Showing papers in "Applied Spectroscopy Reviews in 2016"
TL;DR: This study examined how graphene oxide-coated Ti (GO-Ti) membranes can enhance the osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and promote new bone formation for potential applications to GBR.
Abstract: Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a technique where a barrier membrane is placed over the bone defect to prevent cell growth from the connective tissue and epithelium. Titanium (Ti) has excellent mechanical properties and is one of the most frequently used materials in implant dentistry. This study examined how graphene oxide (GO)-coated Ti (GO-Ti) membranes can enhance the osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and promote new bone formation for potential applications to GBR. The physicochemical properties of GO-Ti membranes were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurements. The cellular behaviors of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on GO-Ti membranes were examined by cell counting kit-8 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays. The effects of GO-Ti membranes on bone regeneration were evaluated by implanting them into rat calvarial defects. GO was coated uniformly on Ti substrates, which allowed a decrease in surface roughness and c...
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the applications of the liquid petrochemicals detection based on the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system, mainly containing the analysis of molecular properties, qualitative identification, quantitative analysis and the terasymmetric metamaterials sensing.
Abstract: Petrochemicals, one of the most important energy sources, contribute to the remarkable development of human civilization. Therefore, the development of a kind of fast, safe, reliable and nondestructive detection technology is essential. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, containing abundant physical, chemical, and structural information of materials, shows significant applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, medicine, pharmacy and biology. As a promising detection technology, THz technology provides a new reliable analytic method in liquid petrochemicals detection due to the fact that low-frequency vibrational and rotational motions of hydrocarbon molecules lie in the terahertz region. In this article, we review the applications of the liquid petrochemicals detection based on the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system, mainly containing the analysis of molecular properties, qualitative identification, quantitative analysis and the terahertz metamaterials sensing...
49 citations
TL;DR: The lanthanide-doped up-conversion (UC) nanocrystals exhibit unique luminescence properties, such as the conversion of near-infrared long wavelength excitation into short visible wavelength emission as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The lanthanide-doped up-conversion (UC) nanocrystals exhibit unique luminescence properties, such as the conversion of near-infrared long wavelength excitation into short visible wavelength emission. These UC nanoparticles symbolize a new class of phosphor materials. Recently, lanthanide-doped UC nanocrystals have been developed as a biological class for various applications including bio-imaging, drug delivery, and sensing which require low auto-fluorescence background, large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission bandwidths, high resistance to photo-bleaching, high penetration depth tissue, and high temporal resolution. Furthermore, these UC nanocrystals show promising poten-tial for improving the selectivity and sensitivity compared with those in common traditional methods. This review focuses on the fundamental mechanism of UC optical processes, synthetic methods with focus on the different techniques used, energy transfer mecha-nisms of lanthanide-doped UC nanocrystals, and in particular recent d...
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive overview of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the detection and identification of extremely low traces of explosives, including TNT, DNT, RDX, PETN, TATP, HMTD, and perchlorate.
Abstract: Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has undergone an important development over the last few years, particularly in the detection and identification of extremely low traces of explosives. The large number of studies and results generated by this increasing research makes a comprehensive overview necessary. This work reviews in detail that research focused on the identification of explosives by SERS, including TNT, DNT, RDX, PETN, TATP, HMTD, perchlorate, etc. either in bulk state, in solution or in vapor phase. In brief, TNT and DNT have been widely studied by SERS due to its aromatic structure and LODs down to 5–10 zg and 10−17–10−13 M have been achieved. The other explosives have been quite less researched; therefore, few results are available to be compared and a bit more modest LODs have been reached such as 10−13 M for RDX, 10−4 M for TATP, 5 pg for PETN, or 10−9 M for perchlorate. In addition, the challenges of detecting both explosives vapors and perchlorate anion by SERS are thoroughl...
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, various Raman spectroscopy techniques employed for water quality detection are presented based on the types of pollutants: organics, inorganics, and biological contaminants, and relevant detection parameters are reviewed, such as detection materials, detection parameters, limit of detection, detection range, peak positions, and selectivity.
Abstract: Water pollution is hazardous to the health of humans and other organisms, and detection of pollutants in aquatic environments is of primary importance for water quality monitoring. Raman spectroscopy offers an effective tool for qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of contaminants in a water environment. This article focuses on applications of Raman spectroscopy for detection of water quality. In this article, various Raman spectroscopy techniques employed for water quality detection are presented based on the types of pollutants: organics, inorganics, and biological contaminants. Additionally, the relevant detection parameters are reviewed, such as detection materials, limit of detection, detection range, peak positions, and selectivity. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various Raman spectroscopy techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development of Raman spectroscopy for detection of water quality is discussed.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed possible contamination sources of drinking water contained in PET bottles and presented instrumental analytical methods suitable for Sb and phthalate ester determination in drinking water and PET material.
Abstract: Interest in studying leaching of toxic (in)organic contaminants such as antimony (Sb) and phthalate esters into drinking water increased because of the ever growing market of water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging material. Possible contamination sources of drinking water contained in PET bottles are hereby reviewed. Instrumental analytical methods suitable for Sb and phthalate ester determination in drinking water and PET material are also presented. Outcomes on leaching of Sb and phthalate esters into drinking water are grouped according to storage time, exposure to heat/light, sample pH, and PET bottle volume. Methods for estimation of toxicological activity of water in PET bottles are also compiled. Normally, Sb and phthalate ester concentrations in drinking water do not exceed the health limit values in force. Although excellent detection limits can be achieved for phthalate ester determination, due to their ubiquity, results are primarily affected by laboratory cross-con...
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of Raman spectroscopy for analyzing vegetable oils including extra virgin olive oil is discussed, which is one of the main ingredients of the Mediterranean diet and is among the healthiest of eating practices.
Abstract: Vegetable oils provide high nutritional value in the human diet. Specifically, extra virgin olive oil is one of the main ingredients of the Mediterranean diet, which is among the healthiest of eating practices. This article reviews the use of Raman spectroscopy for analyzing edible vegetable oils including olive oil. Although the spectra for edible vegetable oils are similar, they exhibit some differences which, however small, enable their discrimination. Thus, Raman spectra allow one to determine the degree of unsaturation of oils. This property is correlated with the iodine value but much faster and simpler to obtain. The degree of unsaturation can be used to classify and authenticate oils, which is especially useful with high-quality oils. In fact, adulteration with mixtures of more inexpensive oils can be easily detected by Raman spectroscopy. This technique additionally allows some minor components present in unsaponifiable matter to be identified. Fats in general and vegetable oils in partic...
39 citations
TL;DR: The application of an advanced focal plane array detector, which is able to scan a large area of samples in a short time, helps in investigating specific changes that could be correlated with different environmental stresses as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Modern infrared (IR) spectroscopy and imaging has a wide range of applications in health and plant sciences. Initially, it was extensively used for the study of proteins, nucleotides, lipids and carbohydrates. With time, its use has extended to disease assessment to discriminate healthy and diseased samples on the basis of chemical changes. The application of an advanced focal plane array detector, which is able to scan a large area of samples in a short time, helps in investigating specific changes that could be correlated with different environmental stresses. An IR microscope connected with a synchrotron light source further enhances the lateral spatial resolution at diffraction limit because of the compact beam size. For example, synchrotron-based IR spectroscopy imaging in combination with multivariate statistical analysis has been proven to be a powerful non-destructive analytical tool to probe changes in plant cell wall composition/structure in response to biological processes and environme...
35 citations
TL;DR: Vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively employed for the analysis of olive oil as mentioned in this paper, which is a complex matrix, demonstrating the great potential of vibrational approaches in these studies.
Abstract: Vibrational spectroscopy as an important branch of molecular spectroscopy has been extensively employed for the analysis of olive oil. To date, plenty of research articles have been published with regards to the analysis of olive oil, which is really a complex matrix, demonstrating the great potential of vibrational spectroscopic approaches in these studies. In this critical review, we cover latest progresses and applications of the three vibrational spectroscopies (mid-infrared, near-infrared, and Raman spectroscopy) used for the analysis of olive oil. In the first part of this review, we focus on the basic theoretical aspects related to vibrational spectroscopic techniques and chemometrics, while in the second part, we discuss their recent applications in qualitative evaluation and authentication of virgin olive oil.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of Raman spectroscopy in food processes, such as fermentation, cooking, processed food manufacturing, and so on, is explored and the characteristics and difficulties of the Raman inspection of these processes are also discussed.
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is a novel method of food analysis and inspection. It is highly accurate, quick, and noninvasive. The investigation and monitoring of food processing is important because most of the foods humans eat today are processed in various ways. In this article, the use of Raman spectroscopy in food processes, such as fermentation, cooking, processed food manufacturing, and so on, are explored. The characteristics and difficulties of the Raman inspection of these processes are also discussed. According to the various research reports, Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for monitoring these food processes in lab environments and is likely to see usage in situ in the future.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review has been conducted on the application of the spectroscopic techniques to the comparative study and identification of different textile fibers, and a frequent recommendation is a combination of both techniques, in order to get a comprehensive analysis of textile fibers.
Abstract: A review has been conducted on the application of the spectroscopic techniques to the comparative study and identification of different textile fibers. Microspectrophotometry in the ultraviolet-visible range and Raman spectroscopy are the main techniques investigated with this aim in the forensic field. UV-Vis MSP is the first recommended technique, which is principally used to study the color of the fibers. A more complete approximation focused on determining the specific color of the fibers providing adding Raman spectroscopy to the analytical scheme. Sometimes, it also provided information about the polymeric nature of the fibers. Regarding FTIR spectroscopy, it is the recommended tool to determine the fiber nature. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy are complementary techniques and a frequent recommendation is a combination of both techniques, in order to get a comprehensive analysis of textile fibers. On the other hand, new and more informative analytical techniques are emerging to the analysis of t...
TL;DR: The results suggest that GH/GO hydrogels can be exploited to craft a range of strategies for the development of promising scaffolds to accelerate skeletal tissue regeneration because of their potential to stimulate myogenesis.
Abstract: Recently, numerous studies have focused on the development of scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration with various structures. Among various structures, in situ forming hydrogels have attracted considerable attention because they can provide 3D microenvironments for cells, and their stiffness and elasticity can be easily controlled by physical or chemical means. Over the last decade, graphene oxide (GO) has been widely explored as a potential candidate for biomaterials because of its excellent physicochemical properties and outstanding biocompatibility. In this study, horseradish peroxide-reactive gelatin polymer (GH) hydrogels incorporated with GO were prepared and their physicochemical and biomechanical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, ther-mogravimetric analysis, and rheological study. The cellular behaviors of the C2C12 myoblasts within the GO-incorporated GH (GH/GO) hydrogels were examined by a...
TL;DR: The complex pseudodielectric function of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers for energies from 1.40 to 6.42 eV and temperatures from 35 to 350 K was reported in this paper.
Abstract: We report the complex pseudodielectric function of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers for energies from 1.40 to 6.42 eV and temperatures from 35 to 350 K. MoS2 was grown as a continuous monolayer on a SiO2/Si substrate in a two zone hot-wall furnace using a catalyst-free chemical vapor growth process. The monolayer was then transferred onto a sapphire substrate. We investigated the optical properties of MoS2 using a dual-rotating-compensator ellipsometer with the sample in ultrahigh vacuum to prevent degradation and to minimize condensation artifacts in the data at low sample temperatures. Critical-point (CP) energies were determined using numerically calculated second energy derivatives of the spectra. At low temperature, we observed a splitting of A-excitonic peak. This identifies the bound excitonic states, including negatively charged excitons, trion states in monolayer MoS2. Splitting of the B-excitonic peak is also indicated. Blue shifts of the CP energies and enhanced structures with re...
TL;DR: A new sensitive metalloimmunoassay using antibody labeled with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles (NPs) for indirect but amplified chemiluminescence (CL) was developed for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in human serum, with results in good agreement with those obtained by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Abstract: A new sensitive metalloimmunoassay using antibody labeled with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles (NPs) for indirect but amplified chemiluminescence (CL) was developed for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in human serum. Fe-MIL-88B-NH2 NPs was prepared with a microwave-assisted synthesis approach in a facile manner, with NPs size of 50 ± 5 nm in length and 30 ± 5 nm in width. To accomplish the immunoassay of AFP, Fe-MIL-88B-NH2 NPs labeled anti-AFP was eventually dissolved in hydrochloric acid after binding with AFP for indirectly amplified signal through detection of Fe3+ by a luminol-H2O2 CL method. High selectivity from the immunoreaction and high sensitivity from the amplified CL were obtained for the proposed method, with a limit of detection (3 pg mL−1) better than those of AFP immunoassays using other methods and labeling agents including Fe-based NPs for other similar analytes. Human serum samples were analyzed for AFP by this method, with the analytical results in good ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the recent advances in cysteine detection with plasmonic nanoparticles as colorimetric platforms, wherein the colors of nanomaterials change upon the introduction of cysteines, which could be easily followed by the naked eye without requiring any instrumentation.
Abstract: Cysteine plays a crucial role in physiological processes, as well as in the food, pharmaceutical, and even personal care industries, which is of great significance to control its concentration. Plasmonic nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest in colorimetric sensing, due to their outstanding optical, chemical, and catalytic properties. Their colors, derived from the absorption of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), strongly depend on the shape, size, constituent, and aggregates states, which could be tuned by cysteine. This review highlights the recent advances in cysteine detection with plasmonic nanoparticles as colorimetric platforms, wherein the colors of nanomaterials change upon the introduction of cysteine, which could be easily followed by the naked eye without requiring any instrumentation. The selective and sensitive detection mechanisms are discussed. The presence of cysteine could adjust the shape, size, constituent, and interparticle distance of nanomaterials, le...
TL;DR: A critical review of reported measurement procedures and methods used to relate quantitative features of the measured spectra with the absorbed dose of EPR is provided.
Abstract: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) biodosimetry is based on quantitative measurements of the effects of radiation in biological materials. These effects have a form of stable free radicals and the concentration of these radicals is dependent on the absorbed dose. Recent studies suggest a possibility of using EPR signals generated by ionizing radiation in nails for radiation dosimetry. This article provides a critical review of reported measurement procedures and methods used to relate quantitative features of the measured spectra with the absorbed dose. The preliminary part of this article gives basic information about the structure and composition of nails and contains a brief description of the history of the use of EPR spectroscopy in determining the doses absorbed by irradiated persons. The main part of the article provides characterization of EPR signals generated by mechanical cutting of nails and by radiation and presents factors responsible for the magnitude and changes in these signals...
TL;DR: Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy and are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative.
Abstract: Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. They are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative. With complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becoming increasingly popular, more people are consuming natural herbal medicines. Thus, chemical fingerprints of herbal medicines are investigated to determine the content of these products. In this study, I review the different types of Raman spectroscopic techniques used in fingerprinting herbal medicines, including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FT)–Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, and confocal/microscopic Raman spectroscopy. Lab-grade Raman spectroscopy instruments help detect the chemical components of herbal medicines effectively and accurately without the need for complicated separation and extraction procedures. In addit...
TL;DR: Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) is a commonly employed method for elemental analysis employed with chemical vapor generation procedures due to its low cost and high sensitivity as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) is a commonly employed method for elemental analysis employed with chemical vapor generation procedures due to its low cost and high sensitivity. Advances in AFS are reviewed for 2014 and 2015 involving instrumentation and novel applications. Major advances include novel applications of diffusive gradients in thin films, photochemical vaporization, and novel atom cells. Significant applications were reported in the fields of food, bioanalytical, materials, and environmental analysis. Atomic fluorescence was employed for elemental speciation, with emphasis on the determination of mercury and arsenic.
TL;DR: The lacunae of the spectroscopy techniques along with its future trends that may make it a technique routinely applied in clinical settings are addressed.
Abstract: Spectroscopic techniques have been finding increasing applications in the field of biomedicine especially in the field of disease diagnosis and monitoring in spite of the rapid emergence of several...
TL;DR: In the past decade, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a spectacular tool for quantitative bioanalysis with the development of element-labeling/tagging strategies as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the past dozen years, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a spectacular tool for quantitative bioanalysis with the development of element-labeling/tagging strategies. These strategies are paving the way for ICP-MS-based bioanalysis from endogenous heteroelement labels through chemoselective to biospecific exogenous element tags, accompanied by great improvements in sensitivity and selectivity and thus accuracy as well. In this minireview, we critically describe such a developing process, focusing on the research activities performed in our laboratory and some achievements of enlightening significance. A look into the future of ICP-MS-based bioanalysis is proposed regarding the element-tagging strategy and analysis of microorganisms, novel methodological developments for gene and protein sequencing, and the mechanisms of a certain biological process to further understand the occurrence of disease and developments for relevant drug discovery and design, in additio...
TL;DR: In this article, the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum was investigated through a numerical model and experiments constructed based on the stochastic Ag nanoislands (AgNIs) substrate.
Abstract: The surface-enhanced Raman spectrum was investigated through a numerical model and experiments constructed based on the stochastic Ag nanoislands (AgNIs) substrate. By a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method, the basic properties of electric field were calculated for numerical analysis. The plasmonic coupling between Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AgNI substrate was optimized by changing the position of AuNPs on the Ag nanostructured substrate. Furthermore, we experimentally confirmed that AgNIs substrate enable that the intensity of Raman spectra were dramatically improved up to ∼20-fold compared to that of a silver thin film as we expected in numerical calculations. The results gained in this work suggest that we could significantly enhance the Raman signal using easily fabricable AgNI substrates, and can provide the potential applications, such as food, pharmaceutical, and security inspections.
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in the applications of both near and mid infrared spectroscopy to monitor beer and wine fermentation is reviewed, with a focus on the state-of-the-art in the application of near-and mid-infrared spectroscopes.
Abstract: Wine production is directly linked with the monitoring of the fermentation and critical fermentation parameters such as total sugars and ethanol concentration, and the production of CO2. Commonly used sensors applied in the wine industry to monitor wine fermentation are those based in single sensors such as temperature probes and manual density measurements (e.g., specific gravity). These sensors are used several times per day and have been the only source of data available from which the stage of the fermentation and the evolution rate could be monitored. Therefore, an ideal method for fermentation process control and monitoring should enable a direct rapid, precise, and accurate determination of several target compounds, with minimal or no sample preparation and reagent consumption. This article reviews the state of the art in the applications of both near and mid infrared spectroscopy to monitor beer and wine fermentation.
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) for magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy through signal enhancement has been summarized, especially for systems in nonequilibrium conditions.
Abstract: Hyperpolarization techniques, in particular dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP), make a contribution to overcoming sensitivity limitations of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy through signal enhancement, leading to the study of new fields of research in real time. Utilizing the large signal enhancement initially produced on small molecules, it has become possible to study systems with low γ nuclei, such as 13C, 15N, and 29Si. This review summarizes recent studies that have extended the applicability of D-DNP into various areas of research, especially for systems in nonequilibrium conditions that involve in vivo metabolic/molecular MR imaging for early stage disease diagnosis and real-time MR analysis of various chemical/biochemical reactions for kinetic and mechanistic studies. This review also deals with the theoretical aspects of DNP mechanisms and experimental arrangements of the dissolution setup.
TL;DR: Cryo-sections of established 3D models of melanoma in human skin were applied to apply Raman spectroscopy to investigate differences between the tumor and normal tissue and between the peri-tumor area and the normal skin.
Abstract: Invasion of melanoma cells from the primary tumor involves interaction with adjacent tissues and extracellular matrix. The extent of this interaction is not fully understood. In this study Raman spectroscopy was applied to cryo-sections of established 3D models of melanoma in human skin. Principal component analysis was used to investigate differences between the tumor and normal tissue and between the peri-tumor area and the normal skin. Two human melanoma cells lines A375SM and C8161 were investigated and compared in 3D melanoma models. Changes were found in protein conformations and tryptophan configurations across the entire melanoma samples, in tyrosine orientation and in more fluid lipid packing only in tumor dense areas, and in increased glycogen content in the peri-tumor areas of melanoma. Raman spectroscopy revealed changes around the perimeter of a melanoma tumor as well as detecting differences between the tumor and the normal tissue.
TL;DR: Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) has recently become a premier analytical tool for investigating nanoscale molecular junctions as mentioned in this paper, which provides invaluable information about the correlation between charge carriers and molecular vibrations in the junctions.
Abstract: Molecular junctions in which individual molecules are utilized as active electronic components constitute a promising approach for the ultimate miniaturization and integration of electronic devices through the bottom-up strategy. A study on charge transport through the constituent molecules attached to two metallic electrodes is a very challenging task, but advances have been made in recent years. Especially, inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) has recently become a premier analytical tool for investigating nanoscale molecular junctions. The IETS spectrum provides invaluable information about the correlation between charge carriers and molecular vibrations in the junctions. This review discusses how IETS is used to investigate molecular junctions and presents an overview of recent experimental and theoretical studies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address three types of nanostructure implemented optical sensor techniques (localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) based sensors, and Raman-based spectroscopic sensors).
Abstract: By the conjugation of requirements of high-performance sensing platforms and developments of nanotechnology, various nanostructure implemented photonic, spectroscopic sensors have been investigated. In this review article, we address 3 types of nanostructure implemented optical sensor techniques—localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) based sensors, and Raman-based spectroscopic sensors—and recent advances of the nanostructure assisted sensors arranged by 2 important issues: the employment of novel nanostructures and the application of newly investigated fabrication techniques for larger sensing area.
TL;DR: Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) as mentioned in this paper is a non-destructive technique commonly used for defects and voids study in materials and provides a handy tool for in-depth profiling down to few microns, and in determining open volume defects like dislocation, agglomerates, and vacancies at ppm concentration.
Abstract: Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS), sometimes refered to as Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), are non-destructive techniques commonly used for defects and voids study in materials. It provides a handy tool for in-depth profiling down to few microns, and in determining open volume defects like dislocation, agglomerates, and vacancies at ppm concentration. PAS with the aid of Doppler broadening has certainly opened a new gateway in the spectroscopy of solid state physics, metals, RO systems, and semiconductors. Since it is an antiparticle of the electron it gives better information on the electron density in the material of interest. The lifetime of a positron is a complex function of electron density present at the annihilation site. To add beauty, in principle PAS gives the type and concentration of the defect independently by a single measurement. This article presents PAS based on the most relevant, most iconic, and most recent references.
TL;DR: In this article, the analytical performance of biosorbents coupled with different atomic spectrometric techniques, including batch and flow-based procedures, is evaluated and compared with synthetic materials without hindering analytical performance.
Abstract: Biosorbents have been widely used in analytical chemistry, mainly for analyte preconcentration, separation, and chemical speciation. Biosorption encompasses materials with and without biological activity, including vegetal materials (e.g., plant leaves, seeds, and fruit bagasses), algae, and microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and yeast) used as naturally found or after a suitable treatment or immobilization. Retention of the analyte may involve ion exchange, complex formation, or physical adsorption. Biosorbents are inexpensive, sometimes reusable or recyclable, and an alternative to the synthetic materials without hindering analytical performance. On the other hand, seasonal variability of composition and the required pretreatments can be critical drawbacks. This review critically evaluates the analytical performance of biosorbents coupled to different atomic spectrometric techniques, including batch and flow-based procedures.
TL;DR: In this article, X ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) have been introduced as substantial analysis methods on SPs.
Abstract: In this article, we highlight generalities about solid propellants (SPs) for space launch. SP is a composition of several ingredients basically oxidizer and reducing materials in order to guarantee the combustion reaction after initialization. SPs require high level control quality analysis methods due to their energetic nature with high probability of auto-inflammation, which presents a serious safety problem, thus, the spectroscopy analysis techniques are required to promote the SPs quality control accuracy. In this article, X ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) have been introduced as substantial analysis methods on SPs. The main parameters to be determined in the process of the quality control are the crystalline structure using XRD and molecular structure and molecular identification using FTIR. While NIRs combined with chemometrics proved to be a quick and non-destructive analysis tool, it provides concise quantitative data so it ha...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the less noticed but significant fact that today's imaging spectroscopy in physical science originates from hyperspectral remote sensing, a technique for earth science that acquired maturity during the last three decades.
Abstract: Imaging spectroscopy, a useful tool for modern spectroscopic studies, can embed both spatial and spectral information to a set of images and derive the spectra from that. Such techniques are implemented to diversified fields like space observation and laboratory studies of solid materials. The present article intends to highlight the less noticed but significant fact that today's imaging spectroscopy in physical science originates from hyperspectral remote sensing, a technique for earth science that acquired maturity during the last three decades. It introduces several applications of spectral imaging for terrestrial and extraterrestrial objects and anticipates some future trends in this technique. Implementation of imaging spectroscopy to atomic and molecular physics is hoped to provide an indication of future research in this direction.