Showing papers in "International journal of ambient energy in 2017"
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation of an evacuated tube solar air collector coupled with a latent thermal energy store for generating hot air when no solar radiation is incident was undertaken, where Acetamide was used as a phase change material (PCM).
Abstract: An experimental investigation of an evacuated tube solar air collector coupled to a latent thermal energy store for generating hot air when no solar radiation is incident was undertaken. Acetamide was used as a phase change material (PCM). The latent thermal energy store was integrated with the manifold of the solar collector and water was used as the working fluid transferring solar gain to the air being heated. The maximum measured temperature differential between the heated air and the ambient air was 37°C and 20.2°C during conditions of incident and non-incident solar radiation, respectively. This occurred using a circular fin configuration at a flow rate of 0.018 kg s−1. The efficiency at low (0.018 kg s−1) air flow rates was 0.05–0.50 times less as compared to high (0.035 kg s−1) air flow rates. This system has advantages over systems using sensible storage as it can be used after sunset due to better heat storing capacity of the PCM.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to store excess heat energy in solar stills during the daytime for the continuation of the process at late evening and night hours for increment distillate output.
Abstract: Solar still is a simple device which can convert available waste or brackish water into potable fresh water by utilising solar energy. In the present research work, an attempt has been made to store excess heat energy in solar stills during the daytime for the continuation of the process at late evening and night hours for increment distillate output. To investigate the effect of energy storage materials on the productivity under the same climatic conditions, three same-size single-basin single-slope solar stills with an area of 1 m2 made of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) sheet were tested with 0.04 m layer of water level to investigate effects on solar still. Different energy storage materials like marble pieces and sandstones were used for easy availability and lower price. It has been found that sand stones are more productive compared with marble pieces and without materials inside solar still.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the various techniques available in an active solar still for increment in distillate output for converting available brackish or saline water into drinkable water.
Abstract: Solar still is one of the most promising technology to convert available brackish or saline water into drinkable water. It is not widely used due to the lower distillate output from it. Passive and active are the two main types of solar still. Distillate output of a passive solar still is lower compared with that of an active solar still. Hence, for increment in distillate output from the solar still, active solar still is the only viable option. The present review shows the various techniques available in an active solar still for increment in distillate output.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an embodied energy analysis has been done for indirect solar dryer unit, where Fenugreek leaves of 2.5 kg were put in each tray inside the dryer for drying purposes.
Abstract: The increase in cost of fossil fuel and unavailability of electricity are the barrier for farmers to run their farm machineries and their development. Solar drying is a technique that not only helps in reducing fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emission by avoiding the use of machines in this sector, but also reduces the post-harvest food losses too. In present study, embodied energy analysis has been done for indirect solar dryer unit. Fenugreek leaves of 02 kg were put in each tray inside indirect solar dryer unit for drying purposes. Various environmental and economic parameters have been evaluated, which includes the payback period by cost, the energy payback time (EPBT), embodied energy, CO2 emission and the earned carbon credit. The total embodied energy of the system is 1081.83 kWh. The EPBT and CO2 emission are found to be 4.36 years and 391.52 kg per year, respectively.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a double-effect solar still with evacuated tubes for water desalination considered for small-scale applications at remote locations where only saline water or brackish water is available.
Abstract: In this present paper, the study focuses on the development of a double-effect solar still with evacuated tubes for water desalination considered for small-scale applications at remote locations where only saline water or brackish water is available. In this present paper, the potable water cost per litre has been evaluated. The payback periods for different conditions of the distribution of distilled water, namely at the cost it is produced and at the selling price on market rate, have been evaluated. The cost of water per litre was a minimum of Rs. 0.19 with the average distillate output being about 20 l/day, when the interest rate and the lifetime of the solar still are taken as 4% and 50 years, respectively. The lowest payback time of 45 days was obtained when the selling price of water was Rs. 20 per litre.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an optimisation method to determine optimal allocations of distributed generation (DGs) and capacitors based on maximisation of a profit/worth analysis approach is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents an optimisation method to determine optimal allocations of distributed generation (DGs) and capacitors based on maximisation of a profit/worth analysis approach. The optimal loc...
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new approach was developed using polyurea coating as a protective layer for compressed hydrogen fuel tanks, which is very reactive and cures fast even at low temperature, and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction.
Abstract: Compressed hydrogen fuel tanks were used for on-board hydrogen-fuelled vehicles which operate under high pressure and are subject to potential failures associated with pressure vessels. During a failure, hydrogen spills out through the cracks developed in these vessels. Organic materials are used to shield the leakage but mostly it fails due to improper surface and deposition of constituents of coating on the substrate. So in order to eliminate this potential threat a new approach was developed using polyurea coating as protective layer. It is very reactive and cures fast even at low temperature. In this investigation the polyurea coating was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction. In addition to this, nuclear magnetic resonance was done on its binding components to confirm FTIR spectral results.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to estimate the power output of solar chimneys, such as rate of air mass flow, system efficiency and solar collector efficiency, of the sloped solar chimney power plant.
Abstract: The sloped solar chimney power plant (SSCPP) has significant capability to fulfil a part of the forthcoming energy requirements of villages located in the southwestern region of Iran. This paper presents the performance analysis of SSCPP which was expected to fulfil the urgent need for electric power in the southwestern region of Iran. However, to investigate the SSCPP performance and power generation throughout the southwestern region of Iran, five different regions across the Persian Gulf were considered. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the power output of solar chimneys. The performances, such as rate of air mass flow, system efficiency and solar collector efficiency, of the SSCPP were studied. The obtained results show that SSCPPs can produce from 2.98 to 5.91 MW of electricity power in the selected regions during different months of the year.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of dimethoxymethane (DMM) blends on combustion characteristics, fuel economy, emissions and engine's power were evaluated on a single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine of direct injection with volume fractions of DMM blends.
Abstract: This paper assesses the effects of dimethoxymethane (DMM) blends on combustion characteristics, fuel economy, emissions and engine’s power. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine of direct injection with volume fractions of DMM blends of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% v/v starting from base diesel. Experimental results suggest that 20% DMM blended with diesel achieved better performance in terms of efficiency as well as in exhaust emissions. Carbon monoxide emission levels, hydrocarbon and smoke are reduced considerably with DMM additions, while the oxides of nitrogen emission in exhaust increase due to higher in-cylinder temperature. The oxygen content in the DMM blends plays a greater role in the combustion process compared to neat diesel fuel. The combustion profile was smoother, and no knocking was experienced while operating with DMM blends. Also, it is observed that addition of DMM in diesel shortens the ignition delay and total combustion duration.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the theoretical analysis of a triangular pyramid solar still integrated to an inclined solar still with baffles and showed that the increase in water mass decreases the yield from 6% to 46% during the daytime, whereas due to thermal energy storage at higher mass, the yield during the nighttime increases from 46% to 86% with integration.
Abstract: This paper presents the theoretical analysis of a triangular pyramid solar still integrated to an inclined solar still with baffles. The performance of the solar still depends on water mass inside the basin. The yield of triangular pyramid solar still is increased by integrating it to an inclined solar still with baffles. Analytically, the water mass inside the basin is increased from 20 to 100 kg. Theoretical results show that the increase in water mass decreases the yield from 6% to 46% during the daytime, whereas due to thermal energy storage at higher mass, the yield during the nighttime increases from 46% to 86% with integration. Similarly, a triangular pyramid solar still is theoretically analysed for its performance.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine that was operated on a dual fuel mode was investigated.
Abstract: In this investigation, biogas (BG) was used as an alternative fuel in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine that was operated on a dual fuel mode. Biogas was produced from a non-edible seed de-oiled cake-pongamia pinnata (Karanja), which was collected from the biodiesel industries. The BG was inducted along with the air in suction of the engine at four different flow rates varying from 0.3 kg/h to 1.2 kg/h in steps of 0.3 kg/h. The investigation results revealed that BG inducted at a flow rate of 0.9 kg/h gives better combustion characteristics of engine behaviour than those of other flows throughout the engine operation. The ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration of the engine run by dual fuel operation at a BG flow rate of 0.9 kg/h were found to be longer by about 2 °CA and 2.9 °CA, respectively, in comparison with diesel at full load. The cylinder peak pressure was found to be overall higher by about 11 bar than that of diesel at full load.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the waste heat of exhaust gas for potable water production from the low-capacity desalination system integrated with a single pass evaporator and water-cooled condenser unit.
Abstract: Exhaust gas temperature of diesel engine is higher compared with a petrol engine and also creates higher pollution in the environment Exhaust gas recirculation system and many other systems have used for reuse of exhaust gas to improve the performance of diesel engine, but the use of diesel engine for production of potable water production is still unattended by the researchers The main aim of this research work is to use the waste heat of exhaust gas for potable water production from the low-capacity desalination system integrated with a evaporator and condenser unit In this work, single pass evaporator and water-cooled condenser used for evaporation and condensation of saline water were designed and fabricated by locally available materials The experiments were performed on a 10 HP diesel engine with varying the load to get potable water It has found that 42 L/hr of potable water is obtained from the exhaust gas without varying the performance of the engine Also, it has found that, temperature of
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a single-cylinder CI engine to test the two biodiesel samples rice bran oil methyl esters (ROME) and alga extracted oil methyl Esters (AME) for their combustion characteristics influenced by injection timings.
Abstract: Fuel injection timing is a very important factor among various injection parameters which influences the combustion characteristics of a compression-ignition (CI) engine. This work used a single cylinder CI engine to test the two biodiesel samples rice bran oil methyl esters (ROME) and alga extracted oil methyl esters (AME) for their combustion characteristics influenced by injection timings. The tests were conducted at constant speed (1500 rpm) single cylinder CI engine with three different injection timings (20° before top dead centre [BTDC], 23° BTDC and 26° BTDC). The results show increased cylinder pressure and heat release rate when advancing the injection timing at earlier combustion stages. When retarding the injection timing the cylinder pressure and the heat release rate lowers. Compare to AME, the combustion characteristics for ROME shown improved results. The variations in exhaust gas temperature are also depicted.
TL;DR: In this paper, a black-oil approach was used to estimate the proper temperature drop associated with a given pressure drop throughout the natural gas production systems based on the black oil approach to acquire an accurate result.
Abstract: Precise estimation of temperature variations throughout gas production systems can enhance designing the production amenities. Routine methods for determining the temperature profiles in gas production systems are based on the gas composition and flash calculations. However, if the gas compositions are not available, the gas production system can be modelled by employing a black-oil approach, which is also a method for calculating the oil/gas resources and for modelling the gas reservoir operation. Accordingly, for black-oil models and when the natural gas compositions are not accessible, applying robust predictive tools in this research is of high interest in natural production systems. The current study places emphasis on applying the predictive model based on the least- squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to estimate precisely the proper temperature drop associated with a given pressure drop throughout the natural gas production systems based on the black-oil approach to acquire an accurate result f...
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a solar air heater duct roughened with V-ribs with symmetrical gaps to enhance heat transfer has been evaluated and the maximum enhancement in the Nusselt number and friction factor is observed.
Abstract: An investigation has been carried out to evaluate the performance of a solar air heater duct roughened with V-ribs with symmetrical gaps to enhance heat transfer. The roughness produced for enhancing heat transfer from the absorber plate also enhances pressure drop due to increased friction. Heat transfer enhancement of the absorber plate has been experimentally determined by using V-ribs with symmetrical gaps. The duct has a relative roughness height (e/D) of 0.0433, a relative roughness pitch (P/e) of 10 and an angle of attack (α) of 60°. Relative gap width (g/e) and number of gaps (Ng) were varied in the range of 1–5. The maximum enhancement in the Nusselt number and friction factor is observed to be 2.59 and 2.87 times, respectively, as compared to the smooth duct. The relative gap width of 4 and the number of gaps of 3 show the maximum value of thermohydraulic performance parameter.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel solar thermal roof collector was developed by primarily exploiting components and techniques widely available on the market and coupled with a commercial heat pump unit, and the proposed indirect series solar-assisted heat pump system was experimentally tested and system performance was investigated.
Abstract: Global increase in energy demand and fossil fuel prices loaded ever-increasing pressure on identifying and implementing new means to utilise clean and efficient energy resources. Due to the environmental benefits, technical and economic possibilities of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems, there has been a growing interest for such hybrid systems with a variety of system configurations for various climates. International Energy Agency Task 44 of the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme has recently started working on finding methods to most effectively use solar heat pump systems for residential use. In the present study, a novel solar thermal roof collector was developed by primarily exploiting components and techniques widely available on the market and coupled with a commercial heat pump unit. The proposed indirect series Solar-assisted Heat Pump system was experimentally tested and system performance was investigated. Yet, the analysis based on indoor and outdoor testing predominantly focuses on the solar thermal roof collector. A detailed thermal model was developed to describe the system operation. Also, a computer model was set up by using Engineering Equation Solver to carry out the numerical computations of the governing equations. Analyses show that the difference in water temperature could reach up to 18°C while maximum thermal efficiency found to be 26%. Data processing of the series covering the test period represents that Coefficient Performance of the heat pump (COPHP) and overall system (COPSYS) averages were attained as COPHP = 3.01 and COPSYS = 2.29, respectively. An economic analysis points a minimum payback period of about three years for the system.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance and pollutant emissions of a four stroke spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and bio-ethanol blends were investigated experimentally, and the results showed that specific fuel consumption (SFC) was slightly increased and brake thermal efficiency was slightly decreased.
Abstract: The performance and pollutant emissions of a four stroke spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and bio-ethanol blends were investigated experimentally. The citrus peel wastes were grinded and subjected to simple distillation to remove d-limonene and then the remains were kept in an autoclave at a temperature of 120°C for 15 min. Finally, by doing simple distillation, bio-ethanol was extracted. From the experiments, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) was slightly increased and the brake thermal efficiency was slightly decreased. Exhaust gas emissions were measured and analysed for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at an engine speed of 2500 rpm. The concentration of CO and HC emissions in the exhaust pipe was found to be decreased when bio-ethanol blends were used. The concentration of CO2 was found to be slightly increased and NOx was reduced when ethanol blends were used.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of different applications of GA and PSO in solar and wind energy systems is presented, which will enable the researchers to study the present status of different optimisation problems and plan for future investigations.
Abstract: In the last decade, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) for energy generation has increased. Because of their several technical and environmental benefits, solar and wind energy systems are the major RESs that are being increasingly employed for different aims. In solar and wind energy systems, there are a variety of optimisation problems which are non-linear and non-convex in nature. Study of the literature shows that among the meta-heuristic techniques, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) are highly used to solve different optimisation problems of solar and wind energy systems. The main goal of this paper is to review different applications of GA and PSO in solar and wind energy systems. This review will enable the researchers to study the present status of different solar and wind optimisation problems and plan for future investigations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of diesel, ethanol, and diethyl ether (DEE) blends on performance, combustion, and emission of a 3.6-kW single-cylinder compression ignition engine is investigated.
Abstract: The effect of diesel, ethanol, and diethyl ether (DEE) blends on performance, combustion, and emission of a 3.6 kW single-cylinder compression ignition engine is investigated in this paper. The experiments were conducted using different percentages of ethanol and DEE in diesel. The fuel samples selected for experimentation included neat diesel fuel, 5% DEE (D95DEE5), 10% DEE (D90DEE10), 5% DEE with 5% ethanol (D90DEE5E5), 5% DEE with 10% ethanol (D85DEE5E10), 10% DEE with 5% ethanol (D85DEE10E5), and 10% DEE with 10% ethanol (D80DEE10E10). It was found that 5% DEE can improve the brake thermal efficiency (ηbth), but the same decreased with 10% DEE in the blend. However, ethanol addition to both the blends produced an appreciable increase in ηbth of the engine. The diesel–DEE–ethanol blends were also more efficient in reducing emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM). Among all the blends tested in this study, it was found that the D80DEE10E...
TL;DR: In this article, the performance and exergetic sustainability indicators of three ECPs (wood charcoal, shredded foam latex and jute fibre) were compared with a direct evaporative cooling system (DECS).
Abstract: Exergetic performance indicators (EPIs) of a direct evaporative cooling system (DECS) with different evaporative cooling pads (ECPs) are presented. The objective is to determine the performance and exergetic sustainability indicators of three ECPs (wood charcoal, shredded foam latex and jute fibre). The EPIs include exergy efficiency (EE), waste exergy ratio (WER), the exergetic coefficient of performance (ECOP), exergy destruction factor (EDF) and sustainability index (SI). The calculated EE values lie between , and for shredded foam, wood charcoal and jute fibre respectively while the EDF, WER, ECOP and SI ranged between, , and respectively. The EDF was the maximum in shredded foam latex and low for wood charcoal. Conversely, a comparative analysis between the DECS and mechanical vapour compression system shows that an average of 18.92 tonnes/year of CO2 emissions can be avoided if the DECS was preferred. Additionally, jute fibre showed good performance and high SI, thus, its adoption in the DEC...
TL;DR: In this article, the surface of cylinder head, piston, exhaust and inlet valves of a four stroke direct injection and single cylinder diesel engine has been coated with partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ) by the plasma spray method.
Abstract: In the present study, the surface of cylinder head, piston, exhaust and inlet valves of a four stroke direct injection and single cylinder diesel engine has been coated with partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ) by the plasma spray method. The coated engine was tested with the neat diesel and methyl ester of neat Nerium oil. The performance and emission results were compared with the uncoated engine fuelled with diesel and methyl ester of Nerium oil (MEON). Specific fuel consumption of the PSZ-coated engine was lower at all loads, because of the insulation effect of coating and changes in combustion process due to coating. The brake thermal efficiency of PSZ-coated engine fuelled with MEON is 3.8% higher than uncoated engine fuelled with MEON. The emission for the PSZ-coated engine with diesel was improved compared with uncoated engine except NOx.
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal solar water heater consisting of a flat-plate solar collector and helical coil heat exchanger using Al2O3 nano-particles dispersed in water as a working was described.
Abstract: This paper describes laboratory experiments with a thermal solar water heater consisting of a flat-plate solar collector and helical coil heat exchanger using Al2O3 nano-particles dispersed in water as a working. The experiments were carried out for various nano-particle concentrations, from 0% to 3% (by volume), through forced convection cooling. The experiments were carried out under the climatic conditions of Tanta University, Egypt. The laboratory work has been carried out in actual thermal environment in August 2013. The experiments have an emphasis on the main parameters with impact on the water production temperature. These parameters include the solar radiation, the feed water mass flow rate and the nano-particle volume fraction. The main conclusion is that considerable improvement in the daily solar collector efficiency is obtained with increasing the nano-particle concentration up to 11% for concentration 3% with; this increase in efficiency is bounded by ±10% uncertainty. The outlet water tempe...
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimum insulation thicknesses as well as energy savings and payback periods for electricity tariff and three different types of insulation material have been determined using the life-cycle cost analysis method.
Abstract: Morocco has very limited indigenous energy resources; consequently, with the increase in energy consumption over the last years, studies focusing on energy saving as well as usage of sustainable energy resources have accelerated. However, in Morocco the buildings have an important part in the energy consumption; therefore, the most logical solution is energy saving by using thermal insulation. For this purpose, in this study, six cities, namely Agadir, Tangier, Fez, Ifran, Marrakech and Errachidia are selected to represent the six zones of Morocco. Using the life-cycle cost analysis method, the optimum insulation thicknesses as well as energy savings and payback periods for electricity tariff and three different types of insulation material have been determined.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance assessment of empirical models for modelling global solar radiation in Ibadan is presented, the empirical models are derived from the three basic models: Angstrom-Prescott model, Garcia model and Hargreaves-Sammani model.
Abstract: In this study, the performance assessment of empirical models for modelling global solar radiation in Ibadan is presented. The empirical models are derived from the three basic models: Angstrom–Prescott model, Garcia model and Hargreaves–Sammani model. The data used in the analysis consist of daily average global solar radiation, daily average sunshine hours, daily average maximum temperature and daily average minimum temperature collected over a period of nine years (2000–2008). Regression constants are determined for each of the model for each months of the year. The study reveals that Garcia Quadratic model puts up the best overall performance. The model can predict the daily average global solar irradiation with Mean Absolute Error of 1.86 MJ m−2 day−1, Root Mean Square Error of 2.7 MJ m−2 day−1, Mean Absolute Percentage Error 9.34% and Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.68.
TL;DR: In this paper, artificial roughness in the form of V-ribs with symmetrical gaps was applied on the heated surface to enhance the heat transfer in the limbs of Vribs and the Nusselt number and friction factor of the artificially roughened absorber plates has been determined experimentally and corresponding values were compared with that of the smooth duct for the range of flow Reynolds number 4000-18,000.
Abstract: In the present work, artificial roughness in the form V-ribs with symmetrical gaps have been applied on the heated surface to enhance the heat transfer in the limbs of V-ribs. Symmetrical gaps on both legs were provided by varying the relative gap width from 1 to 5 and number of gaps from 1 to 5. The relative roughness pitch, relative roughness height and aspect ratio of the rectangular duct are kept constant to the value of 10, 0.0433 and 12, respectively. The Nusselt number and friction factor of the artificially roughened absorber plates has been determined experimentally and corresponding values were compared with that of the smooth duct for the range of flow Reynolds number 4000–18,000. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number was reported for relative gap width of 4 and Number of gaps of 3. The thermohydraulic enhancement factor was found to be in order of the 1.54–2.39.
TL;DR: In this paper, a triangular pyramid solar still is theoretically analyzed by flowing air over the entire surface of the glass from the top to analyse the improvement in yield of fresh water, and the effect of water mass and wind velocity was theoretically analyzed.
Abstract: In the present study a triangular pyramid solar still is theoretically analysed by flowing air over the entire surface of the glass from the top to analyse the improvement in yield of fresh water. The effect of water mass and wind velocity was theoretically analysed. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the yield of fresh water to about 10.1 kg/m2 with a maximum velocity of air (U = 40 m/s) at a least water mass of 20 kg inside the basin. For practical cases the yield of fresh water depends on naturally occurring wind velocity and the results show that the improvement in yield is 104% with an increase in velocity from 0.5 to 4 m/s.
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility and economic viability of solar and wind energy resources as sustainable electrical source for rural communities unconnected to the grid was evaluated by considering three stand-alone applications of photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel, and a hybrid design of wind-PV.
Abstract: The study assessed the feasibility and economic viability of solar and wind energy resources as sustainable electrical source for rural communities unconnected to the grid. Rural communities made up of 200 homes, a school and health centre were conceived. Specific electric load profile of 358 kWh per day, with 46 kW primary peak load and 20 kW deferrable peak load, was formulated to match the rural communities. The assessment of the design that will optimally meet the daily load demand with a loss of load probability of 0.01 was carried out by considering three stand-alone applications of photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel, and a hybrid design of wind-PV. The result showed that a cost-effective alternative for power generation at the different sites surpassed the conventional diesel stand-alone system. Also, the embedded generation analysis showed that 5 of the 6 configurations yielded profits for a 10-year project life in line with the present national tariff order.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of temperature to obtain an optimum condition for maximum bio-oil yield and the composition of pyrolysis product were investigated, and the maximum biooil yield was found to be 48 1/2wt% at pyroxys temperature of 600°C.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis of the crushed Delonix regia seed was carried out in a semi-batch reactor at a temperature ranging from 400 to 650°C with an objective to produce bio-oil. The effect of temperature to obtain an optimum condition for maximum bio-oil yield and the composition of pyrolysis product were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was found to be 48 wt% at pyrolysis temperature of 600°C. The chemical composition of bio-oil obtained at optimum condition was analysed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The chemical analysis of the biofuel showed the presence of hydrocarbons in major, aldehydes, ketones, amides, nitriles, etc. The composition and fuel characteristics of the pyrolysis oil obtained in this work show that it may potentially be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock.
TL;DR: In this paper, two simple-to-apply models have been developed to estimate thermal conductivity of supercritical CO2 as a function of temperature, pressure and density over broad ranges.
Abstract: Today, due to extensive applications of supercritical fluids technology in various chemical engineering process and industrial fields, predicting thermal conductivity of supercritical carbon dioxide is vital. In this research, two simple-to-apply models have been developed to estimate thermal conductivity of supercritical CO2 as a function of temperature, pressure and density over broad ranges. This research presents a predictive tool based on LSSVM to predict thermal conductivity of supercritical CO2. Genetic algorithm is employed to determine hyper-variables which are included in the LSSVM approach. In this regard, a set of accessible data containing 745 data points has been gathered from the previous published papers. Estimations are found to be in excellent agreement with reported data. Moreover, statistical analyses have been applied to evaluate the performance of two models. The obtained values of Mean Squared Error and R-Square were 7.415866, 0.9935 and 0.046527, 1.00 for the correlation and LSSVM ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of integration of inlet air cooling, steam injection (SI) and film cooling (FC) on the performance of GT cycle was investigated and the results showed that the inlet fogging is better than evaporative cooling to achieve the lowest temperature at the compressor inlet.
Abstract: Steam-injected gas turbine cycle is the modified arrangement of simple gas turbine (GT) cycle, wherein part of steam generated in a heat recovery steam generator is injected into the combustion chamber to increase power output and the efficiency. This paper studies the effect of integration of inlet air cooling, steam injection (SI) and film cooling (FC) on the performance of GT cycle. Two different methods for cooling the inlet air, namely inlet fogging and evaporative cooling, are considered for analysis here. Results show that the inlet fogging is better than evaporative cooling to achieve the lowest temperature at the compressor inlet. Thermodynamic performance of simple GT cycle is also compared with SI in GT cycle. The present study shows that GT cycle with integration of inlet fogging, SI and FC is a better configuration for achieving higher performance.