Showing papers in "Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine in 2007"
TL;DR: A new model representing a dynamic approach that incorporates the consequences of repeated participation in sport, both with and without injury is outlined, which considers the implications of repeated exposure, whether such exposure produces adaptation, maladaptation, injury or complete/incomplete recovery from injury.
Abstract: :The purpose of this manuscript is to outline a new model representing a dynamic approach that incorporates the consequences of repeated participation in sport, both with and without injury. This model builds on the previous work, while emphasizing the fact that adaptations occur within the
493 citations
TL;DR: Female athletes who have undergone ACLR and returned to sport may continue to demonstrate biomechanical limb asymmetries 2 years or more after reconstruction that can be identified during landing.
Abstract: Objective:Female athletes who are at increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury demonstrate biomechanical differences between limbs during athletic tasks that may persist following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This may limit an athlete's potential for safe return
390 citations
TL;DR: The proposals presented in this consensus statement for rugby union are similar to those proposed for football and should ensure that more consistent and comparable results will be obtained from studies of injuries within rugby union.
Abstract: Wide variations in the definitions and methodologies used for studies of injuries in rugby union have created inconsistencies in reported data and made interstudy comparisons of results difficult. The International Rugby Board established a Rugby Injury Consensus Group (RICG) to agree on appropriate definitions and methodologies to standardize the recording of injuries and reporting of studies in rugby union. The RICG reviewed the consensus definitions and methodologies previously published for football (soccer) at a meeting in Dublin to assess their suitability for and application to rugby union. Following this meeting, iterative draft statements were prepared and circulated to members of the RICG for comment; a follow-up meeting was arranged in Dublin at which time all definitions and procedures were finalized. At this stage, all authors confirmed their agreement with the consensus statement. The agreed-on document was presented to and approved by the International Rugby Board Council. Agreement was reached on definitions for injury, recurrent injury, nonfatal catastrophic injury, and training and match exposures together with criteria for classifying injuries in terms of severity, location, type, diagnosis, and causation. The definitions and methodology presented in this consensus statement for rugby union are similar to those proposed for football. Adoption of the proposals presented in this consensus statement should ensure that more consistent and comparable results will be obtained from studies of injuries within rugby union.
365 citations
TL;DR: The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) was developed in 1992 primarily for the first purpose, a specific study examining the incidence of injury at the elite level of football in Australia as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Injury classification systems are generally used in sports medicine (1) to accurately classify diagnoses for summary studies, permitting easy grouping into parent categories for tabulation and (2) to create a database from which cases can be extracted for research on specific injuries. Clarity is most important for the first purpose, whereas diagnostic detail is particularly important for the second. An ideal classification system is versatile and appropriate for all sports and all data collection scenarios. The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) was developed in 1992 primarily for the first purpose, a specific study examining the incidence of injury at the elite level of football in Australia. As usage of the OSICS expanded into different sports, limitations were noted and therefore many revisions have been made. A recent study found the OSICS-8, whilst superior to the International Classification of Diseases Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) in both speed of use and 3-coder agreement, still achieved a lower level of agreement than expected. The study also revealed weaknesses in the OSICS-8 that needed to be addressed. A recent major revision resulted in the development of the new 4-character OSICS-10. This revision attempts to improve interuser agreement, partly by including more diagnoses encountered in a sports medicine setting. The OSICS-10 should provide far greater depth in classifications for the benefit of those looking to maintain diagnostic information. It is also structured to easily collapse down into parent classifications for those wanting to preserve basic information only. For those researchers wanting information collected under broader injury headings, particularly those not using fully computerized systems, the simplicity of the OSICS-8 system may still suffice. Language: en
279 citations
TL;DR: A basketball-specific balance training program was effective in reducing acute-onset injuries in high school basketball and there was also a clinically relevant trend found with respect to the reduction of all, lower-extremity, and ankle sprain injury.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a sport-specific balance training program in reducing injury in adolescent basketball. DESIGN: Cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-five high schools in Calgary and surrounding area. SUBJECTS: Nine hundred and twenty high school basketball players (ages 12-18). INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomly allocated by school to the control (n = 426) and training group (n = 494). Both groups were taught a standardized warm-up program. The training group was also taught an additional warm-up component and a home-based balance training program using a wobble board. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All injuries occurring during basketball that required medical attention and/or caused a player to be removed from that current session and/or miss a subsequent session were then recorded and assessed by a team therapist who was blinded to training group allocation. RESULTS: A basketball-specific balance training program was protective of acute-onset injuries in high school basketball [RR = 0.71 (95% CI; 0.5-0.99)]. The protective effect found with respect to all injury [RR = 0.8 (95% CI; 0.57-1.11)], lower-extremity injury [RR = 0.83 (95% CI; 0.57-1.19)], and ankle sprain injury [RR = 0.71 (95% CI; 0.45-1.13)] were not statistically significant. Self-reported compliance to the intended home-based training program was poor (298/494 or 60.3%). CONCLUSIONS: A basketball-specific balance training program was effective in reducing acute-onset injuries in high school basketball. There was also a clinically relevant trend found with respect to the reduction of all, lower-extremity, and ankle sprain injury. Future research should include further development of neuromuscular prevention strategies in addition to further evaluation of methods to increase compliance to an injury-prevention training program in adolescents. Language: en
271 citations
TL;DR: The findings provide empirical data for the future study on mental health among collegiate athletes and explain why female and freshmen athletes are at increased risk of experiencing symptoms of depression.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To describe the prevalence of symptoms of depression among competitive collegiate student athletes and examine the factors associated with symptoms of depression among this population. DESIGN:: A baseline survey of a prospective cohort study. SETTING:: The survey was administered at the preseason team meetings. PARTICIPANTS:: The sample included 257 collegiate student athletes (167 males and 90 females) who participated in Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-sponsored sports during the 2005-2006 academic year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:: Symptoms of depression were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) was used to assess the factors associated with symptoms of depression. RESULTS:: Twenty-one percent of participants reported experiencing symptoms of depression. Athletes who were female, freshmen, or with self-reported pain were associated with significantly increased odds of experiencing symptoms of depression after adjusting for sports and other covariates. In particular, female athletes had 1.32 greater odds (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.73) of experiencing symptoms of depression compared to male student athletes. Freshmen had 3.27 greater odds (95% CI, 1.63 to 6.59) of experiencing symptoms of depression than their more senior counterparts. Student athletes who reported symptoms of depression were associated with higher scores of State-Anxiety and Trait-Anxiety, respectively (P Language: en
268 citations
TL;DR: Male and female recreational athletes performed unilateral landings with significant differences in knee kinematic and EMG variables compared to bilateral landings, and females landed with increased knee valgus and VGRF compared to males during both types of landing.
Abstract: Objective:To determine the effect of landing type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and gender on the biomechanics of drop landings in recreational athletes.Design:This study used a repeated measures design to compare bilateral and unilateral landings in male and female athletes. A repeated measures multiv
246 citations
TL;DR: This investigation revealed that, among youth sports coaches, coaching education was predictive of the ability to recognize signs and symptoms of sport-related concussion, however, several misconceptions about concussion still exist, highlighting that education regarding concussion is necessary.
Abstract: Objective:To determine the understanding of sport-related concussion among youth sports coaches.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:The survey was administered at coaches' meetings, following practices, and via mail.Participants:156 active youth sports coaches, with 5.88 ± 3.16 years (range 1-22)
215 citations
TL;DR: Non-musculoskeletal comorbidities at baseline are related to poor recovery, whereas recovery is also location specific, and the clinical and social consequences of the injuries seem to be relatively mild.
Abstract: Objectives:To investigate in recreational runners the 3 month prognosis of and medical consumption caused by running injuries occurring shortly before or during a marathon. Possible prognostic factors for persistent complaints were also evaluated.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:Rotterdam, th
145 citations
TL;DR: The premise that altered hip kinematics and kinetics may influence loading at the knee is supported, and it appeared that female athletes moved into greater hip internal rotation and used less sagittal plane hip motion during the early deceleration phase of the cutting maneuver.
Abstract: Objective:Based on the recent suggestion that proximal hip control may be related to a predisposition to anterior cruciate ligament injury, our purpose was to identify gender differences in hip mechanics between female athletes who previously demonstrated greater knee valgus moments and their male c
140 citations
TL;DR: A match time loss definition is the most accurate and reliable tool for comparing injury rates at different teams and between different seasons within teams, and is recommended as the basis for the injury definition in a consensus statement.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To compare the most commonly used and proposed injury definitions for surveillance systems in team sports and attempt to assess their suitability for consensus definitions in terms of reliability and functionality. DATA SOURCES:: The PubMed and SportDiscus databases were searched for papers on team sports that discussed consensus definitions or compared various definitions of injury. DATA SYNTHESIS:: A continuum between the most broad "tissue damage" definition and the most narrow "match time loss only" definition was developed. RESULTS:: A "match time loss only" injury definition can be reliably and accurately applied but only captures a small percentage of the total pool of all "tissue damage" injuries. There are some inherent biases in using a match time loss only definition (late season matches, matches with unequal breaks between games), but these are clearly visible. All other definitions improve the volume of data captured but suffer serious theoretical and/or practical flaws with respect to accuracy and reliability. No study using a broad definition has demonstrated good reliability to date (eg, using 2 independent recorders at the same team). CONCLUSION:: A "match time loss only" injury definition is the most accurate and reliable of those commonly used in team sports. Other injury definitions are broader and may be more appropriate for individual team and specific injury studies. However, a match time loss definition is the most accurate and reliable tool for comparing injury rates at different teams and between different seasons within teams. Hence, we recommend this as the basis for the injury definition in a consensus statement. Language: en
TL;DR: This paper presents a recording and reporting framework that subcategorizes recurrent injuries into reinjuries and exacerbations on the basis of whether a player was fully recovered from the preceding index injury, with the state of fully recovered determined by medical opinion.
Abstract: A previous injury can increase the risk of sustaining a similar injury by up to an order of magnitude. To understand the role of previous injury as a risk factor, it is necessary to consider, among other issues, the clinical status of the first (index) injury at the time of the subsequent (recurrent) injury: currently, the inconsistent use of descriptive terms for recurrent injuries makes this extremely difficult. Although recent consensus statements on injury definitions based on return-to-play criteria have provided a consistent methodology for recording and reporting index and recurrent injuries, these statements do not differentiate between the types of recurrent injuries that can occur. This paper presents a recording and reporting framework that subcategorizes recurrent injuries into reinjuries and exacerbations on the basis of whether a player was fully recovered from the preceding index injury, with the state of fully recovered determined by medical opinion. A reinjury is a repeat episode of a fully recovered index injury and an exacerbation is a worsening in the state of a nonrecovered index injury. With this more detailed framework, researchers will be able to investigate risk factors for reinjuries and exacerbations separately, and they will be able to investigate how well players have been rehabilitated before returning to full training and match play.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantify interobserver agreement in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instabilities among expert North American shoulder surgeons, and they hypothesized that inter-observer consistency among this group will be significantly low in both diagnosis, and treatment.
Abstract: Objective:To quantify interobserver agreement in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instabilities among expert North American shoulder surgeons. We hypothesized that interobserver consistency among this group will be significantly low in both diagnosis and treatment.Design:Survey/Descriptive Ep
TL;DR: Older athletes were significantly more likely to report greater DS usage; to be advised by teammates, health food store retailers, and magazines; to prefer supplementation education via individual interviews; to claim awareness of anti-doping rules; and to perceive anti-Doping compliance.
Abstract: Objective:To determine dietary supplementation practices and opinions, preferred means for dietary supplement (DS) education, and antidoping opinions among elite Canadian athletes varying in age and gender.Design:A descriptive, cross-sectional survey.Setting:Elite athlete training centers in Calgary
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the feet of the persons who developed anterior knee pain have a heel strike in a less pronated position and roll over more on the lateral side compared with the control group, and can be considered valuable in identifying persons at risk for patellofemoral pain.
Abstract: Objective:To prospectively determine gait-related risk factors for patellofemoral pain.Design:A prospective cohort study.Setting:Male and female recruits of the Belgian Royal Military Academy during a 6-week basic military training period.Participants:Eighty-four officer cadets (65 men, 19 women), w
TL;DR: Wrist guards reduce the risk of wrist injuries among snowboarders and future research should focus on determining the optimal type of wrist guard and if they increase therisk of other upper extremity injuries.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To systematically review studies that examined the effectiveness of wrist guards in preventing wrist injuries among snowboarders. DATA SOURCE:: MEDLINE (1966-March 2005), EMBASE (1988-March 2005), Cochrane (2005 Issue 1), Sport Discus (1975-March 2005) were searched using variations of the term "snowboard." PubMED was searched for the year 2005 to capture any recently published studies not yet indexed in MEDLINE. The reference lists of included studies and conference proceedings were also searched. STUDY SELECTION:: Studies were included if the number of wrist injuries between wrist guarded and unguarded snowboarders could be ascertained. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies were included. Six studies were included. DATA EXTRACTION:: Information regarding study design, patient characteristics, wrist guard characteristics, data source (for cohort and case-control studies), and results (type and severity of injury, compliance, and adverse events) were extracted. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. DATA SYNTHESIS:: Data from RCTs and cohort studies were expressed as relative risks with odds ratios presented for case-control studies. The risk of wrist injury (RR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.41), wrist fracture (RR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.87), and wrist sprain (RR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.41) was significantly reduced with the use of wrist guards. Among the case-control studies, wrist guards significantly lowered the odds of sustaining a wrist injury (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.62). In an RCT, the risk ratio suggested wrist guards protect the shoulder (RR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.01, 4.60). Nonexperimental data suggested the possibility that wrist guards may increase the risk of finger and elbow-shoulder injuries. CONCLUSIONS:: Wrist guards reduce the risk of wrist injuries among snowboarders. For every 50 snowboarders who were a wrist guard, one wrist injury will be averted. Future research should focus on determining the optimal type of wrist guard and if they increase the risk of other upper extremity injuries. Language: en
TL;DR: Percentage of predicted mature height is a reasonably valid estimate of biological maturity status in this sample of youth football players.
Abstract: Objective:To validate a non-invasive measure of biological maturity (percentage of predicted mature height at a given age) with an established indicator of maturity [skeletal age (SA)] in youth American football players.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Two communities in central Michigan.Participants:
TL;DR: Cognitive functions related to cognitive processing speed are most vulnerable to a sports-related concussion and are still impaired for a half year after injury in university-level female soccer players.
Abstract: Objective:Although research is accumulating on the cognitive sequelae from sports-related concussions in men, little to nothing is known about the prolonged cognitive outcome after a concussion in women. This point is important because recent evidence suggests that female athletes are at greater ris
TL;DR: One of the major results that supports the use of an all-encompassing injury definition is that 70% to 92% of all injuries sustained fall into the transient category-that is, by only recording injuries that result in missed matches, the majority of injuries are missed and therefore injury rates are underreported.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the most effective method of collecting injury data by using a definition that encompasses all injuries into the data collection system. The definition provides an accurate picture of injury incidence and also allows filtering of records so that data can be reported in a variety of comparable ways. DATA SOURCES/SYNTHESIS:: A qualitative review of literature in team sports, plus expert opinion, served as the basis for data collection strategies. Articles were retrieved from SportsDiscus and PubMed using the terms "sports injury definition" and "injury definition." These terms were searched for the period 1966 to November 2006. RESULTS:: One of the major results (from this paper) that supports the use of an all-encompassing injury definition is that 70% to 92% of all injuries sustained fall into the transient category-that is, by only recording injuries that result in missed matches, the majority of injuries are missed and therefore injury rates are underreported. CONCLUSION:: An injury definition should be the most encompassing definition that enables a true, global picture of injury incidence to be seen in participation in any team sport. Language: en
TL;DR: UCLA scores indicate the average total joint replacement patient maintains a moderate activity level, and many perform active/very active levels of activity.
Abstract: Objective: To determine the level of physical activity participants are able to perform at a minimum of 1 year after primary total hip or knee replacement. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: A tertiary care arthroplasty center. Participants: A total of 170 primary total hip and 184 primary total knee arthroplasty patients. Interventions: The University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score was mailed to 242 primary hip and 225 primary knee arthroplasty patients. Patients were abstracted from a prospectively tabulated arthroplasty database and pre-selected for good/excellent clinical outcomes as determined by 1 year postoperative Knee Society (KSS) and Harris Hip (HHS) scores. Clinical outcomes including the Oxford Hip/Knee score were collected preoperatively, and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Correlations between UCLA scores, demographics, and clinical outcomes were calculated using Pearson's correlation. Main Outcome Measurements: Harris Hip Score, Oxford Hip Score, Knee Society Score, Oxford Knee Score, and UCLA Activity Scale. Results: Postal survey response rates for hips were 70.2% (170 of 242) and 81.8% for knees (184 of 225). Mean results at postoperative year 1 include: HHS (94.8), Oxford Hip Score (16.6), KSS clinical score (95.9), KSS function score (95.0), and Oxford Knee score (18.2). For both primary total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty patients, median UCLA score was 6, indicating moderate activity levels at a mean follow-up of 40.7 months for hips and 36.6 months for knees. Conclusions: UCLA scores indicate the average total joint replacement patient maintains a moderate activity level, and many perform active/very active levels of activity.
TL;DR: Lighter and slower runners have more positive fluid balance, and losing >0.75 kg of body weight during a marathon is advisable in order to decrease the risk of EAH.
Abstract: Objective:Describe risk factors for lower post-race [Na+] and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) (serum [Na+] <135 mmol/L) during marathon running.Design:Prospective observational study.Setting:Houston Marathon 2000-2004.Patients:Ninety-six runners from EAH research projects.Interventions:Observ
TL;DR: Mild asymptomatic EAH was found to occur in 4% of the volunteer ultraendurance mountain runner study group and was associated with a mean weight gain during the race, suggesting other compensatory mechanisms.
Abstract: Objective To study biochemical parameters and renal function in runners completing a 60 km mountain run and to investigate the incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). To assess the effects of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication (COXIBs) on these parameters. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Kepler Challenge 60 km mountain run, Te Anau, New Zealand, December 2003. Participants One hundred thirty-one of the 360 runners entered in the race were prospectively enrolled as volunteers on the day before the race. Main outcome measures Subjects were weighed at race registration the day before the race and at the finish line. Blood was taken within 5 minutes of finishing and was analyzed for serum sodium, creatinine, urea, and potassium concentrations, and hematocrit. Participants were questioned about medication use in the 24 hours before and during the race (NSAIDs, COXIBs, other medications). Results Complete data sets were obtained on 123 runners. Five athletes were biochemically hyponatremic [(Na) 130-134 mM] and four were hypernatremic [(Na) 146-148 mM]. Hyponatremia was associated with a mean weight gain of 1.32 kg (range, -1.5 to 1.6 kg). Serum [Na] varied inversely with weight change. Estimated creatinine clearance did not vary with percent weight loss. Estimated creatinine clearance declined with increasing runner age. Sixty-five percent of runners did not use any medication, whereas 20% had used NSAIDs and 15% had taken COXIBs. There were no statistically significant differences between NSAID and COXIB users in any measured parameters or between all NSAID and COXIB users when compared with nonusers. Conclusions Mild asymptomatic EAH was found to occur in 4% of the volunteer ultraendurance mountain runner study group and was associated with a mean weight gain of 1.32 kg (range, -1.5 to 1.6 kg) during the race. Seven percent gained weight but remained normonatremic, suggesting other compensatory mechanisms. Hypernatremia was found in 3% and was associated with a mean weight loss. Postrace serum sodium concentration varied inversely with percent weight change. Runners using any NSAID were more likely to become hyponatremic. Estimated creatinine clearance increased with increasing age. Elevated serum creatinine concentration at the end of the race returned to normal when remeasured the week after the race. Thirty-five percent of runners were found to use NSAIDs or COXIBs. The measures of weight change and of serum sodium, potassium, urea, and creatine concentration did not differ between NSAID and COXIB users or between all nonsteroidal antiinflammatory users and nonusers.
TL;DR: Under carefully controlled conditions, patients with McArdle disease may perform acute exercise safely, and they may respond favorably to training, which may offer an additional therapeutic option to help normalize the lifestyles of these patients.
Abstract: Objective:This study reports acute exercise responses in a large (N = 46) series of patients with McArdle disease and responses to exercise training in a smaller (n = 9) set of patients.Design:Patients were studied during both incremental and steady-state cycle ergometer exercise, using cardiopulmon
TL;DR: The wide variation in the levels of risk across different sports is used to demonstrate the impact that athletes' perception and acceptance of risk have on their choice of sport and to illustrate the interdependence of incidence and severity on the development of effective risk mitigation strategies.
Abstract: Because the risk of injury in many sports is high, governing bodies and individuals involved with these sports have a responsibility to manage the risks at acceptable levels Risk management provides a structured framework within which risks can be identified, evaluated, assessed, and controlled through appropriate mitigation strategies Exploring inferences obtained from the relationship between risk and the incidence and severity of injury contributes to the understanding and control of risks in sport Studies related to intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors should be focused on determining which factors cause an athlete's risk level to fall within the high-risk or low-risk regions of the population's risk distribution Risk values can be used to derive risk contours, which illustrate the interdependence of incidence and severity on the development of effective risk mitigation strategies The wide variation in the levels of risk across different sports is used to demonstrate the impact that athletes' perception and acceptance of risk have on their choice of sport Finally, the use of incidence and severity data for predicting the prevalence of injury in a team and for the economic evaluation of intervention programmes is discussed
TL;DR: Clinicians should consider headache when assessing concussion and during preseason baseline assessments because headache may affect symptom presence and other clinical measures of concussion.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of preseason baseline headache and posttraumatic headache (PTH) on neurocognitive function. DESIGN: Retrospective repeated measures study with headache groups formed regarding baseline headache score (0 = negative headache; 1-6 = positive headache) and day 1 postinjury headache score (0 = no headache; 1-2 = mild headache; 3-6 = moderate-severe headache). SETTING: Clinical athletic training setting and sports medicine research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: High-school and collegiate athletes with a concussion. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Preseason baseline headache, PTH, test-day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A Graded Symptom Checklist (GSC) was used to assess symptoms. The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) and the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) were used to assess neuropsychological function and mental status. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) was used to assess postural stability. RESULTS: Both baseline headache groups displayed a higher symptom endorsement and higher symptom severity at day 1 postinjury and improved by day 7 postinjury. The positive headache group reported an even greater increase in symptom severity and presence (P < 0.05). ANAM revealed deficits in both groups 1 day postinjury. All PTH headache groups displayed a difference in symptom number and severity with the increase being magnified by headache severity (P < 0.05). Individuals reporting moderate-severe PTH displayed increased deficits subacutely but improved by 5-7 days postinjury on overall neuropsychological performance, reaction time, and working memory (P < 0.05). Deficits were observed for all ANAM measures except simple reaction time 1 (SRT 1) and match to sample subacutely and improved over time (P < 0.05). The SAC yielded an interaction (P < 0.05) for baseline headache. The BESS yielded no significant findings. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider headache when assessing concussion and during preseason baseline assessments because headache may affect symptom presence and other clinical measures of concussion.
TL;DR: Key information pertinent to the care of intellectually disabled athletes is reviewed, including common problems affecting wheelchair athletes, which include autonomic dysreflexia, difficulty with thermoregulation, pressure sores, neurogenic bladder, premature osteoporosis, peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes, and upper extremity injuries.
Abstract: Disabled athletes face many challenges during training and competition. As the number of disabled athletes grows, sports medicine professionals must become proficient in dealing with this population. A functional classification system is used to classify disabled athletes into 1 of 6 categories: wheelchair athletes, amputees, athletes with cerebral palsy, visual impairment, intellectual impairment, and les autres. Injury patterns have been identified for certain groups, with wheelchair athletes typically sustaining upper extremity injuries, blind athletes sustaining lower extremity injuries, and cerebral palsy athletes sustaining both. Common problems affecting wheelchair athletes include autonomic dysreflexia, difficulty with thermoregulation, pressure sores, neurogenic bladder, premature osteoporosis, peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes, and upper extremity injuries. Cerebral palsy athletes often have injuries involving the knee and foot due to problems with spasticity and foot deformities. Amputee athletes sustain injuries to the stump, spine, and intact limbs, while blind athletes suffer lower extremity injuries. Intellectually disabled athletes frequently have underlying ocular and visual defects, congenital cardiac anomalies, and atlantoaxial instability that predispose them to injuries. This article reviews key information pertinent to the care of these athletes.
TL;DR: The results showed that rugby union players were exposed to a high risk of noncatastrophic spinal injury during tackling, scrummaging, and weight-training activities; injury prevention strategies, therefore, should be focused on these activities.
Abstract: Objectives:To determine the incidence, severity, nature, and causes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine injuries sustained during competition and training in professional rugby union.Design:A 2 season prospective cohort design.Setting:Twelve English Premiership rugby union clubs.Particip
TL;DR: In this paper, risk factors for sports injuries include characteristics and behaviors of athletes and characteristics of sports and the environment that are associated with some measure of risk of injury, and risk statistics to clinicians evaluating studies of sports injuries.
Abstract: Background:Risk factors for sports injuries include characteristics and behaviors of athletes and characteristics of sports and the environment that are associated with some measure of risk of injury.Objective:To introduce risk statistics to clinicians evaluating studies of sports injuries.Methods:P
TL;DR: There are differences in balance and recovery between external controls and participants with both unilateral and bilateral FAI but not between the legs of participants with unilateral FAI.
Abstract: Objective:To determine if differences in balance and recovery would be found between controls and participants with unilateral or bilateral functional ankle instability (FAI).Design:Cross-Sectional Study.Setting:University laboratory and Community premises.Participants:Twenty healthy participants(C)
TL;DR: The distribution and clinical presentation of labral injuries in rugby players and the time taken for them to return to sports are described and MR Arthrogram had a 76% sensitivity for detecting SLAP tears.
Abstract: Objective:To describe the distribution and clinical presentation of labral injuries in rugby players and the time taken for them to return to sports.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Busy shoulder practice in the North West of England, treating a large number of professional athletes.Patient