Showing papers by "Williams College published in 1975"
TL;DR: This article found that participants in conditions where the opposite sex excelled switched more often to an opposite-sex reference group on their second choice, indicating that comparing with standard setters is a secondary comparison priority.
128 citations
TL;DR: The thermal interaction between underground heat storage and the surrounding ground is studied in this article, where analytic steady-state solutions and numerical solutions to select time-dependent situations are presented and discussed.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the definition of ideological contraint is expanded to provide for various respondent identified ideological dimensions rather than an all encompassing liberal-conservative dimension, and a sample of adults are shown to have high levels of ideological constraint.
43 citations
TL;DR: Testing the hypothesis that individual differences in the speed of habituation of the phasic eleclrodermal response (EDR) reflect characteristic rates of attentional decrement with stimulus repetition indicated that group differences in response criterion levels were responsible for these differences.
Abstract: The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that individual differences in the speed of habituation of the phasic eleclrodermal response (EDR) reflect characteristic rates of attentional decrement with stimulus repetition. Subjects selected for the extrems of EDR habituation speed to a pure tone were subsequently tested in an auditory vigilance task. Slow habituators showed a high and substained rate of signal detection, while Fast habituatos showed a lower overall rate and a time-on-task decrement. Further analyses employing signal detection theory measures indicated that these detection differences were due to group differences in response criterion levels rather than to differences in the rate of attentional decrement. The implications of this finding for understanding individual differences in EDR habituation speed are discussed.
40 citations
TL;DR: It was found that significantly more Ss of higher susceptibility reduced by 50% or more than did less susceptible Ss, which is not unlike the distribution of hypnotic susceptibility in the general population.
Abstract: This study sought to obtain empirical data on the issue of whether susceptibility to hypnosis influences the outcome of an hypnotic therapy. At the first of two sessions, Ss had their susceptibility evaluated unobtrusively. At the second session, they learned Spiegel's self-hypnotic method to stop smoking. At the end of 3 months' follow-up 7 of 54 volunteers were completely abstinent (13%), while 31% had reduced smoking by 50% or more. Of the 7 totally abstaining Ss, 1 was high, 1 was low and 5 were medium susceptible, which is not unlike the distribution of hypnotic susceptibility in the general population. However, it was found that significantly more Ss of higher susceptibility reduced by 50% or more than did less susceptible Ss.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two time-series studies of coastal processes were conducted along the coast of Mustang Island, Texas during October-November, 1971 and January-February, 1972, and the responses of beach and nearshore topography to waves and currents are similar to those observed on other coasts.
Abstract: Two time-series studies of coastal processes were conducted along the coast of Mustang Island, Texas during October-November, 1971 and January-February, 1972. Patterns exhibited by winds, waves and longshore currents are similar to those observed in Lake Michigan (Davis and Fox, 1972). The dominating factor in controlling coastal processes along the Texas coast during the periods of study is barometric pressure. Large scale fluctuations in wind speed and breaker height occur as cold fronts ("northers") move across the area in an offshore direction. Abrupt changes in wind direction, breaker angle, and longshore current accompany the passage of these fronts. The responses of beach and nearshore topography to waves and currents are similar to those observed on other coasts. High energy conditions created by the passage of fronts cause seaward displacement and erosion of the sand bar, whereas low energy conditions permit slow shoreward migration and build-up of the sand bar. Rip currents are commonly present and may cut channels in the sand bar. Changes in bar locations and form, however, do not show the regular and cyclic pattern observed in Lake Michigan.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used straight line collision trajectories to estimate the thermal average T/subD/ at 308 degreeK in an atomic hydrogen maser, which is consistent with the formation of long-lived intermediate complexes during some collisions.
Abstract: Interruption of the hyperfine interaction during electron spin-exchange collisions shifts the hydrogen-atom ground-state $delta$m/subF/=0 hyperfine transition frequency in proportion to the spin-exchange collision rate and to the average time T/subD/ for hydrogen-hydrogen collisions during which the exchange interaction interrupts the hyperfine interaction. Measurements of the thermal average T/subD/ at 308 degreeK in an atomic hydrogen maser confirm the predictions of a semiclassical theory and a numerical estimate using straight- line collision trajectories. Measurements of much longer T/subD/ for hydrogen- atom collisions with O$sub 2$, NO, and NO$sub 2$ molecules are consistent with the formation of long-lived intermediate complexes during some collisions.
34 citations
32 citations
TL;DR: From the change in the electron spin resonance spectra of these nitroxides as a function of chain length, it is concluded that the sulfhydryl group is located in a crevice approx.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reversible processes in a model universe containing gas and radiation are traced, as manifested in the dynamical behaviour of the model and in the evolution of a suitably defined entropy.
Abstract: Irreversible processes in a model universe containing gas and radiation are studied. By making simplified but plausible hypotheses regarding the exchange of energy between the two components, the effects of these processes are traced, as manifested in the dynamical behaviour of the model and in the evolution of a suitably defined entropy. The dynamical behaviour is found to change systematically from cycle to cycle, coming to resemble more and more closely that of a system that is just barely bound (i.e. just contracting). The entropy increases continuously, and so provides an arrow of time even in the contracting phase. These conclusions are illustrated with numerical computations.
TL;DR: In this article, the saturated absorption of CO 2 radiation by CH 3 F gas has been determined as a function of CH3 F pressure, p, and the observed dependence is interpreted in terms of the gas collision frequency v c.
TL;DR: Olfactory preference, by males, for female urine from different stages of the estrous cycle is affected by castration but does not require previous sexual experience.
Abstract: Olfactory preferences between urine odors from estrous and nonestrous female mice were tested using four groups of BDF1 male mice; sexually experienced or sexually naive and intact or castrated. The presence or absence of the testes was a significant factor affecting urine preference, but prior sexual experience was not a significant determinant of discrimination ability. Thus, olfactory preference, by males, for female urine from different stages of the estrous cycle is affected by castration but does not require previous sexual experience.
TL;DR: Investigation of the relationship between day length and sexual maturation in female house mice revealed that only the postweaning photoperiod treatment was a significant factor influencing the attainment of puberty.
Abstract: A series of 4 experiments investigated the relationship between day length and sexual maturation in female house mice. Mice reared in constant light matured significantly later than mice maintained under photoperiods involving 0, 6, 12, or 18 hr of light/day. Results of an experiment involving cross-classified combinations of pre- and postweaning photoperiods revealed that only the postweaning photoperiod treatment was a significant factor influencing the attainment of puberty. Studies of body growth, food consumption, and wheel-running activity in young females housed under different photoperiods indicated that mice kept in constant light grew more slowly during the first 10 days after weaning, generally consumed more food than mice at other photoperiod conditions, and failed to exhibit regular daily activity patterns like those of mice maintained under photoperiods of 0 or 12 hr of light/day. Constant illumination apparently disrupts the normal physiological and behavioral activity rhythms and delays the attainment of sexual maturity.
TL;DR: A number of political scientists identify two forms of democratic theory: an elitist version and a participatory or citizenship version as discussed by the authors, and the concepts of political-ideological development and belief systems play a central part in this dialogue.
Abstract: A number of political scientists identify two forms of democratic theory. Although the two theory classifications lack perfect agreement about who belongs in which category, the various descriptions distinguish between an elitist version and a participatory or citizenship version of democratic theory (Pateman, 1970; Thompson, 1967; Walker, 1967). The concepts of political-ideological development and belief systems play a central part in this dialogue. For any active citizenship role that theorists might envision for a
TL;DR: Based on China's recent experience, positive lessons are suggested that could potentially be transplanted to other countries, especially socialist developing countries as discussed by the authors, where six lessons and three corollaries are put forward.
TL;DR: In this article, EEG alpha activity and skin potential were measured during word presentation in a single trial free recall task and the results were interpreted as supporting the extension of Routtenberg's (1968) two-arousal system hypothesis to human memory.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 152 students in Principles of Economics classes at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle were used to predict grade point average for a class at UIC and found that knowledge of high school type, sex, number of credit hours taken, and perhaps dollar value of scholarships and number of hours of outside work could significantly increase the ability to predict grades beyond that accomplished through using rank in high school class and American College Testing Program (ACT) Composite Score.
Abstract: Grade point average was predicted for a sample of 152 students in Principles of Economics classes at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. It was shown that knowledge of high school type, sex, number of credit hours taken, and perhaps dollar value of scholarships and number of hours of outside work could significantly increase the ability to predict grades beyond that accomplished through using rank in high school class and American College Testing Program (ACT) Composite Score.
TL;DR: The data of the earlier experiments and the experiment presented in this note do support the conclusion that the accelerated sexual development of young female mice in the presence of an adult male involves more than just a male urinary pheromone.
TL;DR: Three analogs of phosphoenolpyruvic acid, found to be substrates for yeast pyruvate kinase, exhibited sigmoidal kinetics, which become hyperbolic upon addition of the allosteric effector, fructose 1,6-diphosphate.
TL;DR: In two experiments (Ns = 144 and 192), second, fourth, and sixth graders learned pairs of pictures or of words, and were tested for both item learning (either with pictures or words) and associative learning as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, electric dipole moments of methyl thiobenzoate (1.70 D), thiophthalic anhydride (3.92 D), and dibenzoyl sulphide(3.88 D) have been measured in benzene at 25° C.
TL;DR: Dose-response curves were plotted to analyze the effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists upon neural activity within the hypothalamus and multiple unit activity was recorded following microinjection of the drugs directly into the recording site through a hollow recording electrode.
Abstract: Dose-response curves were plotted to analyze the effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists upon neural activity within the hypothalamus. Multiple unit activity (MUA) was recorded following microinjection of the drugs directly into the recording site through a hollow recording electrode. Dose-dependent decreases in MUA occurred following the microinjection of the alpha-adrenergic agonist 1-norepinephrine and also following low, but not high, doses of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Neither the beta-adrenergic agonist dl-isoproterenol nor the beta-adrenergic antagonist dl-propranolol produced dose-related effects upon MUA at the sites tested. A small nonbiochemically specific decrease in MUA was also found to follow all microinjections into the lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus when any compound was microinjected, including isotonic saline.
TL;DR: In this paper, the covariant formulas for the total four-momentum and angular momentum of an isolated physical system in general relativity were derived in weak-field approximation, for which they were shown to be expressible in surface integral form, to be unique, and to represent covariantly conserved quantities.
TL;DR: In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks.
Abstract: Young domestic chicks were reared individually in compartments of four different colors and then tested either in a color-preference test with stationary objects (N equals 128) or with a moving stimulus (N equals 128). For each type of test we used four background colors in the test arena. The dependent variables included color preferences, following behavior and emotional responses of the young chicks. The results showed no significant effects of the color of the arena-background in either test situation. The color of the rearing compartment was a significant factor affecting color preferences in the test with stationary objects. In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks.
TL;DR: Data suggest that neither the lateral hypothalamic “feeding center” nor the ventromedial hypothalamus “satiety center,” are the neuroanatomical substrate of amphetamine-produced anorexia.
Abstract: Dose-response curves showing the effects of amphetamine administration upon multiple unit activity from the lateral hypothalamic area and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus were obtained. Systemic administration of dextroamphetamine sulfate produced dose-dependent increases in multiple unit activity from both structures, while the direct microinjection of amphetamine into the structures themselves produced a dose-dependent decrease in neural activity from both structures. These data suggest that neither the lateral hypothalamic “feeding center,” nor the ventromedial hypothalamic “satiety center,” are the neuroanatomical substrate of amphetamine-produced anorexia.