Showing papers in "Cognitive Psychology in 1975"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the hypothesis that the members of categories which are considered most prototypical are those with most attributes in common with other members of the category and least attributes with other categories and found that family resemblance offers an alternative to criterial features in defining categories.

TL;DR: The principles discussed show that conclusions about the interactions among psychological processes must be made with caution, and some existing assumptions may be unwarranted, as well as resulting in some new interpretations of interactions among competing psychological processes.

TL;DR: In this paper, two methods were used to test the hypothesis that natural categories have reference point stimuli (such as focal colors, vertical and horizontal lines, and numbers that are multiples of 10) in relation to which other stimuli of the category are judged.

TL;DR: The authors found that the wording of questions asked immediately after an event may influence responses to questions asked considerably later, and that questions asked about an event shortly after it occurs may distort the witness memory for that event.

TL;DR: It was found that a reader was able to make a semantic interpretation of a word that began 1–6 character spaces from his fixation point, and the size of the area from which he does is rather small, suggesting that the skilled reader is able to take advantage of information in the periphery.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors looked at two optically superimposed video sccreens, on which two different kinds of things were happening, and asked subjects to follow the action in one episode and ignore the other.

TL;DR: The tower of Hanoi problem is used to show that, even in simple problem environments, numerous distinct solution strategies are available, and different subjects may learn different strategies, and the analysis underscores the importance of subject-by-subject analysis of “what is learned” in understanding human behavior in problem-solving situations.

TL;DR: The results support a constructivist notion of imagery, and the idea that images may act as ‘analogues’ to percepts, and that subjectively larger images required more time to evoke than smaller images.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the processes both of preparing for and of responding to a disoriented test form consist of the mental rotation of an image, and that both sorts of mental rotation are carried out at essentially the same constant rate.

TL;DR: To assess acquired knowledge, a procedure is presented for coding a subject's verbal reconstruction of knowledge acquired from a presented text against the logical and semantic structure from which the text (or other input) was derived.

TL;DR: This article showed that sentence comprehension and memory involve constructing particularized and elaborated mental representations, and that network models currently have no satisfactory way of accounting for this and that one's store of knowledge about the world and analysis of context are crucial for sentence comprehension.

TL;DR: In this article, subjects were asked to rate the similarities of all pairs of the numbers 0 through 9 in each of 24 conditions distinguished by the forms into which they were to be mentally transformed and then judged-including the visual forms of rows of dots and Arabic numerals, the auditory form of spoken English names, and the amodal form of abstract concepts of the integers themselves.

TL;DR: For example, the authors investigated at what age children could represent movement in imagery and found that 5-and 8-year olds were more likely to visualize the counter-clockwise rotation of one shape into the position of the other to help make the judgment.

TL;DR: A very simple spatial model of memory storage and retrieval is described, analyzed, and discussed that consists of a three-dimensional space containing a large number of homogeneously distributed loci at which data may be stored.

TL;DR: The transfer relation was studied when the typography, language, or modality of the first and second embodiments were varied, and the results favor a theory that emphasizes recognition in terms of the pattern analyzing operations that are directed at surface lexical representations.

TL;DR: In this article, the visual nervous system possesses compensatory rectifying mechanisms by means of which it achieves "constancy" of visual recognition despite variation in physical appearance of the stimulus object.

TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental context designed to directly affect discourse processing by inducing subjects to generate inferences involving text content was compared to a context in which subjects simply listened to and recalled the content of a text.

TL;DR: This paper showed that some, but not all, verb selection is performed before subject-verb utterances are initiated and that the same degree of advance planning occurs before the initiation of subjectverb-object utterances (e.g., The man is greeting the woman).

TL;DR: This article analyzed 24 spontaneous speech samples from 2-year-old children with early Speech Type (Referential or Expressive) and MLU level (above or below 2.5) in terms of noun and pronoun use in sentences.

TL;DR: In this article, two models are considered for how people verify explicitly quantified sentences, such as All fathers are parents and Some mothers are mothers, where the first stage involves a serial, selfterminating search among names of categories that intersect the predicate category.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors probed the nature of imagery and its relationship to perception by having students recall the contents of 4 × 4 spatial matrices after they constructed the matrices through processes of imagery, seeing, or verbal coding.