Showing papers in "Fuel in 1998"

TL;DR: In the ICCP System 1994, the maceral group inertinite was enlarged to include seven macerals by replacing the former maceral sclerotinite by two others, called funginite and secretinite as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, an experimental gasification study of Bowmans coal with steam and with carbon dioxide in a single-particle reactor operating at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 714 and 892°C was conducted.

TL;DR: In this article, a new understanding about bitumen's colloidal behavior, related to its chemical composition, microscopic structure and rheological properties, is given, which is based on the ratio of the four main chemical components (asphaltenes, resins, aromatics, saturates).

TL;DR: In this paper, the physical, chemical and fuel properties of vegetable oils were investigated and the higher heating values of vegetable oil samples obtained from different Turkish sources were determined experimentally and calculated from chemical analyses.

TL;DR: In this paper, the ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumens were evaluated using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy.

TL;DR: In this article, a description of the main parameters affecting char gasification, as well as an evaluation of the kinetic models used for describing the gasification reaction, are presented, and it is shown that the thermal history of the char, the pore structure and the coal chemical composition are those which present the most different results.

TL;DR: In this article, a thermal non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil with methanol is presented. But the main process characteristics are discussed only in terms of the reaction mechanism and the rate constants of the kinetic model.

TL;DR: In this article, a new procedure is proposed for the effective conversion of biomass flash pyrolysis liquids (BFPLs) to transportation fuels, both in a thermal and in a catalytic mode.

TL;DR: In this paper, a variable compression ratio Ricardo E6 single-cylinder spark-ignition engine operating on simulated biogas formed from different mixtures of domestic natural gas and carbon dioxide was tested.

TL;DR: In this paper, experiments were designed to determine how variations in molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of acidic catalyst, and time and temperature of reaction affected the yield and properties of esters.

TL;DR: In this article, the cumulative evolution profiles of liquid and gaseous compounds were deconvoluted into generation curves for oil (C 6+ ), primary gas and secondary gas using complementary open-system experiments and simple stoichiometric relationships.

TL;DR: In this article, a slag building simplified model has been developed to simulate the time varying phenomena connected to the slag accumulation and flow on the walls of a Prenflo coal gasifier.

TL;DR: In this article, the efficiency of fly ash in the removal of heavy metals (Cd and Cu) was investigated and it was shown that fly ash is an effective metal adsorbent for these two metals.

TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray diffraction analyses on eight commercial and industrial paraffin waxes and a heavy crude oil were carried out, and it was shown that each multicomponent paraffine wax, which has a continuous distribution of consecutive n-alkanes (19 < n < 53), forms a single orthorhombic solid solution.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of temperature, pressure and the catalyst ageing time on the final product tar have been studied using the catalyst Zeolite H-ZSM5 in the second stage of the reactor.

TL;DR: In this article, the combustion emissions from pulverized solid fuels: NOx (NO and NO2), SO2, CO and CO2 were investigated in an electrically heated drop-tube furnace at high particle heating rates and elevated gas temperatures.

TL;DR: In this article, Bagasse and four banagrass fuels with different inorganic fractions were gasified in a bench-scale fluidized bed at a nominal equivalence ratio of 0.3, reactor temperature of 800°C and atmospheric pressure.

TL;DR: The relationship existing between heat treatment of carbons, changes in their microstructural properties and loss of gasification reactivity is addressed in this paper, where experiments have been carried out on carbons of different ash content and composition and of different petrographic constitution.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of asphaltenes in the rheological behavior of waxy Indian crude oils, having a middle-range API gravity (28-30), was studied.

TL;DR: In this article, a theory according with the various relevant literature is proposed for the interaction among the components, advocating that post-fusion pore-growth sustains the interaction between components that, in turn, influences the adsorption characteristics of biomass.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a modelling study of gaseous pollutants (CO, NO, N2O, SO2, HCl) formation and destruction during the incineration of municipal solid waste in a circulating fluidized bed combustor.

TL;DR: In this paper, activated carbons were prepared by carbonization and steam activation of nitrogen-enriched low-rank coals by reaction of ammonia or its derivatives with the carboxyl groups either naturally occurring in coal or artificially introduced by performic oxidation.

TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic model including a first step of pyrolysis, which assumes three organic fractions not forming residues, and a step of combustion is presented, with activation energy in the range 221-235 kJ/mol, and there exists a dependence of the rate of decomposition on the partial pressure of oxygen.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the carbon black in the presence of catalytically active compounds in a flow reactor and found that the contact between catalyst and carbon black is an essential parameter in the catalysed oxidation of carbon black, and that the catalytic effect of the metal oxides and alkali metal carbonates is low or even absent.

TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the system Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, O 2, CaO 2, FeO 2 O 3, Fe2O 3, developed using the F*A*C*T computer system is presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive model for the combustion of coal in a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) was developed, which integrates hydrodynamic parameters, reaction model and kinetic subroutines necessary to simulate coal combustion in a CFBC.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present critical reflections about the industrial process and also recent experimental data relative to an original method which allows exfoliating any carbon-based material that can react with mixtures containing perchloric acid.

TL;DR: A novel technique, the back-propagation (BP) neural network, is presented for predicting the ash fusion temperature from ash compositions for some Chinese coals instead of the traditional techniques, such as the ternary equilibrium phase diagrams and regression relationships.

TL;DR: The surface properties of activated carbons (AC) play a significant role when these materials are used for adsorption from liquid phases or as supports for catalysts as mentioned in this paper. But no single method is able to give a quantitative description of the surface chemistry of a carbon material.

TL;DR: The mineralogical, morphological, physical and chemical properties of seven different fly ashes from eastern, central and western lignite and bituminous coal fields in Turkey are compared in this paper.