Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 1995"

TL;DR: The computer model ‘SIMULEX’ is designed to simulate the escape movement of thousands of individual people through large, geometrically complex building spaces to analyse the evacuation of large populations through a wide range of building environments.

TL;DR: In this paper, the specification of the longitudinal ventilation necessary to prevent upstream movement of combustion products in a tunnel fire is discussed, and the effects of changes in the shape, size and location of the fire on the critical velocity have been investigated.

TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was designed to observe evacuation time and occupant movement in four apartment buildings during a simulated fire emergency, and the results were analyzed regarding the behaviour of the people, the occupants' time to start to evacuate and their time to reach an outside exit.

TL;DR: A series of tests in which SIMULEX models the movement of a large group of people through a number of exits of different widths are described, and the maximum sustainable flow rates that were achieved are presented and compared to data from different sources.

TL;DR: In this paper, a standard video camera is used to obtain an average centreline temperature distribution of simulated pool fires, and characteristic length scales are extracted from the flame images by using a novel technique.

TL;DR: In this article, the interaction of a fine water spray from a hollow cone nozzle, with purely buoyant diffusion flames from a natural gas ceramic-plate burner located directly underneath the nozzle was investigated.

TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study is conducted of upward smolder of polyurethane foam in natural convection, and the experimental data are compared with the predictions of previously developed models of forward smolder.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a thermal model of upward flame spread on corrugated fiberboard packaging, in the form of a Volterra integral equation which is solved for the time-dependent flame spread velocity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the pool shape, bund, and ambient turbulence on the plume shape of a 20 m kerosene pool subject to a cross-wind was investigated.

TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics of hot smoke layer development from ignition to flashover are obtained for a fire in a compartment with one opening, and critical conditions for flashover to occur are found in a general form in terms of the determining similarity criteria.

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of restraint of steel columns on their thermal elongation on the fire resistance was studied, where the restraining forces were calculated as a function of steel temperature and several parameters were analyzed: stiffness of the structure to which the column belongs, slenderness of the column, and eccentricity of the restraining force.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared CFAST and FIRST with experimental data at three heat release rates: 330, 630 and 980 kW, and two simpler models for the upper-layer gas temperature.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of temperature on carbon monoxide production in compartment fires was investigated using a detailed chemical kinetics model, which showed that higher compartment temperatures correlate with increased fire plume temperatures and more complete oxidation of the fuel to CO 2 and H 2 O within the plume.

TL;DR: In this article, 24 young adults were exposed twice to a smoke detector alarm activated at 60 dBA and all subjects were unprepared for the first alarm activation (naïve) and the stage of sleep in which the alarms occurred was manipulated, with the alarm being activated twice in either stage 4, stage 2 or REM sleep for each subject.

TL;DR: In this paper, the smoke filling process for three types of atrium spaces commonly built in Hong Kong are simulated using the two types of deterministic fire model: zone models and field models.

TL;DR: In this article, the location of the virtual source of smoke flow above a balcony is compared with an earlier correlation and an equation for mass flow is developed for design purposes, and comments on the locations of virtual sources are invited.

TL;DR: In this article, a protocol for the analysis of ignition data for combustible material, (including polymeric material) based on the flux-time product is proposed, which is concluded that this methodology is the most suitable method by which to analyze and predict data associated with the ignition of combustible materials.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a mathematical model for the ignition of thermally thin thermoplastics to evaluate the critical heat flux, and the corresponding critical surface temperature, required for piloted ignition by using the concept that a sample ignites when the mass flux of fuel from the solid into the gas phase reaches a critical value.

TL;DR: In this article, a general description of the interaction of sprinklers and compartment-fire-generated smoke layers is presented, and inputs and outputs for a mathematical submodel which simulates the phenomena are discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured flow velocity and temperature in an inclined trench of square cross-section; flame lengths and flow velocities have been measured for trench fires with a rate of heat release per unit width of between 10 and 1500 kW/m.

TL;DR: In this article, a durable compartment, similar to the standard fire test compartment, was designed and used in conjunction with a 0·61 m × 1·22 m porous surface propane burner to produce compartment fires with heat release rates from 330 to 980 kW.

TL;DR: In this paper, large-scale experiments on the thermal effect from deflagrations and detonations in rich fuel-air heterogeneous mixtures were presented, and the relationships for the maximum fireball radius, heat effect duration and total emitted energy versus the fuel mass were determined for this kind of process.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the distribution of total heat flux on a wall exposed to a line burner for a number of configurations in which the distance to a parallel wall has been varied.

TL;DR: In this article, a non-linear model of fire in a tunnel, FIRE-SPRINT A1, is presented, which predicts the conditions for fire spread from one object to another within a tunnel which has longitudinal ventilation.

TL;DR: In this article, simple experiments are described for the purpose of illustrating measurement errors and their avoidance during use of Gardon or Schmidt-Boelter total heat flux sensors, which can assume serious proportions of the observed signal at flux levels below about 15 kW/m2.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of solid thickness on the initial stages of concurrent flame spread are studied through numerical simulation, and three main regimes of spread rate are established based on the dependence on fuel thickness.

TL;DR: In this paper, a computational model of three-dimensional, time-dependent flame spread in a microgravity environment is presented, where the solid is assumed to be a thermally thin, pyrolysing cellulosic sheet.

TL;DR: This paper showed that the near field ceiling flow above most fires comprises a succession of very large, distinct and rapidly rotating smoke rolls or vortices, which dominate variations in velocity and temperature and are important to recognise their characteristics when measuring or modelling fire-driven ceiling flows.