Showing papers in "Educational and Psychological Measurement in 1993"
TL;DR: In this article, a self-report, Likert-scaled instrument that was designed to assess motivation and use of learning strategies by college students was presented, which can be distinguished as cognitive, metacognitive, and resource management strategies.
Abstract: This paper reports on a new self-report, Likert-scaled instrument that was designed to assess motivation and use of learning strategies by college students. The motivation scales tap into three broad areas: (1) value (intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientation, task value), (2) expectancy (control beliefs about learning, self-efficacy); and (3) affect (test anxiety). The learning strategies section is comprised of nine scales which can be distinguished as cognitive, metacognitive, and resource management strategies. The cognitive strategies scales include (a) rehearsal, (b) elaboration, (c) organization, and (d) critical thinking. Metacognitive strategies are assessed by one large scale that includes planning, monitoring, and regulating strategies. Resource management strategies include (a) managing time and study environment; (b) effort management, (c) peer learning, and (d) help-seeking. Scale reliabilities are robust, and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated good factor structure. In addition, the i...
3,125 citations
TL;DR: A new measure of motivation toward education has been developed in French, namely the "Echelle de Motivation en Education" (EME) as discussed by the authors, which is based on the tenets of self-determination theory.
Abstract: A new measure of motivation toward education has been developed in French, namely the "Echelle de Motivation en Education" (EME). The EME is based on the tenets of self-determination theory and is ...
690 citations
TL;DR: A practical difficulty with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) is its length, and researchers have devised a number of short forms of SDS as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A practical difficulty with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) is its length. Preferring a shorter measure of social desirability, researchers have devised a number of short forms o...
567 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the psychometric derivation of 8 and 4-item screening versions of the CES-D for use in research with community-based samples, which can be used in those instances where a brief assessment is needed for broad screening or research purposes.
Abstract: The CES-D is a well-known index of acute depressive symptoms experienced over a 7-day period that has been used in literally hundreds of studies. This article presents the psychometric derivation of 8- and 4-item screening versions of the CES-D for use in research with community-based samples. These short depressive symptom indices can be used in those instances where a brief assessment is needed for broad screening or research purposes. Using data from a heterogeneous community sample of 411 women, the 8-item CES-D was found to correlate .93 with the full 20-item CES-D while the 4-item CES-D was found to correlate .87 with the full CES-D. In a second sample of 83 women in a residential drug abuse program, the 8- and 4-item measures correlated .54 and .47, respectively, with the BPI Depression scale.
311 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new 22-item measure of individual's tolerance for ambiguity is proposed, based on a revised construct definition which more comprehensively addresses characteristics of ambiguous stimuli and individuals' reactions to perceived ambiguity.
Abstract: This paper describes a new 22-item measure of an individual's tolerance for ambiguity. This new measure is based on a revised construct definition which more comprehensively addresses characteristics of ambiguous stimuli and individuals' reactions to perceived ambiguity. Reliability and convergent and discriminant validity evidence support the psychometric quality of this new measure.
301 citations
TL;DR: In a series of follow-up studies employing the Leadership Practices... as mentioned in this paper, the authors employed the LPC to assess the leadership behavior of a group of managers. But they did not consider the role of the leader in the assessment process.
Abstract: Accurately assessing leadership behavior continues to be important to both researchers and management development practitioners. In a series of follow-up studies employing the Leadership Practices ...
227 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a self-report scale was used to measure innovativeness or the tendency to adopt an innovation soon after it appears in a specific domain, which was validated using data obtained from 24 domains.
Abstract: This paper reports a study validating a new self-report scale used to measure innovativeness or the tendency to adopt an innovation soon after it appears in a specific domain. Data obtained from 24...
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present formulae for converting Kendall's Tau to Rho, Pearson's r, r2, Fisher's Zr and Cohen's standardized range of means index of effect size, as well as a table of the values corresponding to Tau coefficients from 0 through 1.
Abstract: In meta-analytic studies where one wishes to estimate magnitude of effects based on multiple investigations, it is important to recognize that Kendall's Tau, often considered equivalent to Spearman's Rho as an ordinal measure of correlation, in fact has a different metric. This article reviews formulae for converting Tau to Rho, Pearson's r, r2, Fisher's Zr, and Cohen's standardized range of means index of effect size, as well as presents a table of the values corresponding to Tau coefficients from 0 through 1.
168 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that test items seldom contain more than three useful options, and that testing program personnel and classroom teachers may be better served by using 2-or 3-option items instead of the typically recommended 4- or 5-choice items.
Abstract: Textbook writers often recommend four or five options per multiple-choice item, and most, if not all, testing programs in the United States also employ four or five options. Recent reviews of research on the desirable number of options for a multiple-choice test item reveal that three options may be suitable for most ability and achievement tests. A study of the frequency of acceptably performing distractors is reported. Results from three different testing programs support the conclusion that test items seldom contain more than three useful options. Consequently, testing program personnel and classroom teachers may be better served by using 2-or 3-option items instead of the typically recommended 4- or 5-option items.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the central tendency and variability of coefficient alpha were examined through use of computer simulation, under violation of two assumptions made in the derivation of the formula, when assumption...
Abstract: Through use of computer simulation, the central tendency and variability of coefficient alpha were examined under violation of two assumptions made in the derivation of the formula. When assumption...
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the dimensionality and construct validity of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (POPS) which is comprised of three subscales: (1) General Political Behavior...
Abstract: The present study examined the dimensionality and construct validity of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (POPS) which is comprised of three subscales: (1) General Political Behavior...
TL;DR: This article contains tables of 95th percentile eigenvalues from random data that can be used when the sample size is between 50 and 500 and when the number of variables is between 5 and 50.
Abstract: Selecting the "correct" number of components to retain in principal components analysis is crucial. Parallel analysis, which requires a comparison of eigenvalues from observed and random data, is a highly promising strategy for making this decision. This paper focuses on linear interpolation, which has been shown to be an accurate method of implementing parallel analysis. Specifically, this article contains tables of 95th percentile eigenvalues from random data that can be used when the sample size is between 50 and 500 and when the number of variables is between 5 and 50. An empirical example is provided illustrating linear interpolation, direct computation, and regression methods for obtaining 95th percentile eigenvalues from random data. The tables of eigenvalues given in this report will hopefully enable more researchers to use parallel analysis because interpolation is an accurate and simple method of obviating the Monte Carlo requirements of parallel analysis.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the predictability of rater leniency from scores on an instrument designed to measure rater discomfort with performance appraisal situations The 20-item Performance Appraisal Discomfort Scale (PADS) was administered twice to a sample of 178 undergraduate business students who rated performance of group members on three group projects under conditions designed to emulate features of actual appraisal situations.
Abstract: This study investigated the predictability of rater leniency from scores on an instrument designed to measure rater discomfort with performance appraisal situations The 20-item Performance Appraisal Discomfort Scale (PADS) was administered twice to a sample of 178 undergraduate business students who rated performance of group members on three group projects under conditions designed to emulate features of actual appraisal situations Results supported the notion that rater leniency is stable and predictable from PADS scores Also, principal-component extracted and varimax rotated factors of the PADS were interpreted as corresponding to four distinct situational demands placed on raters in the course of performance appraisal The results of this limited demonstration of the validity of PADS suggest that future application of the PADS or some like instrument may be useful for enhancing the validity of appraisal ratings and feedback utility
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of ANCOVA is conditional upon a test of homogeneity of within-group regression slopes, a Pearson correlation coefficient 2 0.3 between the covariate (X) and the dependent variable (Y), and a linear relationship between X and Y.
Abstract: Many researchers erroneously think that analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) should be performed only when there are pre-existing significant differences between the groups on the potential covariate. It has been shown however that, when correctly applied, ANCOVA offers two major advantages over simple analysis of variance (ANOVA): (a) greater statistical power due to a reduction in error variance; and (b) a reduction in bias in experiments where differences between groups exist at the beginning of an experiment. An algorithm has been proposed where the use of ANCOVA is conditional upon (a) a test of homogeneity of within-group regression slopes; (b) a Pearson correlation coefficient 2 0.3 between the covariate (X) and the dependent variable (1) in the case of a randomized study; in a non-randomized study (e.g. intact groups), the use of ANCOVA is not conditional on r5? 0.3 because, in this case, critical adjustments can be obtained with correlation lower than 0.3; and (c) a linear relationship between X and Y
TL;DR: In this article, the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was administered to 300 school-aged children (8-12 years) in order to investigate its psychometric properties in a non-American sample.
Abstract: The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was administered to 300 school-aged children (8-12 years) in order to investigate its psychometric properties in a non-American sample. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the multi-factorial structure of the SPPC. The internal-consistency and test-retest reliability of the SPPC were found to be acceptable. Significant gender differences were found, showing that boys perceive themselves as more competent than girls. The results of this study closely match the results obtained in American samples, indicating that the SPPC is a reliable and internally valid instrument in measuring the self-concept in children.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 20-item Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire (TGQ) was developed and validated against peer ratings using 30 kibbutz members and four possible subscales of gossip content emerged through factor analysis: physical appearance, achievement, social information, and sublimated gossip.
Abstract: A newly-developed 20-item Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire (TGQ) is described. TGQ scores were normally distributed and showed high internal consistency (.87) for a sample of 120 students (58 female, 62 male). TGQ scores for females were significantly higher than those for males. The TGQ was validated against peer ratings using 30 kibbutz members. The TGQ's relationship to social desirability and vocational interest in people-oriented professions were studied. Four possible subscales of gossip content emerged through factor analysis: (1) physical appearance, (2) achievement, (3) social information, and (4) sublimated gossip.
TL;DR: The Neutral Objects Satisfaction Questionnaire (NOSQ) as discussed by the authors is an alternative measure of affective disposition which consists of assessing affective reactions to neutral stimuli common to everyday life.
Abstract: Researchers investigating the dispositional source of job satisfaction often have used negative or positive affectivity to measure affective disposition. The present study tested the validity of an alternative measure of affective disposition which consists of an assessment of affective reactions to neutral stimuli common to everyday life. Results indicated that the measure, termed the Neutral Objects Satisfaction Questionnaire (NOSQ), displayed favorable psychometric properties. Furthermore, the NOSQ may be a better assessment of affective disposition than positive or negative affectivity because it had greater stability over time than one of the most common measures of positive and negative affectivity.
TL;DR: The construct validity of Kolb's revised 12-item Learning Style Inventory was examined by comparing results of the standard ipsatively scored version to an alternate normative version that was scored on a Likert Scale and consisted of 48 (12 statements x 4 endings) separate items as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The construct validity of Kolb's revised 12-item Learning Style Inventory was examined by comparing results of the standard ipsatively scored version to an alternate normative version that was scored on a Likert Scale and consisted of 48 (12 statements x 4 endings) separate items. Findings of the study on the ipsative version were similar to those reported in prior research. Two strong bipolar dimensions were identified running from feeling to watching and from doing to thinking. These dimensions, however, are in contrast to Kolb's theorized bipolar dimensions of thinking to feeling and watching to doing. Additionally, only the thinking ability was supported as a separate learning construct by the ipsative inventory. The analysis of the normative instrument did not produce any bipolar dimensions, but did produce strong support for the four separate learning abilities theorized by Kolb and the Experiential Learning Model. While strong evidence was found to support the four separate learning abilities, the ...
TL;DR: The authors presented a model for multiple pairwise comparisons of selected categories (cells) of a contingency table after the chi-square test has rejected the null hypothesis of equality of popu...
Abstract: This article presents a model for multiple pair-wise comparisons of selected categories (cells) of a contingency table after the chi-square test has rejected the null hypothesis of equality of popu...
TL;DR: This paper developed and validated an adult form of the Arts Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI), a multidimensional self-concept inventory designed to measure perceptions of the arts and the arts.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate an adult form of the Arts Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI), a multidimensional self-concept inventory designed to measure perceptions o...
TL;DR: In this paper, a primary and second-order principal components analysis was performed on the Quality of School Life Scale (QSL), a popular measure of elementary school climate, administered to 141 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students in an elementary school in the Southwestern United States.
Abstract: A primary and second-order principal components analysis was performed on the Quality of School Life Scale (QSL), a popular measure of elementary school climate. The scale was administered to 141 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students in an elementary school in the Southwestern United States. The findings of this study, like the information reported in the Administration and Technical Manual for the QSL scale, suggest that there are three general factors for the instrument. However, the item composition of the instrument's subscales differ somewhat from those proposed by the scale's developers. Possible reasons for this outcome are examined and discussed.
TL;DR: The authors examined the unique content of the concept of teacher burnout, focusing on its core meaning and exploring the relations between its components, and designed a method based on facet tainting.
Abstract: This study examined the unique content of the concept of teacher burnout, focusing on its core meaning and exploring the relations between its components. The research was designed based on facet t...
TL;DR: This article investigated the degree to which statistical item selection is effective in reducing direction-of-wording effects in balanced affective measures developed from a relatively small item pool and found that it is effective to select items from a small set of items.
Abstract: This study investigated the degree to which statistical item selection is effective in reducing direction-of-wording effects in balanced affective measures developed from relatively small item pool...
TL;DR: The accuracy of three methods of implementing parallel analysis with mean eigenvalues (regression, interpolation, and computation with three samples of random data) was compared and the index of accuracy was the proportion of agreement on the number of components for extraction suggested by each of these three procedures.
Abstract: Of the various methods and rules-of-thumb for deciding the 4correct" number of components to retain in principal components analysis, parallel analysis is arguably the most useful. Recently, researchers have become interested in developing alternative methods of implementing parallel analysis and of comparing their accuracy. The accuracy of three methods of implementing parallel analysis with mean eigenvalues (regression, interpolation, and computation with three samples of random data) was compared. The index of accuracy was the proportion of agreement on the number of components for extraction suggested by each of these three procedures and those suggested by implementing parallel analysis with 40 runs of random data, in a sample of 28 published correlation matrices. Moreover, the accuracy of two methods of implementing parallel analysis with 95th percentile eigenvalues (regression and interpolation) was compared using the aforementioned index of accuracy. In separate analyses for mean and 95th percenti...
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of examining the frequency distribution functions as a way of inferring dimensionality is described and illustrated using data from the NEO Personality Inventory, the method is employed to distinguish between uni-and multidimensional scales.
Abstract: Briggs and Cheek (1986) have suggested that the mean of inter-item correlations for a scale provides information about whether that scale is unidimensional or not. More information about the dimensionality of a scale is provided by the frequency distribution function of inter-item correlations. A method of examining the frequency distribution functions as a way of inferring dimensionality is described and illustrated. Using data from the NEO Personality Inventory, the method is employed to distinguish between uni- and multidimensional scales. This method represents a useful first step in data description that can orient a researcher to the kinds of qualities that underlie a scale.
TL;DR: In this article, the psychometric properties of the UCLA Loneliness Scale employed with a sample of South African students were reported. Respondents consisted of 659 undergraduate students (39.4% males,...
Abstract: This article reports on the psychometric properties of the UCLA Loneliness Scale employed with a sample of South African students. Respondents consisted of 659 undergraduate students (39.4% males, ...
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship of academic self-concept to achievement for a sample of junior high school students and found that academic selfconcept was significantly more strongly associated with achievement than general selfconcept, motivation, and class-room behavior.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of academic self-concept to achievement for a sample of junior high school students. Academic self-concept was found to correlate significantly more strongly with achievement than general self-concept, motivation, and class- room behavior, but not with locus of control. The results of a multiple regression analysis, however, indicated that academic self-concept was approximately twice as powerful a predictor of achievement as locus of control. These results are discussed in light of their implications for educational assessment.
TL;DR: This paper examined the validity of two item-writing rules in the design of test items: (a) the desirable number of options for a multiple-choice test item and (b) use of the inclusive none of these option.
Abstract: This study examined the validity of two item-writing rules in the design of test items: (a) the desirable number of options for a multiple-choice test item and (b) use of the inclusive none of these option. An experimental repeated measures design found that items with three options were more difficult than those with four options and items employing the none of these option were more difficult than those not using this inclusive option format. Neither format manipulation affected item discrimination. Therefore, evidence allows no recommendation for the none of these option but suggests an advantage for multiple-choice items with fewer than the traditional four or five options.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found a link between children's experiences in their home environment and their health and behavioral development to the point that it has become "curious" and "disturbing".
Abstract: Over the past 40 years research has clearly established a link between children's experiences in their home environment and their health and behavioral development to the point that it has become c...
TL;DR: The High/Scope Child Observation Record (COR) as discussed by the authors measures the developmental status of young children 21/2 to 6 years old as affected by early childhood education and has been used to evaluate the performance of teachers and assistant teachers.
Abstract: The High/Scope Child Observation Record (COR) measures the developmental status of young children 21/2 to 6 years old as affected by early childhood education. A study of COR ratings of children's behavior by 64 teams of COR-trained Head Start teachers and assistant teachers in southeastern Michigan demonstrated the COR's reliability and concurrent validity. COR ratings by teachers had alpha reliability coefficients of .66 to .93 and Pearson product-moment correlations of .57 to .76 with COR ratings of the same children by assistant teachers. The COR study demonstrated the concurrent validity of COR ratings by teachers by Pearson product-moment correlations of .37 to .53 with similar scores on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities; .51 to .61 with children's ages; .00 to .07 with children's sex; and .00 to .28 with mothers' and fathers' schooling and employment status, respectively.