Showing papers in "Globalizations in 2013"
TL;DR: Land grabbing has emerged as a significant issue in contemporary global governance that cuts across the fields of development, investment, food security, and security, among others as mentioned in this paper and is facilitated by ever greater flows of capital, goods, and ideas across borders, and these flows occur through axes of power that are far more polycentric than the North-South imperialist tradition.
Abstract: Land grabbing has emerged as a significant issue in contemporary global governance that cuts across the fields of development, investment, food security, among others. Whereas land grabbing per se is not a new phenomenon, having historical precedents in the era of imperialism, the character, scale, pace, orientation, and key drivers of the recent wave of land grabs is a distinct historical phenomenon closely tied to major shifts in power and production in the global political economy. Land grabbing is facilitated by ever greater flows of capital, goods, and ideas across borders, and these flows occur through axes of power that are far more polycentric than the North–South imperialist tradition. In this introduction we argue that land grabbing speaks to many of the core questions of globalization studies. However, we note scholars of globalization have yet to deeply engage with this new field. We situate land grabbing in an era of advanced capitalism, multiple global crises, and the role of new configurati...
256 citations
TL;DR: Sassen as discussed by the authors focuses on the larger assemblage of elements that promoted and facilitated the sharp increase in foreign land acquisitions by governments and firms since 2006 and argues it is a type of governance embedded in larger structural processes shaping our global modernity; in fact, it may have had deeper effects on the current phase of land acquisitions than some of the explicit governance instruments for regulating land acquisitions.
Abstract: This essay focuses on the larger assemblage of elements that promoted and facilitated the sharp increase in foreign land acquisitions by governments and firms since 2006. The concern is not to document the empirics of foreign land acquisition. Conceptually the essay negotiates between the specifics of the current phase of land acquisitions, on the one hand, and, on the other, the assemblage of practices, norms, and shifting jurisdictions within which those acquisitions take place. This assemblage of diverse elements does not present itself explicitly as governance. But I argue it is a type of governance embedded in larger structural processes shaping our global modernity; in fact, it may have had deeper effects on the current phase of land acquisitions than some of the explicit governance instruments for regulating land acquisitions. This mode of analysis is based on the conceptual and methodological work I developed in my book, Territory, Authority, Rights (Sassen, 2008); put succinctly it proposes that ...
186 citations
TL;DR: The emergence of "flex crops and commodities" within a fluid international food regime transition, the rise of BRICS and middle-income countries, and the revalued role of nation-states are critical context for land grabbing as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The emergence of ‘flex crops and commodities’ within a fluid international food regime transition, the rise of BRICS and middle-income countries, and the revalued role of nation-states are critical context for land grabbing. These global transformations that shape and are reshaped by contemporary land grabbing have resulted in the emergence of competing interpretations of the meaning of such changes, making the already complex governance terrain even more complicated. We are witnessing a three-way political contestation at the global level to control the character, pace, and trajectory of discourse, and the instruments in and practice of land governance. These are ‘regulate to facilitate’, ‘regulate to mitigate negative impacts and maximize opportunities’, and ‘regulate to block and rollback’ land grabbing. Future trajectories in land grabbing and its governance will be shaped partly by the balance of state and social forces within and between these three political tendencies. Given this an unfolding glob...
170 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the content and implications of this new "security mercantilism" which both affirms and contradicts a neoliberal order, anticipating a shift in international relations around resource grabbing.
Abstract: International studies routinely consign agri-food relations to the analytical margins, despite the substantive historical impact of the agri-food frontiers and provisioning on the structuring of the interstate system As a case in point, current restructuring of the food regime and its global political-economic coordinates is expressed through the process of ‘land grabbing’ Here, the crisis of the WTO-centered corporate food regime, which has neoliberalized Southern agriculture while sustaining Northern agro-food subsidies, is manifest in a new form of mercantilism of commandeering offshore land for supplies of food, feed, and fuel This article examines the content and implications of this new ‘security mercantilism’, which both affirms and contradicts a neoliberal order, anticipating a shift in international relations around resource grabbing Los estudios internacionales destinan periodicamente las relaciones de los productos agroalimentarios a los margenes analiticos, a pesar del impacto historico fu
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that transnational land governance is indicative of emerging shifts in the practice of governance of global affairs, particularly with regard to North-South relations, and what do these developments in transnational governance mean for regulating land grabbing.
Abstract: Since 2008, a series of new regulatory initiatives have emerged to address large-scale land grabs. These initiatives are occurring simultaneously at multiple levels of social organization instead of a single, overarching institutional site. A significant portion of this activity is taking place at the transnational level. We suggest that transnational land governance is indicative of emerging shifts in the practice of governance of global affairs. We analyze such shifts by asking two related questions: what does land grabbing tell us about developments in transnational governance, particularly with regard to North–South relations, and what do these developments in transnational governance mean for regulating land grabbing? Desde 2008, ha surgido una serie de nuevas iniciativas regulatorias para tratar acaparamientos de tierra a gran escala. Estas iniciativas estan sucediendo simultaneamente a niveles multiples de la organizacion social en vez de un lugar institucional predominante. Una porcion importante ...
101 citations
TL;DR: The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests as mentioned in this paper are a set of guidelines for the management of land and natural resources.
Abstract: In May 2012, the UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS) endorsed the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests. This article provides an overview on this new document. It puts the Guidelines in the context of the FAOs efforts to raise awareness on the importance of good governance of land and natural resource tenure, as emphasized in the 2006 final declaration of the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ICARRD), as well as of the discussions on responses to the current new wave of land grabbing. The main objective of the Voluntary Guidelines is to provide practical guidance to governments to improve governance of natural resources, recognizing that secure tenure rights and equitable access to land, fisheries, and forests are crucial to achieve food security and the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. The article argues that despite being “voluntary” the Guidelines explicitly refer to existing human rights...
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, rural social movements have built up their capacities as global mobilizers and policy players over the past decade, assessing the success with which they are exploiting the current window of political opportunity opened up by interlinked global food, fuel, climate, and financial crises, accompanied by the highly publicized phenomenon of land grabbing.
Abstract: Defending their access to land has always been a major motivation for rural people to mobilize locally, nationally, and, more recently, in global struggles against land grabbing. I analyze how rural social movements have built up their capacities as global mobilizers and policy players over the past decade. I assess the success with which they are exploiting the current window of political opportunity opened up by interlinked global food, fuel, climate, and financial crises, accompanied by the highly publicized phenomenon of land grabbing. Particular attention is given to the newly reformed Committee on World Food Security, as the only global policy forum in the UN system in which these actors intervene as full participants, and to the recent negotiation of Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Land, Fisheries and Forests. The conclusion identifies challenges that need to be addressed in order for rural social movements to consolidate the gains made. Defender su acceso a la tierra ha sido ...
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a discussion examines global studies and whether and how it differs from the earlier wave of globalization studies and concludes that studies of globalization are anchored in social science and humanities disciplines while global studies are, in principle, conceived on a different footing.
Abstract: This discussion examines global studies and whether and how it differs from the earlier wave of globalization studies. Although treatments generally regard these as equivalent, studies of globalization are anchored in social science and humanities disciplines while global studies are, in principle, conceived on a different footing. We can distinguish two accounts of global studies: an empirical account, i.e. a description of actual existing global studies, and an analytical or programmatic account, which refers to what global studies can or should be for theoretical or other reasons. The first section of this paper discusses global knowledge as a database that exists independent of studies of globalization; the second section turns to studies of globalization; the third section concerns global studies as it actually exists; the fourth section offers a programmatic account of global studies. The concluding sections address cognitive problems of global thinking, in particular the challenges of multicentric and multilevel thinking.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the real value of these roundtable certification schemes might lie less in their ability to enforce standards than their (partially realised) role in enabling scrutiny, providing new possibilities for corporate accountability in transnational commodity chains.
Abstract: Given the challenges of upholding human rights in countries where land grabbing has been most acute, attention has turned to alternative regulatory mechanisms by which better land governance might be brought about. This essay considers one such approach: certification schemes. These encourage agricultural producers to adopt sustainability standards which are then monitored by third-party auditors. Used by the European Union to help govern its biofuel market, they now also have an important mandatory dimension. However, through a study of Bonsucro and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, we find both flaws in their standards and shortcomings in their ability to discipline the companies they are financially dependent upon. In sum, we suggest that the real value of these roundtable certification schemes might lie less in their ability to enforce standards than their (partially realised) role in enabling scrutiny, providing new possibilities for corporate accountability in transnational commodity chains.
54 citations
TL;DR: A counter-hegemonic "green economy" formulation of corporations, multilateral agencies, unions, and big NGOs is contained in a document known as The Future We Want.
Abstract: The transnational capitalist class is using the global ecological crisis to revive its failing financial system. Whereas environmental degradation was once seen as imposing a limit on economic accumulation, in the new ‘green economy’, ecologism appears to become a rationale for extending market activity. The intensification of neoliberal extraction, and corresponding social and environmental debt, meets resistance from the global justice movement whose articulation of a counter position is increasingly sophisticated. This article examines this dialectic as played out at the UN Rio + 20 Summit and parallel People's Summit in June 2012. The hegemonic ‘green economy’ formulation of corporations, multilateral agencies, unions, and big NGOs is contained in a document known as The Future We Want. A counter-hegemonic document entitled Another Future is Possible, facilitated by the World Social Forum, spells out an alternative route to global justice and environmental sustainability—a ‘bio-civilisation’. In neo-G...
52 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the post-secular is both a description of and a response to shifting global realities in the twenty-first century, and that the intersection between the postsecular and emerging global political ideologies of market and justice globalisms is having a profound impact on r...
Abstract: This article explores the interconnections between mounting global crises and the emergence of the post-secular. Specifically, the article argues that the post-secular is both a description of and a response to shifting global realities in the twenty-first century. It describes the crisis of secular rationalism, brought about in many ways by an overemphasis on economic rationalism and neoliberalism (Steger et al., 2013). Yet, as noted by Jurgen Habermas (2006, 2008), Mariano Barbato (2010), and Justin Beaumont and Paul Cloke (2012), the post-secular offers a way of resisting, reforming, and potentially revolutionizing these dominant secular, rationalist, neoliberal frameworks that presently shape global politics and society. We suggest, however, that the influence of globalization has been under-theorized in these previous studies. In particular we argue that the intersection between the post-secular and emerging global political ideologies of market and justice globalisms is having a profound impact on r...
TL;DR: In the wake of the 2008 global food crisis and export restrictions imposed by major food exporters, Gulf states announced plans for foreign agro-investments, including major land deals, in the name of national food security as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the wake of the 2008 global food crisis and export restrictions imposed by major food exporters, Gulf states announced plans for foreign agro-investments, including major land deals, in the name of national of food security. Media reporting has often conveyed an inaccurate picture of these land deals since project implementation has lagged far behind official announcements. This essay analyzes Gulf states' land deals against the backdrop of domestic politics, strategic vulnerabilities, and earlier agro-investments in the Sudan during the 1970s. Approaches among Gulf states diverge considerably, most notably in the case of Saudi Arabia and Qatar that have created new governance institutions to coordinate food security policies and land investments. Gulf states have also increased their profile on the world stage and now their prominent role in the global land grab requires them to navigate new political spaces, including engagement with global civil society, water politics in countries where they are in...
TL;DR: The current international responses to the global land grab are insufficient in the sense that they address some aspects of the problem but leave outside their scope important situations of human rights violations and abuses as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The current international responses to the global land grab are insufficient in the sense that they address some aspects of the problem but leave outside their scope important situations of human rights violations and abuses. To address this governance gap, this essay argues for the promotion and application of the right to land as a human right. Globalization in general and the global land grab in particular make it necessary to pay particular attention to the international and transnational dimension of the human right to land. Extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) may turn out to be the missing link for human rights to acquire the conceptual robustness for upholding legal primacy over all other legal regimes such as trade and finance in times of deepening globalization. Las actuales respuestas internacionales al acaparamiento global de tierras son insuficientes, en el sentido de que tratan algunos aspectos del problema, pero dejan por fuera su proposito, las situaciones importantes de violac...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the material imaginations of environmental crisis and justice in the context of the Anthropocene and argue that political action at the intersections between environmental degradation and environmental change produce anticipatory histories of planetary crisis.
Abstract: This article considers the material imaginations of environmental crisis and justice in the context of the Anthropocene. I argue that political action at the intersections between environmental degradation and environmental change produce ‘anticipatory histories’ (DeSilvey, 2012) of planetary crisis. ‘Anticipatory histories’ disorder linear and depoliticised understandings of external crisis and they support different social imaginaries of the relationship between everyday life and geophysical events. Drawing its inspiration from recent environmental justice projects in the United States (New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and high-level nuclear waste disposal at Yucca Mountain in Nevada), this article explores what environmental justice can teach us about living with environmental crisis and change. Este articulo considera el material de imaginacion de la crisis medioambiental y de la justicia en el contexto del Antropoceno. Sostengo que la accion politica en las intersecciones entre la degradacion y el...
TL;DR: The first wave of accountability reforms for international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) was largely driven by powe... as mentioned in this paper, and many attempts have been made to remedy the accountability deficits of international INGOs.
Abstract: Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability deficits of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). The ‘first wave’ of accountability reforms was largely driven by powe...
TL;DR: A review of the recent reactions of the governments of Argentina and Brazil to land grabbing by foreign actors can be found in this article, where the authors examine the recent reaction of national political parties, small and medium farmers, and the overall population perceive the recent surge of foreign acquisitions of land as a threat to national sovereignty.
Abstract: This review examines the recent reactions of the governments of Argentina and Brazil to land grabbing by foreign actors. In these two countries, national political parties, small and medium farmers, and the overall population perceive the recent surge of foreign acquisitions of land as a threat to national sovereignty. This political support translated into new regulations that restrict foreign acquisitions of agricultural land and aim to determine the amount of land that is presently in the hands of foreigners.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the findings of a long-term incorporated comparison of forestry capitalism's globalization process and reveal that industry trajectories are influenced by who controls the supply chains of commodities.
Abstract: The article presents the findings of a long-term incorporated comparison of forestry capitalism's globalization process. Primary data was collected by participant observation in pulp investment areas in Brazil between 2004 and 2011 and semi-structured interviews with key industry personnel, particularly in Finland. It is argued that the key cyclic change in industrial forestry from innovation–capitalization to material–territorial accumulation explains why and how the industry has globalized to the south via industrial tree plantations. The interlinked northern (Finnish) and southern (Brazilian) cases reveal that industry trajectories are influenced by who controls the supply chains of commodities. The findings are relevant for theorizing about the globalization of natural resource exploitation sectors. Changes in agrarian political economies and agency of state, business, and social movement actors—that is, socio-ecological relations and landscapes—help to explain how and why national and global ...
TL;DR: This paper argued that regulatory experimentation, typical of neoliberalisation, has begun to increase standardisation of emergency and security practices and that when this results in over-standardisation a "rigidity trap" is created.
Abstract: This article offers a critical social science perspective on the globalisation of disaster resilience. It is argued that the regulatory experimentation, typical of neoliberalisation, has begun to increase standardisation of emergency and security practices. Examples of this can be seen in the growth of general principles, non-statutory guidance, and international standards designed to improve resilience to disasters. This represents the creeping ‘neoliberalisation’ of ‘disaster resilience’. When this results in over-standardisation a ‘rigidity trap’ is created. Regulatory experimentation may enhance the resiliency of organisations and infrastructure, but when standards and benchmarks seek to create ‘resilient subjects’ and ‘resilient communities’ the positive potential is lost in bureaucratic inflexibility. The neoliberalisation of resilience, if unchecked, will undermine the very flexible capabilities and adaptive capacity it is claimed that a focus on resilience can create. Este articulo ofrece una pers...
TL;DR: De Schutter et al. as mentioned in this paper put forward a set of 11 principles to address the human rights challenge of largescale acquisitions and leases of land, including the right to food.
Abstract: In June 2009, Olivier De Schutter, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, put forward a set of 11 principles to address ‘the human rights challenge’ of largescale acquisitions and leases of land. This article briefly outlines the main elements of the Minimum Principles, their objective, as well as the context in which they were released. It also presents a critical analysis of their impact, based on the controversies that they sparked among various stakeholders.
TL;DR: In the concluding section of a painstaking article on the life and time of global studies, Pieterse comes to make peace with the competing terminologies and says: "The issu...
Abstract: It is only in the concluding section of a painstaking article on the life and time of global studies that Nederveen Pieterse comes to make peace with the competing terminologies and says: ‘The issu...
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of principles for responsible agricultural investment within the global land grab is discussed, examining the Principles that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources proposed by multilateral organizations in 2010 and the decision by the Committee on World Food Security in 2012 to initiate a multi-stakeholder process to develop principles for sustainable agricultural investments.
Abstract: In 2009 the Group of Eight called for the development of principles to promote responsible agricultural investment as a means to regulate foreign investment in land. This essay contextualizes the development of principles for responsible agricultural investment within the global land grab. In particular, the essay examines the Principles that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources proposed by multilateral organizations in 2010 and the decision by the Committee on World Food Security in 2012 to initiate a multi-stakeholder process to develop principles for responsible agricultural investments. En 2009 el Grupo de los Ocho hizo un llamado para el desarrollo de los principios para promover la inversion agricola responsable como un medio para reglamentar la inversion extranjera de tierras. Este articulo contextualiza el desarrollo de los principios para la inversion agricola responsable dentro del acaparamiento global de tierras. En particular, el articulo examina los Principios que respetan los derechos,...
TL;DR: In this article, a new cycle of ideological clashes underpins the economic policy reforms in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and its continuing uncertainties, and the evolving complexity of the global economic system, especially after the crisis, has been associated with not only the growth of ideological fragmentations but also with the transversalization of ideas, identities, and solidarities among grassroots movements.
Abstract: A new cycle of ideological clashes underpins the economic policy reforms in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and its continuing uncertainties. This article argues that the evolving complexity of the global economic system, especially after the crisis, has been associated with not only the growth of ideological fragmentations but also with the transversalization of ideas, identities, and solidarities among grassroots movements. Rooted in the transnational movements for justice of the 1990s–2000s, a more practically inclusive mode of ‘cosmopolitanism’, i.e. transversalism, has now evolved, significantly, into a growing number of consolidated demands and multi-issue agendas, in response to the post-crisis social injustices. By focusing on the 2011–2012 Occupy movements as its exemplary case study, the article delineates the features of such an ideological advancement and its implications for social theory. Un nuevo ciclo de enfrentamientos ideologicos respalda las reformas de politicas econo...
TL;DR: The authors revisited the development of the counter-globalization movements in the global North over the past thirteen years, and argued that the counter globalization movements' "war of maneuver" has not been complemented by an adequate 'war of position' in international politics and political economy.
Abstract: Against the backdrop of the international financial and sovereign debt crisis, this article revisits the development of the counter-globalization movements in the global North over the past thirteen years. How can we explain that the systemic failures of the current order are not being met through a broad ideological formation posing a serious challenge to the neoliberal hegemony in international politics and political economy? Why have the mass protests at summit meetings and democratic deliberation experiments at social forums not prepared the ground for such an ideological formation? Drawing on (neo-)Gramscian concepts, this paper argues that the counter-globalization movements' ‘war of maneuver’ has not been complemented by an adequate ‘war of position’. Counter-hegemonic dissent articulated broadly on the streets has not translated into counter-hegemonic capacity. Without focusing on movement-internal reasons, this article highlights the role played by the strength of the opponent in preventing such success. Our analysis sheds light on three important macro-contextual factors: the difficulties created for establishing counter-hegemony in international politics when hegemonic powers insulate themselves from critique; the co-optation of critical discourse that is achieved by bending critique into a new legitimation strategy for neoliberal measures; and the de-politicization of power relations by current international security discourses and policies. Together, these macro-contextual factors help explain how neoliberal forces successfully prevent counter-globalization movements from moving from ‘war of maneuver’ to ‘war of position’ and becoming counter-hegemonic, even in times of neoliberal crisis.
TL;DR: In his evocative way, my colleague Jan Nederveen Pieterse has raised a host of interesting questions about the emerging field of global studies, beginning with the puzzler of whether there is a dif...
Abstract: In his evocative way, my colleague Jan Nederveen Pieterse has raised a host of interesting questions about the emerging field of global studies, beginning with the puzzler of whether there is a dif...
TL;DR: The authors analyzes and theorizes the global crisis from the perspective of global capitalism theory and highlights the qualitative shifts in the global system, including the rise of truly transnational capital and the integration of every country into a new globalized production and financial system.
Abstract: This article analyzes and theorizes the global crisis from the perspective of global capitalism theory. The crisis is unprecedented, given its magnitude, its global reach, the extent of ecological degradation and social deterioration, and the scale of the means of violence. If we are to avert disastrous outcomes, we must understand the nature of the new global capitalism as well as its crisis. The system-wide crisis will not be a repeat of earlier such episodes of crisis in the 1930s and the 1970s precisely because world capitalism is fundamentally different in the early twenty-first century. Among the qualitative shifts in the global system this article highlights are: (1) the rise of truly transnational capital and the integration of every country into a new globalized production and financial system; (2) the appearance of a transnational capitalist class; (3) the rise of transnational state apparatuses; (4) and the appearance of novel relations of inequality and domination in global society. The curren...
TL;DR: The authors argue for a transdisciplinary approach to the study of the globalization of culture, media, and language, and argue for the need for transdisciplinary approaches to understand the global spread of English.
Abstract: The global spread of English is an inextricable part of the globalization of culture and media. Despite this close entanglement, theories on the global spread of English have largely been developed within separate fields, such as applied linguistics and sociolinguistics, with relatively limited reference to theories of cultural or media globalization. Conversely, scholars of cultural and media globalization who focus on the role of language rarely refer to work on the global spread of English. Despite this mutual independence, paradigms of cultural and media globalization on the one hand, and of the globalization of English on the other, have developed along remarkably similar lines. The aim of this paper is to identify and explain these similarities. After discussing five major paradigms in cultural and media globalization and their equivalents in theory on the global spread of English, we will argue for a transdisciplinary approach to the study of the globalization of culture, media, and language. La pr...
TL;DR: In this article, the Equator Principles (EPs) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) are used to promote and introduce sustainability meta-standards in the decision-making and risk management process of signatory firms, financial institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with regard to land use and access.
Abstract: Goals, norms, and rules negotiated and implemented by the private sector are one of the global governance approaches under debate for regulating land grabbing. This paper looks at two private governance instruments that are especially relevant: the Equator Principles (EPs) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB). Both instruments promote and introduce sustainability meta-standards in the decision-making and risk management process of signatory firms, financial institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with regard to land use and access. And they aim to govern two sectors of international investment, namely biofuels and project finance, that are associated with highly land consuming economic activity. Against the background of key features, the paper concludes that the imprecise and voluntary nature, lack of effective sanction and compensation mechanisms, and bias towards client interests highlight that both governance approaches provide insufficient protection of communities or the ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that iconicity in general, and in architecture and urban design in particular, is a telling case study of how the four fractions of the transnational capitalist class act to sustain and enlarge their hegemony through the use of both intangible and tangible objects that foster the global diffusion of the culture-ideology of consumerism.
Abstract: This article—a product of current research on iconic architecture and capitalist globalization—argues that iconicity in general, and in architecture and urban design in particular is a telling case study of how the four fractions of the transnational capitalist class (corporate, political, professional, and consumerist) act to sustain and enlarge their hegemony through the use of both intangible and tangible objects that foster the global diffusion of the culture-ideology of consumerism. Iconicity is defined in terms of (a) fame and (b) symbolic/aesthetic significance, and while many different interpretations can be and have been applied to iconic phenomena (e.g. celebrities of various types, products, images, buildings, architects) this article will emphasize the uses of iconicity in the conscious construction of transnational capitalist class projects at various levels of action. The article concludes with an analysis of the ways in which the transnational capitalist class in and around architecture, ur...
TL;DR: The authors examines the "new constitutionalism" of the free movement of capital at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) after the global economic crisis and argues that the concept of new constitutionalism is an indispensable concept to understand the still growing institutionalization of neoliberal policies in constitutions, laws, institutions, and regulations.
Abstract: This article examines the ‘new constitutionalism’ of the free movement of capital at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) after the global economic crisis. It is argued that the concept of new constitutionalism, as developed by Stephen Gill, is an indispensable concept to understand the still growing institutionalization of neoliberal policies in constitutions, laws, institutions, and regulations. The latest attempt to further extend the constitutionalization of the free movement of capital, one of the pillars of neoliberalism, is the IMF's newly developed ‘institutional view’ on capital flows. This approach, while more pragmatic than earlier attempts, can be understood as a renewed effort to prevent emerging markets and developing countries from installing capital controls and deviating significantly from neoliberal policies. However, emerging markets and developing countries have opposed this new IMF framework. As such, the ability to further extend the new constitutionalism of the free movement of cap...
TL;DR: In this article, private authority is gaining salience in space politics, even with respect to the traditionally state-centric security and military aspects of outer space governed by the state, and the authors argued that private authority was gaining saliency in space space politics.
Abstract: How is outer space governed? This article argues that private authority is gaining salience in space politics, even with respect to the traditionally state-centric security and military aspects of ...