes are described. Case 1 represents the Majewski type, and the other three are examples of the Saldino-Noonan type. Both conditions are true multiple congenital anomaly syndromes and neonatally lethal forms of dwarfism with a narrow thorax, polydactyly and associated visceral malformations. They are probably caused by the homozygous state of different autosomal recessive genes. They must be differentiated from similar conditions such as chondroectodermal dysplasia, asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia, the Meckel syndrome and the trisomy 13 syndrome.
TL;DR: Under conditions of strong uptake into the cell, the toxicity of Zn2+ solutions for E. coli is enhanced and thesis-Menten kinetics is enhanced.
Abstract: The uptake of labelled Zn2+ by starved Escherichia coli has two main components. One is energy-independent, subject to quick reversal by exchange for inactive Zn2+ carrier and interpreted as adsorption. The second component appears to consist of carrier-mediated transport into the cell. It depends on metabolic energy and greatly exceeds the first component when exogenous fermentation (glucose + nitrogen), or, better, respiration (glucose + air) is possible. It has a large temperature coefficient and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Energy-dependent uptake leads to a steady state with slow influx into, and efflux from, the cell. Under conditions of strong uptake into the cell, the toxicity of Zn2+ solutions for E. coli is enhanced.
TL;DR: In theoretical population genetics the one locus-two allele system has served for a long time as a very useful tool in model building and many fundamental theories have been worked out by the use of it, but as soon as two locus models are considered, the problem becomes much more difficult.
Abstract: In theoretical population genetics the one locus-two allele system has served for a long time as a very useful tool in model building and many fundamental theories have been worked out by the use of it. Although the value of such simplified models can not be overlooked it became clear very soon that the assumption of independent genes is unrealistic since genetic systems exhibit an interconnected complexity. As soon as two locus models are considered, the problem, however, becomes much more difficult. The very important parameters as linkage and epistatic gene interactions can be introduced in the mathematical treatment leading to more realistic models. A summary of the theoretical findings showing the significance of the problems has been given by Kimura and Ohta (1971) and Kojima and Lewontin (1970). Although the theoretical treatments of epistasis and linkage have shed much light on the load problem and how multiple polymorphism and genetic variabilities can be maintained in populations, there are only a few experimental investigations dealing with two locus problems. Inversion polymorphisms in natural populations of several Drosophila species offer good material for analyzing the role of linkage and epistasis. Independent inversions of homologous chromosomes show very often nonrandom associations, in as far as coupling or repulsion phases are much more frequent than theoretically expected (Levitan, 1958; Bmcic, 1961; Mather, 1963; Stalker, 1964). An extreme case has been reported for Drosophila subobscura (Sperlich and Feuerbach, 1969). In this European species independent but linked inversions oc-
TL;DR: Evidence is given for the accumulation of [3 5S]taurine by a specific synaptosomal population of rat cerebral cortex through centrifugation.
Abstract: — Equilibrium or incomplete equilibrium density gradient centrifugation was used to characterize the subcellular localization of exogenous [3 5S]taurine which was taken up by minces or homogenates of rat cerebral cortex. [3 5S]Taurine is accumulated in synaptosomes, which sediment more slowly than l-[3H]norepinephrine-accumulating particles. When [3 5S]taurine and [3H]GABA are accumulated by minces, a small difference in the sedimentation profile of taurine and GABA was observed, but no difference was found when taurine and intrasynaptosomal potassium were compared. However, potassium sedimented more slowly after incubation of homogenates than of minces. These data give evidence for the accumulation of [3 5S]taurine by a specific synaptosomal population.
TL;DR: In this article, the iron-tellurium phase diagram was investigated by thermal, X-ray, and isopiestic measurements up to 1,100°C, with a homogeneity range from 45.9 to 48.9.
Abstract: The iron—tellurium phase diagram was investigated by thermal, X-ray, and isopiestic measurements up to 1,100°C. Tetragonal β(≈FeTe0.9) with a homogeneity range from 45.9 to 48.1 at % Te at 715°C is stable from room temperature to 844°C where it decomposes peritectoidally into Fe and rhombohedral high-temperature β′(≈FeTe0.9). β′ decomposes at 914°C peritectically into Fe and liquid, and at 800°C by a eutectoid reaction into β and γ(≈FeTe1.2). γ exists between 809° (γ→β′+δ) and 636°C (γ→β+δ). The monoclinically distorted NiAs-phase δ decomposes peritectically at 55.2 at % Te and 812°C into β′ and liquid and is stable down to the eutectoid δ⇋β+δ′ at 565±15°C and 58.8 at % Te. δ is separated from hexagonal NiAs-type δ′ by a narrow two-phase region. δ′ has a maximum range of homogeneity at 650°C from 59.2 to 65.1 at % Te and exists between the eutectoid δ′⇋β+e at 519°C and the peritectic δ+L⇋δ′ at 766°C. Orthorhombic e(≈FeTe2.0) is stable from room temperature to the peritectic δ′+L=e at 649°C. e and Te form a degenerate eutectic at 446°C.
TL;DR: In this article, a concept related to the entropy is studied, where A and B are two density matrices, with eigenvalues a1, a2,… and b1, b2, etc, arranged in decreasing order and repeated according to multiplicity.
TL;DR: The crystal structure of these compounds has been determined by means of single crystal photographs of the compounds ThMoB4 and ThWB4 as discussed by the authors, and the relationship to the crystal chemistry of boron layer structures such as AlB2, YCrB4, and Y2ReB6 has been discussed.
Abstract: Ternary complex borides of formulaMM′B4* have been prepared within the system Th—{V, Mo, W, Re}—B. The crystal structure of these compounds has been determined by means of single crystal photographs of the compounds ThMoB4 and ThWB4. ThVB4, ThMoB4, ThWB4, ThReB4 were found to be isotypic. The relationship to the crystal chemistry of boron layer structures such as AlB2, YCrB4, and Y2ReB6 will be discussed.
TL;DR: Colonic adenocarcinomas were studied for the presence of blood group substances (BG) using the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) and normal antigens like BG behave as "carcinofetal antigen" in certain carcinomas of the distal large bowel.
TL;DR: It is suggested that low DNA content and short cycles might be factors determining the generation time of short-lived plants, and these assumptions fit the general findings that DNA contents have increased strikingly during general evolution but have decreased during specialisation.
Abstract: RECENTLY Bennett has demonstrated that most annual plants have less nuclear DNA than perennial plants1. Since there is a positive correlation between DNA content and minimum duration of the mitotic cell cycle2, Bennett suggested that low DNA content and short cycles might be factors determining the generation time of short-lived plants. These assumptions also fit the general findings that DNA contents have increased strikingly during general evolution3 but have decreased during specialisation4–6.
TL;DR: In this paper, basic reactions governing the degradation of lignin in oxidation with molecular oxygen are discussed emphasizing the radical (homolytic) or one-electron transfer-oxidations in the initial phase.
Abstract: Basic reactions governing the degradation of lignin in oxidation with molecular oxygen are discussed emphasizing the radical (homolytic) or one-electron transfer-oxidations in the initial phase The critical oxidation potentials (COP) according to Fieser were found to represent a useful measure for the ease of electron release from lignin-related phenolic models At low alkalinity rough correlations were observed between the measured COPs and the initial oxygenation rates The results obtained from quantum mechanical calculations of critical oxidation potentials are briefly discussed
01 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von Ilvait ergab fur 540 photometrierte unabhangige ReflexeR=0,036.
Abstract: Eine Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von Ilvait ergab fur 540 photometrierte unabhangige ReflexeR=0,036. Die vonBelov undMokeeva (1954) vorgeschlagene Struktur wird im wesentlichen bestatigt. Besonders interessante Ergebnisse stellen die Abstandsverhaltnisse um die Fe-Atome dar, die ebenso wie die Protonenresonanzmessungen, darauf hinweisen, das die Fe(B)-Punktlage von Fe2+ besetzt ist, wahrend die Fe(A)-Punktlage statistisch von Fe2+-und Fe3+-Ionen besetzt ist. Dieses Ergebnis stimmt mit einer vonBaur (1970) gemachten Vorhersage uberein und steht im Gegensatz zur Annahme vonBelov undMokeeva (1954). Die entsprechende kristallchemische Formel des Ilvaits lautet:
$$Ca[7](Fe^{2 + } ,Fe^{3 + } )_2 [6]Fe^2 + [2 + 4](OH)O[Si_2 O_7 ]rh.$$
Breitlinien-Kernresonanz-Untersuchungen und magnetische Messungen an orientierten Einkristallen bestatigen die auf Grund von UR-Messungen getroffene Annahme einer O(7)−H...O(6)-Wasserstoffbrucke mit H nahe der O(7)−O(6)-Verbindungslinie.
TL;DR: It could be shown, that oxygen consumption of Tobrilus is significantly lower compared with the other species and it is concluded that the metabolism of this species is partially anaerobic, even when oxygen is available.
Abstract: Tobrilus gracilis (Bastian) was found to live predominantly in oxygen deficient mud layers of Neusiedlersee, Austria. The O2-consumption of all active life stages was measured with Cartesian diver respirometers. The respiration-body weight regression (R=aWb; in μl O2·10-3/individual·h and μg wet weight) was calculated to be R=0.522 W0.693. This suggests that the species is not obligatory anaerobic but can use oxygen when available. Furthermore, a respiration-body weight regression was calculated for four other nematodes from a wide range of habitats using literature data. The regression coefficients ranged from 0.68–0.85 but were not significantly different (P=0.05). The intercept of the y-axis (“a” in the regression equation), which indicates the metabolic rate of a species, ranged from 1.34–2.01 μl·10-3 O2/individual·h at 20°C. Covariance analysis was used to test the differences in the level of metabolic activity for Tobrilus gracilis, Aphelenchus avenae and Panagrolaimus rigidus. It could be shown, that oxygen consumption of Tobrilus is significantly lower compared with the other species and it is concluded that the metabolism of this species is partially anaerobic, even when oxygen is available.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the determination of uranium by fluorimetry and spectrophotometry in samples of natural non-saline waters is described, where the water sample is filtered and, following the addition of ascorbic acid and potassium thiocyanate, passed through a column of the strongly basic anion-exchange resin Dowex 1-X8.
TL;DR: In this article, Gibbs-Duhem integration was used to calculate the integral free energies of formation in the hexagonal δ′-NiAs phase and the interaction energy between iron vacancies was found to be 820 cal·g−1.
Abstract: Vapor pressures of tellurium of iron—tellurium alloys were determined between 550 and 900°C and between 0 and 67 at % Te by an isopiestic method. Activities and partial molar enthalpies of tellurium were calculated and integral free energies of formation were obtained by aGibbs-Duhem integration. Two statistical models were used to calculate activities in the hexagonal δ′-NiAs phase. Excellent agreement with the experimental values was obtained by assuming random distribution of iron atoms and iron vacancies in the defected (00 1/2) layers of the lattice. The interaction energy between iron vacancies was found to be 820 cal·g-atom−1.
TL;DR: The distribution patterns of melanosomes within keratinocytes, i.e., aggregation or dispersion, are independent of the actions of the pigment cell and do not represent different stages of a single, uniform process.