Showing papers in "Cognitive Psychology in 1973"

TL;DR: A judgmental heuristic in which a person evaluates the frequency of classes or the probability of events by availability, i.e., by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind, is explored.

TL;DR: This article developed a technique for isolating and studying the perceptual structures that chess players perceive and analyzed the size and nature of these structures as a function of chess skill, and used the successive glances at the position in the perceptual task and long pauses in the memory task to segment the structures in the reconstruction protocol.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relative contributions of imaginal and verbal memory codes using incidental recall tasks in which the orienting task was designed to control the way items are encoded during input.

TL;DR: The authors used a selective adaptation procedure to obtain evidence for the existence of linguistic feature detectors analogous to visual feature detectors, which are each sensitive to a restricted range of voice onset times, the physical continuum underlying the perceived phonetic distinctions between voiced and voiceless stop consonants.

TL;DR: This article found that the number of propositions upon which a text was based proved to be an effective psychological variable, all propositions were not equally difficult to remember: superordinate propositions were recalled better than propositions which were stucturally subordinate.

TL;DR: An information-processing model, MAPP, implemented as a computer program, that simulates the processes subjects use to remember and reproduce chess positions they have seen briefly and shows good agreement with the performance of strong chess players in identical tasks.

TL;DR: This paper showed that the word-superiority effect holds just as strongly for pronounceable nonwords as for words, even when the critical letters are constant over all trials, and therefore concluded that the effect is not due to a memory limitation.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the difficulty of rotation problems and perspective problems and show that the error pattern for perspective problems is much like that for rotation problems, and compare the mental operations involved in solving these two types of problems.

TL;DR: In this article, a theory of analogical reasoning is proposed in which the elements of a set of concepts, e.g., animals, are represented as points in a multidimensional Euclidean space, and four elements A,B,C,D are in an analogical relationship A:B::C:D if the vector distance from A to B is the same as that from C to D.

TL;DR: The authors examined tachistoscopic reports for numbers and words as a function of the number of syllables in the item and found that the difference between one and two-syllable words was a perceptual one.

TL;DR: The authors examined a body of empirical data on S's performing the Thurstone Letter Series Completion task, in order to test the theory proposed by the authors in 1963 for explaining behavior on this task.

TL;DR: This article showed that the identification of interleaved pairs of familiar melodies is possible if their pitch ranges do not overlap, but difficult otherwise, and that familiarity or prespecification of the interleaving background melody appears not to reduce its interfering effects on same-different judgments concerning unfamiliar target melodies.

TL;DR: The present experiments demonstrate that picture-word stimuli are differentially encoded in anticipation of a recognition test than in expectation of a free-recall test.

TL;DR: In a short-term recognition memory task, Ss were given relational imagery and rehearsal coding strategies in different sessions, with probes presented to the left or right cerebral hemisphere, suggesting that cerebral lateral@ effects are functionally related to coding strategies, and argues for the inclusion of imagery, or generated visual information, as part of the visual processing system.

TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a test between two different types of models of perceptual processing: models that assume a limitation of perceptual capacity vs models that postulate independent, parallel perceptual channels are compared.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that copying shapes can be regarded as forming a path with choices to be made at points along the path, with age changes in terms of hierarchies of shifting rules.

TL;DR: The authors show that the memory representation of a sentence can contain more information than was linguistically expressed, and therefore a full linguistic description of the sentence cannot adequately characterize its memory representation, and that therefore a complete linguistic description cannot adequately characterize its memory representations.

TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 24 exemplars of four concepts, in the form of four-tuples of letters and numbers, was presented to Ss who, after presentation, rated a larger set of exemplars for recognition.

TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the quantitative processes underlying conservation of quantity is presented, and models of quantitative operators (subitizing, counting, estimation) are derived from adult performance in quantification tasks, and some features of the operators are described.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore a particular two-dimensional set of 81 free forms and show that perceived pair-wise similarities among the individual forms are well explained purely in terms of the distances among their corresponding points in the toroidal parameter space.

TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that mental images represent the layout of perceived space, in J. J. Gibson's sense, rather than being mental pictures, and that images in which a key object is concealed within or behind another should be just as effective for mnemonic purposes as those in which the relation between the objects is picturable, even though subjects may describe the Concealed images as less "vivid" than the Pictorial ones.

TL;DR: The model accounted for infrequent use of the tack box in solutions, facilitation of Box solutions by labeling the box or presenting it empty, and individual S s' sequences of solutions.

TL;DR: In this paper, two incidental memory tasks were given to 3.5-6.5 year old children to test for an age increase in the tendency to use a simple indirect retrieval strategy when direct retrieval efforts do not suffice.

TL;DR: It was concluded that imagery facilitates the process of sentence verification and that models of this process which restrict themselves to purely semantic operations are incomplete.

TL;DR: An information-processing analysis indicated that both comparison and search operations are employed, and that sentences are represented, in general, as a list of propositions with case-relational information.

TL;DR: For example, the authors found that four, six, and ten-year-old children were required to copy an object's location and orientation within a two-dimensional spatial layout under two conditions: when both E's standard board and that of the S's were in the same orientation and when they were rotated 180 ° from each other.

TL;DR: In this article, different memory functions were obtained for consonants (C) and vowels (V) in a serial recall task and the results were explained in terms of a limited capacity acoustic storage in which vowels are preserved longer than consonants.

TL;DR: In this article, the effectiveness of mnemonic elaboration as an aid to recall of order information was established, together with the short-term efficiency of training such mnemonemonic strategies in young children who do not adopt them spontaneously.

TL;DR: The Ss were trained on patterns representing different levels of distortion and transferred to test trials containing the old training patterns, the prototype patterns, and new distortions, which showed that the prototypes and low distortion-level test patterns of meaningful concepts were identified more often than prototypes andLow distortion- level test pattern of meaningless concepts but the reverse was true for highly distorted test patterns.

TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental procedure was developed to measure hypothesis-sampling directly where the subject is allowed to select attributes that he wishes to see, then randomly selected values on the selected attributes are presented.