Showing papers in "Fire Safety Journal in 1998"

TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to field modeling of fire phenomena in enclosures is presented, where conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy are calculated with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to yield a truly three-dimensional, dynamic picture of the fire plume and its surroundings.

TL;DR: In this paper, two methods are proposed for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles measured in enclosure fires based on mathematical considerations of uniformity and optimisation, and involve no subjectivity or empiricism.

TL;DR: In this paper, a predictive, numerical model is used to calculate trajectories, combustion rates, and lifetimes of metal particles and burning embers of different sizes for various wind conditions and terrain.

TL;DR: In this article, a modified Wolfhard-Parker burner was used to measure temperature drops in a 2D methane diffusion flame, when various quantities of nitrogen, steam and water mist were added independently in a co-flow arrangement.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive methodology has been developed for obtaining and using smoke toxicity data for fire hazard analysis, which comprises determination that the post-flashover fire is the proper focus of smoke inhalation deaths; criteria for a useful bench-scale toxic potency (LC50) measurement method; and a method which meets these criteria, especially validation against real-scale fires.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the rheological properties of compressed-air foams and provided velocity profiles of foams flowing through straight horizontal tubes, showing that a master equation can be derived from the experimental data to account for a range of expansion ratios and pressures normally encountered during pumping of polyhedral-in-structure fire-fighting foams.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of external radiation on the upward flame spread of wood-based materials was investigated using infrared heating panels, and the experimental results were used for comparison with model predictions.

TL;DR: In this paper, a new visualization technique using a laser sheet is introduced to reveal smoke spread in a corridor and thermocouples are used to measure the speed of the ceiling jet front and vertical distribution of temperatures in the corridor from the measurement results, the formation of a smoke layer can be divided into two steps: before and after the impingement of the jet front on the end wall of the corridor.

TL;DR: In this article, a simple model is proposed for estimating the mass entrainment into two-dimensional (2D) free plumes, which is based on the assumption that the entrainedness into the curved section of a spilling plume is approximately equal to the entraining into a vertical free plume rising through the same height.

TL;DR: In this paper, two quantitative risk analysis (QRA) methods are used to evaluate the risk to which occupants of a building may be subjected if a fire breaks out, and the analyses are performed as Monte Carlo simulations.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the mass flow of a two-dimensional plume emerging normal to the straight edge of a flat horizontal surface and rising up into a uniform atmosphere (the spill plume) is correlated with an earlier correlation of the same data by Poreh et al.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present measurements of the heat flux distribution to the surface of four square towers exposed to buoyant turbulent flames, which represent an idealisation of a rack storage configuration at reduced scale.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results from Cone Calorimeter testing of two types of cored composite materials used in shipbuilding: a GRP/Balsa-cored sandwich and aGRP/PVC foam cored sandwich.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of burn room ventilation and environmental conditions on venting plumes have been examined during a series of full-scale flashover fires at the Experimental Building Fire Facility of CESARE (Centre for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering) of Victoria University of Technology.

TL;DR: In this paper, a dimensionless scaling parameter originally derived by Zukoski from analysis of non-reacting turbulent plumes, Q∗, has been applied extensively and successfully in the literature to correlate heights of turbulent diffusion flames.

TL;DR: In this article, simplified soot formation models for two fuels (propylene and methylmethacrylate) represent the pyrolysates derived from burning polymeric materials in compartment fires are developed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of the issues involved in conducting an analysis of a complex room fire model, and present several methods of evaluation of the predictive capability of fire models, but with limited utility.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed model equations to simulate time-dependent flow in a long, ventilated, vertical shaft with an arbitrary vertical density distribution, including one or more intervals along the shaft length where the vertical distribution of the averaged cross-section density may be unstably stratified, i.e., density increasing with increasing elevation.

TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional non-stationary model for a fire spreading across a sloping fuel bed made up of Pinus pinaster litter is described, based on a series of hypotheses, and the fire spread model numerically solved by means of the SIMPLEC procedure.

TL;DR: In this paper, the plastic moment capacity of a partially protected composite beam is compared with that of a fully protected beam subject to both the standard fire exposure and design fires using the parametric time-temperature curves in Eurocode 1.

TL;DR: In this article, a relatively simple heat transfer model which accounts for the emission and absorption of radiation by some of the combustion products of simulated real fires using wood as fuel is presented.

TL;DR: In this article, a phenomenological model of air entrainment into combusting regions of axisymmetric fire plumes is developed and compared with some existing experimental entraining data.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of fire field model predictions with experiment for the case of a fire within a compartment which is vented (buoyancydriven) to the outside by a single horizontal ceiling vent is presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, a method is presented to calculate the incident radiant heat flux and the temperatures reached on any point of a tank surface when this tank is engulfed in a pool-fire during the fire transitory state (developing phase).

TL;DR: In this article, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method was used to monitor the gas composition of the air in a 121m 3 test compartment during full-scale fire suppression tests using HFC-227ea and HCFC Blend A.

TL;DR: In this paper, a brominated vinyl ester/glass composite was tested in the form of a 90° corner configuration with an inert ceiling segment 2.44 m above the top of the fire source.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of pool size and fuel type on the characteristics of pool fires were examined and the results showed good agreement between the heat of combustion, smoke extinction area (SEA) and the yields of CO2 and CO2.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used computational fluids dynamics (CFD) simulations to study the dynamics of fires in inclined trenches and determined the critical angle, the angle at which the plume first attached to the trench, for a wide variety of trench and burners.

TL;DR: In this paper, an improved procedure was developed for preparing and testing upholstered furniture composites in the Cone Calorimeter, which emphasized tighter control of preparation procedures, in order to achieve optimum reproducibility.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the thermal behavior of glass bulb sprinklers in a heated wind tunnel under various test conditions, and the response parameters considered were the response time index (RTI), the conduction parameter (C), and the change of phase parameter (CHP).