Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee published in 1968"
TL;DR: In this paper, an algorithm for the determination of the economic design of -charts based on Duncan's model is described, which consists of solving an implicit equation in design variables n (sample size) and k (control limit factor) and an explicit equation for h (sampling interval).
Abstract: An algorithm for the determination of the economic design of -charts based on Duncan's model is described in this paper. This algorithm consists of solving an implicit equation in design variables n (sample size) and k (control limit factor) and an explicit equation for h (sampling interval). The use of this algorithm not only yields the exact optimum but also provides valuable information so that the sensitivity of the optimum loss-cost (L*) can be evaluated. Loss-cost contours are used to discuss the nature of the loss-cost surface and the effect of the design variables. The effect of two parameters, the delay factor (e), and the average time for an assignable cause to occur (1/λ), on the optimum design is evaluated. Numerical examples are used for illustrations.
113 citations
TL;DR: The present paper deals with the question as to whether implosive therapy should be considered a behavioral therapy since only the third characteristic stated above can be ascribed directly to it.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt by outside behavioral scientists to study such problems in one enterprise is described, and as a result of the findings, management has experimented with organizational changes in the cycle of new product development.
Abstract: The management of commercial products arising from advanced technology presents a serious challenge to traditional practice. This paper recounts an attempt by outside behavioral scientists to study such problems in one enterprise. Partly as a result of the findings, management has experimented with organizational changes in the cycle of new product development. The findings are consistent with and partially replicate earlier research.
70 citations
Abstract: In most hunting societies there occur together two patterns of behavior that seem incompatible: on the one hand, there are precise formulae for ascribing ownership of an animal to one person when many contribute to acquiring it; and on the other hand, there are patterns for community wide distribution of such animals. Why should such explicit property rules exist if the animals will be distributed anyway? The seeming paradox becomes resolved when these patterns are viewed in the context of the dynamics of reciprocal distributive systems and patterns of esteem-acquisition through superiority in contributing to the community subsistence. The pattern of ownership involved appears to have the function of suppressing conflict among those who contribute to acquiring an animal, since all would like to own it and thus be able to share it. Support for this conclusion derives from social situations in which the pattern of property ascription is absent and conflict is present.
63 citations
TL;DR: Noxious stimulation of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris elicits secretion of a mucus that is aversive to other members of the species, as well as to the stimulated animal when it is encountered later.
Abstract: Noxious stimulation of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris elicits secretion of a mucus that is aversive to other members of the species, as well as to the stimulated animal when it is encountered later. This alarm pheromone is not readily soluble in water and retains its aversive properties for at least several months if not disturbed. Its influence may be responsible for some features of the data on instrumental learning in earthworms.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the low temperature heat capacities of superconducting niobium and tantalum carbides measured for carbon concentration and crystal structure effects, and showed that the capacity of these carbides depends on the crystal structure of the crystal.
55 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is reported and discussed that the marmoset nail also has a deep layer and terminal matrix, and it cannot be claimed that the presence of the deep layerand terminal matrix determines the distinctive shape of the claw as opposed to the nail.
Abstract: W. E. Le Gros Clark concluded in his study of the problem of the primate claw that the essential difference between claw and nail is the presence of a terminal matrix associated with a deep layer in the claw, whereas neither terminal matrix nor deep layer exists in the nail. He demonstrated that the marmoset claw (which tips every digit except the hallux) has a thin deep layer and a recognizable terminal matrix. The present paper reports and discusses evidence that the marmoset nail also has a deep layer and terminal matrix. Although the importance of these structures in the claw is not disputed, it appears that these can no longer be considered absolute differences between claw and nail. On the basis of this evidence, it cannot be claimed that the presence of the deep layer and terminal matrix determines the distinctive shape of the claw as opposed to the nail.
50 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that timeout can produce aversive effects even when loss of reinforcement results, and that timeout punishment suppressed responding, with the degree of suppression increasing as a function of the duration of the timeout period.
Abstract: This investigation, using rats as subjects and punishment by timeout for responses maintained on a ratio schedule, sought to determine whether behavior would be suppressed by timeout punishment when such suppression also reduced reinforcement density or frequency. A series of experiments indicated that timeout punishment suppressed responding, with the degree of suppression increasing as a function of the duration of the timeout period. Suppressive effects were found to decrease as a function of increases in deprivation (body weight) and were eliminated when the punished response also was reinforced. It was concluded that timeout can produce aversive effects even when loss of reinforcement results. An alternative interpretation of the findings, based on the effects of extinction periods and delay of reinforcement on chained behavior, was discussed.
37 citations
35 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nonrelativistic theory of a single para-Fermi field of order $p$ is investigated, and it is shown that the state-vector space can be spanned by what we shall call standard state vectors.
Abstract: The nonrelativistic theory of a single para-Fermi field of order $p$ is investigated. General properties of state vectors are studied in detail, and it is shown that the state-vector space can be spanned by what we shall call standard state vectors. A restriction on the form of interaction Hamiltonians is derived from the requirement that our formalism be described by local Lagrangian field theory. This restriction on interaction Hamiltonians gives rise to a conservation law of a physical quantity to be called $A$, which resembles the magnitude of angular momentum with respect to its rule of addition. The conservation law of $A$ leads then to absolute selection rules for reactions, which are a generalization of those obtained elsewhere. The problem of bound states made up of our para-Fermi field is also studied, and all bound states are classified into ($p+1$) categories according to their statistical behaviors. It is found that for $pl~3$ all bound states can be described by ordinary parafield theory, whereas for $pg~4$ such is no longer the case. Furthermore, it can be shown that in the theory of $p=2$ no fermion bound states are possible. In this sense it may be said that para-Fermi fields of $p=1$ and 3 occupy a very privileged position in para-Fermi theory in general. The main results in this paper are stated as 12 theorems. It is expected that the whole argument will be valid in a relativistic theory as well.
32 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the nature of teacher-verbal feedback during the teaching-learning act and explored the general usage of feedback behaviors as well as the relationship of feed-forward and feed-back.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to explore the nature of teacher-verbal feedback during the teaching- learning act. The general usage of feedback behaviors as well as the relationship of feed...
TL;DR: In this paper, the exact occupation statistics for one-dimensional arrays of dumbbells are derived and compared with those calculated using the Bethe approximation in the case when the number of nearest neighbors is two.
Abstract: Exact relationships are developed which describe the exact occupation statistics for one-dimensional arrays ofλ-bells. (Hereλ refers to the number of contiguous compartments occupied by a particle;λ=2 for dumbbells). These relationships are consistent with those calculated using the Bethe approximation in the case when the number of nearest neighbors is two. A partition function which includes the influence of the configurational correlation inherent in a one-dimensional array ofλ-bells is also derived and discussed.
TL;DR: It seems probable that the robustness of the humerus is an inhibiting factor in the occurrence and maintenance of the perforation, and it is suggested that the articulation of the point of the ulna causes resorption of the coronoid-olecranon septum.
Abstract: Evidence is presented concerning the occurrence of the coronoid-olecranon perforation of the humerus in three species of Old World monkeys. Significant relationships are found to exist between the occurrence of the perforation and smaller minimum midshaft diameters of humeri, younger ages, and more protruding processes of ulnae. A possible explanation for perforated coronoid-olecranon septums is advanced. The olecranon process of the ulna is found to project relatively more from the shaft in young individuals than old individuals. Since the protrusion of this process is positively correlated with the occurrence of the septal perforation, it is suggested that the articulation of the point of the ulna causes resorption of the coronoid-olecranon septum. With advancing age, the contact is broken, and the perforation is filled in. Since significant correlations are shown for the occurrence of the perforation and the size of the humerus, even for an adult sample, it seems probable that the robustness of the humerus is an inhibiting factor in the occurrence and maintenance of the perforation. In larger humeri, it is possible that the point of the ulna cannot cause complete resorption, and resorption would be more likely to cause a perforation in humeri with thinner coronoid-olecranon septums. Because extreme extension of the elbow always forms an angle considerably less than 180° between the axes of the shafts in the humerus and the ulna in these monkeys, it is strongly indicated that hyperextension of the elbow joint beyond 180° is not a primary cause of the septal perforation when it appears in man.
TL;DR: In the early 1950's Taiwanese farmers using the Nan-hung Canal for irrigation learned that rice cultivation required less water than they had thought as discussed by the authors, and they changed their water control methods as practiced during periods of low water supply and so allowed significant changes in cropping patterns during the first rice crop season.
Abstract: In the early 1950's Taiwanese farmers using the Nan-hung Canal for irrigation learned that rice cultivation required less water than they had thought. After several features of their irrigation system were altered, they changed their water control methods as practiced during periods of low water supply and so allowed significant changes in cropping patterns during the first rice crop season. Previously, farmers whose fields took water from the end portion of the canal or of long ditches spent much more time and effort in bringing water to their fields and received less water than did farmers high in the system. The former thus could not allot as much land to wet rice as they wished. As a result of the changes, all users of the Nan-hung system now have enough water to raise rice on as much of their land as they desire. In addition, those who once expended considerable effort on water control activities now work only a little more than do farmers high in the system. Therefore, the location of a fie...
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when a flux density of the order of 108W/cm2 from a Q-switched ruby laser is absorbed by tungsten, nickel, titanium, carbon, and sodium targets, neutral molecules with energies of the orders of 100 electron volts per molecule were observed in a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Abstract: In studies of the particle emission produced in the laser-surface interaction, production of high-energy neutral molecules has been observed. When a flux density of the order of 108W/cm2from a Q -switched ruby laser is absorbed by tungsten, nickel, titanium, carbon, and sodium targets, neutral molecules with energies of the order of 100 electron volts per molecule are observed in a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The dominant species appear to be H 2 , CO, and CO 2 . These observations are of interest in the study of the processes that occur in the laser-produced blowoff material.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that drinking after application of carbachol to CNS structures, implicated in the thirst circuit, is not due to ventricular modification.
Abstract: Rats implanted with chronic cannulae in the lateral cerebral ventricle were treated with carbachol and eserine. Five doses of each drug were given to determine their effects on water intake of the Ss. All doses of carbachol and four lower doses of eserine failed to affect drinking. The findings suggest that drinking after application of carbachol to CNS structures, implicated in the thirst circuit, is not due to ventricular modification.
TL;DR: In this article, a lead dioxide electrode exhibits relatively high anodic currents at positive potentials in the presence of 10 −5 M or larger concentrations of EDTA in acetate buffer.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the pre-loss stimulus assumed discriminative control over low rates because responding in the presence of the stimulus was ineffective in avoiding the unavoidable loss.
Abstract: A 15-sec stimulus followed by unavoidable monetary loss was presented to human subjects who were avoiding loss on a free-operant schedule. As has been observed in studies where shock is the aversive event, initial reactions to the pre-loss stimulus were transient increases in overall and stimulus rates. Unlike shock studies, continued training produced decreased rates, in the presence of the 15-sec stimulus, which were maintained in two of three subjects. Subsequent observations indicated that lowered rates were a function of the subject's rate of avoidance responding, the duration of the stimulus, and the scheduling of avoidable losses. Increasing the duration of the stimulus eliminated lowered rates in the presence of the stimulus and subsequent exposures to conditions which previously produced lowered rates did not result in recovery of the phenomenon. Introduction of the pre-loss stimulus on an extinction baseline (avoidable losses were omitted), however, reinstituted lowered rates. It is proposed that the pre-loss stimulus assumed discriminative control over low rates because responding in the presence of the stimulus was ineffective in avoiding the unavoidable loss. Recovery from lowered rates is attributed to the occurrence of avoidable losses during the stimulus period, and maintenance of lowered rates on the extinction schedule to the omission of such avoidable losses.
TL;DR: Amperometry and constant current potentiometry are applied to the titrimetric determination of micromole quantities of EDTA with lead in acetate buffer using linear sweep voltammetric data to explain the highly sensitive detection methods.
TL;DR: Rural communities in Wisconsin, like rural communities throughout the United States, have a demographic curve which contrasts sharply with that of urban areas as discussed by the authors, with more children and young people, fewer people in the working age range (18 to 64), and more elderly people.
Abstract: Rural communities in Wisconsin, like rural communities throughout the United States, have a demographic curve which contrasts sharply with that of urban areas. Relative to urban areas, rural areas generally have more children and young people, fewer people in the working age range (18 to 64), and more elderly people. In general, the degree of contrast varies directly with physical distance from urban centers, with the demographic curve of remote communities contrasting most markedly with that of urban centers. As a single index of demographic variation, median age generally reflects the demographic curves involved, with median age declining as territorial distance from urban centers increases.
TL;DR: The concept of "attention" has been defined as the "momentary effective reaction-potential of the perceptual response of the response" by Berlyne and Broadbent.
Abstract: Definitions of attention make no more varied an array than these \"many things:' Attention has been-in one way or another-an important focus since the beginning of formalizedpsychology. Wundt, Titchener, Jamesall have left their contributions to a psychology of attention. Such a concept,which can be thought of as part of any number of areas -curiosity, perception, learning, arousal, motivation-has been approached via various smaller and more narrow channels. Thus, although there is a growing body of research on attention and the related concepts of arousal and vigilance, there exists no real theoretical area of specialization from which research emanates. Rather, there exists a variety of approaches and conceptualizations all encompassedunder the rubric \"attention.\" Definitions of attention have, by and large, centered around the response of the organism. Hence Berlyne's definition of attention as the \"momentary effective reaction-potential of the perceptual response\" (1951). Broadbent, too, defines attention in terms of \"what happens,\" positing an \"attention mechanism\" in the brain which selects what is to be attended to (1962). To approach attention head-on in all its many facets, then, would surely qualify for the thirteenth great labor of Hercules. Yet such an impossible approach is not really necessary. Looking at attention as it relates to young children and early learning may
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of unsteady seepage flow, including either evaporation or infiltration, in the domain between two fully-penetrating trenches is considered.
TL;DR: Moderate to swift currents were found to support the most abundant growth and greatest variety of species and total hardness and total alkalinity appeared to have a limiting effect at concentrations in excess of 250 ppm.
Abstract: 1. Eighteen species in fourteen genera of aquatic hyphomycetes were found in a survey of Wisconsin streams and lakes. No clear pattern of geographic distribution was evident but several species were more frequently encountered in northern areas. 2. Moderate to swift currents were found to support the most abundant growth and greatest variety of species. Type of bottom and relative water temperature showed no detectable effect. 3. Most of the commonly-occurring species were indifferent to the oxygen regime. Nitrogen levels did not appear to affect the abundance of these fungi and no pH preference was discernible throughout the relatively narrow range that was recorded. 4. Carbon dioxide level and abundance of aquatic hyphomycetes varied inversely. Total hardness and total alkalinity appeared to have a limiting effect at concentrations in excess of 250 ppm.
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-consistent consideration of a crystal-like model is presented to show how mutually interacting molecules arrange themselves in lattice structure, and it is shown that certain bosons with gapless energies are dynamically created and that their Bose-Einstein condensations manifest themselves as lattice patterns.
TL;DR: In two experiments, CRF and FR:8, respectively, there was evidence for an inverse relation between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements at .20 ml; at the small reward there was a positive relation between Resistance to extinction
Abstract: Resistance to extinction was measured in a free-operant bar-pressing situation with.02 ml or .20 ml water reward, for 10, 60, or 120 reinforcements. In two experiments, CRF and FR:8, respectively, there was evidence for an inverse relation between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements at .20 ml; at the small reward there was a positive relation between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements.