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Journal ArticleDOI

Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?

Allan Paivio, +1 more
- 01 Sep 1973 - 
- Vol. 5, Iss: 2, pp 176-206
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TLDR
In this paper, the authors investigated the relative contributions of imaginal and verbal memory codes using incidental recall tasks in which the orienting task was designed to control the way items are encoded during input.
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This article is published in Cognitive Psychology.The article was published on 1973-09-01. It has received 655 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Free recall & Recall test.

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Citations
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A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity.

TL;DR: In this article, a set of 260 pictures were used for experiments investigating differences and similarities in the processing of pictures and words, and the potential significance of each of the normative variables to a number of semantic and episodic memory tasks is discussed.
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Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.

TL;DR: This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items.
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The Role of Imagery in Information Processing: Review and Extensions

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe imagery as a processing mode in which multisensory information is represented in a gestalt form in working memory, and discuss research on the unique effects of imagery at low levels of cognitive elaboration.
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Hemispheric Specialization in Human Dorsal Frontal Cortex and Medial Temporal Lobe for Verbal and Nonverbal Memory Encoding

TL;DR: The results indicate that regions in both hemispheres underlie human long-term memory encoding, and these regions can be engaged differentially according to the nature of the material being encoded.
References
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Book

Statistical Principles in Experimental Design

TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the principles of estimation and inference: means and variance, means and variations, and means and variance of estimators and inferors, and the analysis of factorial experiments having repeated measures on the same element.
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Statistical Principles in Experimental Design

TL;DR: This chapter discusses design and analysis of single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design and Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded.
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Mental imagery in associative learning and memory

TL;DR: For instance, Paivio and Yuille as mentioned in this paper found that the imagery set was no less effective than the verbal even with abstract pairs, while the verbal mediators were more effective than imagery.