Showing papers in "International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2019"
TL;DR: The anti-inflammatory activity of bay leaf was determined but its ability to inhibit protein denaturation where denaturation of proteins is a well-documented cause of inflammation is not determined.
Abstract: Bay leaf is also called as Laurus nobilis an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves, in the flowering plant family Lauraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is used as a bay leaf for seasoning in cooking. Its common names include bay laurel, sweet bay, bay (esp. United Kingdom) true laurel, Grecian laurel, laurel tree or simply laurel. Bay leaf refers to the aromatic leaves of several plants which are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. It has many medicinal properties which can also be used to treat cancer as well as gastric problems. Bay leaf is also commonly used to treat muscles and joint pain. Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can also be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds. The anti-inflammatory activity of bay leaf was determined but its ability to inhibit protein denaturation where denaturation of proteins is a well-documented cause of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of the herb was comparable to reference analgesics and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study makes the herb worthy of further investigation.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) by the herbal plant extracts of Cassia fistula was reported, and the green synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infra-Red spectroscope (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Abstract: Green synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles has more advantages when compared with the chemical method. This work reports a green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) by the herbal plant extracts of Cassia fistula. Then the green synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result of the SEM image shows that the nanoparticles are spherical in shape. The antibacterial activity was done on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
33 citations
TL;DR: Postoperative care of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma should include nutritional management to improve patient prognosis and quality of life.
Abstract: Malnutrition in oral cancer patients leads to poor response to treatment and reduced quality of life. The present study assessed the nutritional status of patients treated for oral squamous cell carcinoma and evaluated the need for implementation of any institutional protocol regarding the type of nutritional intervention employed for these patients. Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone primary tumor resection with or without neck dissection and reconstruction from June 2015 to June 2018 were evaluated. Of the patients with complete data recalled for review, only 25 reported to our Institute, including 12 who had undergone surgery alone and 13 who had undergone surgery plus adjuvant radio and/or chemotherapy. Their nutritional status was assessed by measuring their Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores, and MNA scores in the groups that underwent surgery alone and surgery plus adjuvant therapy compared by independent sample ‘t’ tests. Of the 12 patients who underwent surgery alone, eight had normal nutritional status, and four were at risk of malnutrition. Of the 13 patients who underwent surgery plus adjuvant therapy, only one had normal nutritional status, whereas 12 were at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. Mean MNA score was significantly higher in patients who had undergone surgery alone than in patients who had undergone surgery plus adjuvant therapy (p=.001). Risk of malnutrition was higher in patients who underwent surgery plus adjuvant therapy than in patients who underwent surgery alone. Postoperative care of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma should include nutritional management to improve patient prognosis and quality of life.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a game-based slide learning method was used to diagnose the pathology lesions with proper knowledge of morphological features than the conventional slide learning, which is mainly pattern oriented.
Abstract: To know the effectiveness of a Game-Based Histopathology learning method.
To create a new Image oriented Game Based Histopathology slide reading method. To know the usefulness of the new method. To compare the conventional learning and game-based learning methods. Two groups of undergraduate students were tested with two different learning methods to identify pathology slide sections of four lesions. For each group, sixteen Undergraduate dental students were selected randomly. A game was created by using histopathology images of those four lesions, and circulated among the group one. The conventional method of slide reading was given to the group two. Both the group was tested for diagnosing the four pathology lesions through light microscopy spotter identification. Results were calculated accordingly. A questionnaire survey was done based on the pattern and pathology features oriented diagnostic capacity. Results of the questionnaire survey were also analyzed. Statistically, the results of both the two groups were analyzed. An Independent t-test was done and found out there was no significant difference between the two learning methods. The questionnaire survey revealed that the group learned through game-based pathology slide learning method learned the morphological features better than that of the conventional slide learning method. The image oriented game based pathology slide learning helps the undergraduate students to diagnose the pathology lesions with proper knowledge of morphological features than the conventional slide learning method, which is mainly pattern oriented. Though it is a very complicated procedure, the game based slide learning method is fun, creative and involves a majority of the student’s attention towards morphological features of any pathological lesions.
28 citations
TL;DR: Considering numerous studies which corroborate antiviral effect of onion and garlic, this paper recommends consumption of these plants as a safe alternative to prevent virus infection.
Abstract: In the current scenario, pharmaceutical industry is dependent on chemical based drugs to treat viral infection. However, these drugs are known to induce many side effects in human body. There is pressing need to promote safe alternative to chemical based antiviral drugs. Onion and garlic are natural sources which are known to possess antiviral properties. It is well known that onion and garlic are rich source of organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur compounds like quercetin and allicin are associated with inhibition of viral infection. These chemicals can hinder virus attachment to host cell, alter transcription and translation of viral genome in host cell and also affect viral assembly. Quercetin can affect entry and attachment of Enterovirus and Influenza virus on host cell. This compound also has ability to inhibit RNA polymerase which is necessary for viral replication. Quercetin also inhibit process by which virus alter signalling pathway in host cell. Organosulfur compounds like allicin, diallyl trisulfide and ajoene are main chemicals which impart antiviral property to garlic. It is known that allicin can pass through phospholipid membrane of cell and can further contribute in inhibiting viral multiplication. Considering numerous studies which corroborate antiviral effect of onion and garlic, this paper recommends consumption of these plants as a safe alternative to prevent virus infection.
28 citations
TL;DR: IFN-β has the potential to be utilized as a suppressor of HCC proliferation and inducer of malignant cells apoptosis and was calculated by cytotoxicity assay, which wasn't cytotoxic on normal cells.
Abstract: IFN-β (Rebif) is a drug with valuable cancer therapeutic potential as it mediates anti-proliferation and apoptosis induction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-proliferation of IFN-β through assessing gene expression of p53 and caspase-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) line (HepG2). The 50% inhibition viability concentration (IC50) of IFN-β was calculated by cytotoxicity assay, and it was tested on normal cell line (Vero). After treating HepG2 cells with IFN-β, p53 and caspase-3 expression was analyzed, at time intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 24 hrs, by real-time PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. IC50 of IFN-β was 420 µg/ml, which wasn't cytotoxic on normal cells. P53 expression was gradually up-regulated by time, and then, it was decreased after 24 hrs incubation. However, no expression of caspase-3 was detected compared to cell control. Histopathologically, cells degeneration was remarkable after 24 hrs while no change was noticed in control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decline of p53 and caspase-3 expression in treated cells with IFN-β, after 24 hrs, to 30% compared to cell control (50% and 60%, respectively). IFN-β has the potential to be utilized as a suppressor of HCC proliferation and inducer of malignant cells apoptosis.
11 citations
TL;DR: Cut-off points of 4.76 and 4.33 mg/dl of maternal midnormotensive pregnancy serum uric acid have the potential ability to predict Maternal DM and SGA, respectively.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, with adverse neonatal events are challenging issues to all obstetricians and pediatricians, where uric acid could play a vital role. We aimed to assess the relationship and prognostic benefits of serum uric acid measured at about 20 weeks’ gestation in normotensive pregnancy, with subsequent maternal diabetes, and neonatal complications. All singleton normotensive pregnant women with normal blood glucose, serum creatinine, and weight before pregnancy, whom attended Medical City Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Baghdad, were involved and regarded as the case group, on the condition that their serum uric acid measured at 20 weeks’ gestation > 3 mg/dl, but if ≤ 3 mg/dl, they would be registered as a control group. A complete follow up was performed regularly during pregnancy, and after delivery; regular assessments of maternal blood glucose were done up to one year. Maternal diabetes mellitus (DM), small for gestational age (SGA) neonates, and preterm delivery (PD) constituted (27.59%), (43.60%), and (1.97%), respectively in case group which had significantly included maternal DM and SGA (P <0.001). Also, elevated mid-pregnancy serum uric acid was strongly associated (P <0.0001) with maternal DM (5.86 ± 0.69) and SGA (4.78 ± 0.34). Cut-off values of uric acid of 4.76 mg/dl were best associated with maternal DM, while 4.33 mg/dl with SGA. In conclusion, the cut-off points of 4.76 and 4.33 mg/dl of maternal mid- normotensive pregnancy serum uric acid have the potential ability to predict Maternal DM and SGA, respectively.
10 citations
TL;DR: A framework for detecting the brain tumor and classifying its type is constructed and the segmentation is carried out by using morphological operation followed by masking, which increases the accuracy in the classification step.
Abstract: This paper proposes a method where a framework is constructed to detect and classify the tumor type. Over a period of years, many researchers have been researched and proposed methods in this space. We have proposed a method that is capable of analyzing the heterogeneous data and classifies tumor type. MRI images have been considered for this project since it gives the clear structure of the brain, without any surgery it scans and gives the structure of the brain this helps in further processing in the detection of the tumor. Human prediction in classifying the tumor from the MRI leads to misclassification. This motivates our project to construct the algorithm to predict the tumor. Machine learning plays a key role in predicting tumor. In this proposed paper, we have constructed a framework for detecting the brain tumor and classifying its type. The approach goes under pre-processing to filter and smooth the image. The segmentation is carried out by using morphological operation followed by masking, which increases the accuracy in the classification step. The multiple feature extraction methods are utilized to extract the feature from the masked image, and for classification, the kernel SVM is used.
10 citations
TL;DR: A promising antibacterial activity of yeast mediated synthesized Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles was described.
Abstract: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganism is widely used in biological applications due to its eco-friendly nature and lower cost. The present study aimed to investigate the yeast, Candida albicans for the synthesis of nano cadmium sulfide is a semiconductor nanoparticle. The yeast synthesized nanoparticles tested for its spectroscopic and microscopic characters. The peak at 420 nm identified by UV-Vis spectrophotometer confirms the Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles synthesis preliminarily. Further, the nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction assay, scanning electron microscope, and elemental dispersive analysis. Finally, the synthesized Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were tested for its antibacterial activity against disease-causing pathogens such as Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition shows 15mm at the concentration of 100µl of CdS nanoparticle. Thus a promising antibacterial activity of yeast mediated synthesized Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles was described.
10 citations
TL;DR: The result showed that the optimum condition was found in the medium concentration of 1.5x and induction time at 2 hours 10 minutes and the total protein yield of expression was 21.247 mg/mL, followed by protein production at optimum condition.
Abstract: Human Epidermal Growth Factor is techno-economically protein that has the function for stimulates a process of proliferation and cell differentiation. Because of that function, it can be a candidate for wound healing in ulcer diabetic. In the previous study, hEGF can extracellular secreted by OmpA signal peptide using recombinant DNA. The production method of recombinant hEGF will be extracellular secreted by Escherichia coli. However, the optimum secretion of OmpA has not been studied. Therefore the purpose of this study is to determine the optimum conditions using the RSM method. This research begins with a rejuvenation of culture, extracellular secretion, and optimization with the RSM method, followed by protein production at optimum condition. Secreted recombinant protein measured by Sandwich ELISA method and LOWRY. The result showed that the optimum condition was found in the medium concentration of 1.5x and induction time at 2 hours 10 minutes and the total protein yield of expression was 21.247 mg/mL with optimization percentage 2.96% and efficiency 50.56 % and recombinant protein hEGF concentration in fermentation media 416 μg/mL
10 citations
TL;DR: 3 months of oral Taurine used in type II diabetic patients may modulate bone mineralization represented by elevation of osteocalcin and reduction of body weight, but has no significant effect on glycemic control and did not reduce HbA1C%.
Abstract: Taurine is sulfur containing semi-essential amino acid that has important roles in many biological processes, but its effect on glucose homeostasis, weight, growth and bone mineralization weren’t well defined. Objectives: the evaluation of oral Taurine effects has used for 3 months on bone mineralization biomarker, glycemic control and body weight in type ll diabetic patients. Methods: the interventional double-blind placebo-controlled study in which 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age range 45-55) assigned in either control (n=40), or study group the (n=40) group. The last group has received a 1000mg capsule of Taurine once a day for three months. Parameters measured were serum calcium, 25(OH) vitamin D and osteocalcin, NTX-1 HbA1C% with fasting blood glucose before and after 3 months. Results: taurine led to significant (p<0.05) rise in osteocalcin, significant lowering in body weight, BMI and there were no significant changes in serum calcium, NTX-1, Vitamin D, HbA1C and fasting blood glucose, all as compared with the control value. Conclusions: the 3 months of oral Taurine are used in type II diabetic patients may modulate bone mineralization represented by elevation of osteocalcin and reduction of body weight, but has no significant effect on glycemic control and did not reduce HbA1C%.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors made an attempt to encapsulate Vetiver oil in a biocompatible polymeric system made of sodium alginate with gellan gum or karaya gum.
Abstract: In the present work, in view of the medicinal properties of vetiver oil (extracted from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides L.), we made an attempt to encapsulate vetiver oil in a biocompatible polymeric system made of sodium alginate with gellan gum or karaya gum. Sodium alginate and gellan gum or karaya gum were ionotropically cross-linked to encapsulate vetiver oil. Vetiver oil encapsulations in these microcapsules were 35.92 ± 3.18 % to 78.55 ± 3.35%. Vetiver oil encapsulated microcapsules were of spherically shaped with 656-769 µm mean diameter. This vetiver oil encapsulated microcapsules made of alginate-gellan gum blends were found capable of providing a long release of encapsulated oil, showing the potential for the sustained release application. These microcapsules were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, and SEM, etc. In addition, sedative and hypnotic activities of vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules in the male Swiss albino mice were evaluated. The sedative-hypnotic activity of vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules in rats was observing the number of crossing and motilities. The results proves that vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules decreased motility when compared to the control group.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a better understanding of customer opinion in an era that increased growth in Jordan and improved a chromatographic method to detect the testosterone in protein supplements.
Abstract: The consumption of dietary supplements has nowadays become popular, especially in Jordanian sports clubs and gyms. In fact, there is a widespread idea, among consumers, that these proteins contain hormones in order to increase their efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of customer opinion in an era that increased growth in Jordan and improves a chromatographic method to detect the testosterone in protein supplements. The method of this study, six popular types of proteins in the Jordan market have been chosen after conducting a primary study of the proteins' users by questionnaires to identify their opinions about these proteins. These proteins have been analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by developing an easy and fast method to detect testosterone signal between 8-9 minutes of the chromatogram. The results of the study showed that 61% of the users believe that sport proteins contain hormones and other substances that are not mentioned in the list of ingredients. While 39% believe otherwise. On the other side, HPLC results of six proteins showed no signs for testosterone hormone. The main reason that drives them to take sport proteins is for building muscles in spite of they believe it could be harmful due to containing hormones and other substances. So in future investigations, it might be possible to use different brands and investigate them by using the same method.
TL;DR: A novel series of chalcone bearing pyrazoline moieties synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques showed the compounds P1, P2, P5, and P6 have produced the noteworthy inhibition on protein denaturation when compared to standard 98.17% whereas, the antiproteinase activity was in the range of 84.55- 90.44 %.
Abstract: A novel series of chalcone bearing pyrazoline moieties were (P1 to P7) synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques. The anti-inflammatory studies showed the compounds P1, P2, P5, and P6 have produced the noteworthy inhibition on protein denaturation (81.39 - 96.57 %) when compared to standard 98.17% whereas, the antiproteinase activity was in the range of 84.55- 90.44 % when compared to the standard, 95.95 %. The compounds, P1, P2, P5 (2-Cl, 4- Cl & -NO2 substituent) bearing electron-withdrawing groups and the compounds P3 & P6 (4-N(CH3)2 & -OH substituent) possessing electron-donating group in its phenyl ring system exhibited the prominent activity. Further, to explore the molecular mechanism, the in-silico docking study against COX-2 enzyme was performed. The compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activities. Among them, the compounds P1, P2, P3, P5 and P6 showed the significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogen such as, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus typhi with maximum zone of inhibition within the range of 12-14 mm and 19-25 mm for 100 and 200 µg/ml concentrations respectively when compared to that of standard drug Gentamycin, whose ranges between 15-18 mm and 25-28 mm correspondingly.
TL;DR: The results present a simple, fast, and reproducible method for the extraction of Capsaicin from the fruit of C. annuum with an almost high yield and in addition to its simplicity, it cut many steps that usually found in the literature.
Abstract: As there is an increasing demand for Capsaicin from pharmaceutical firms worldwide, the aim of the present study is to find a simple, fast, and reproducible method for its extraction from the fruit of capsicum annuum. Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexan as a solvent was used. Capsaicin was isolated and purified using a combination of column chromatography (CC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Capsaicin was further identified by a spectroscopic method, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass spectroscopy). The extraction yield was 11.5%, and Capsaicin concentrations in the extract was 8332.3 mg/kg with purity up to 73.95%, then purification of the extract was done by column chromatography, through using two solvent system until the purified Capsaicin detected and collected. Our results present a simple, fast, and reproducible method for the extraction of Capsaicin from the fruit of C. annuum with an almost high yield. The main advantage of the present method, in addition to its simplicity, it cut many steps that usually found in the literature.
TL;DR: The new initiative formulation of Paclitaxel with transfersomes gel will be the initial step for the further studies of melanoma skin cancer and provide the better treatment for skin cancer.
Abstract: Over the last few years, there is tremendous growth of melanoma skin cancer in all around the world. Paclitaxel is an antineoplastic drug which is widely
used for breast cancer, lung cancer, and Kaposi sarcoma. It is available only in the form of intravenous (IV), which produces tissue damage and hypersensitivity
in some patients if the dose is over. In the present article, the new initiative formulation is done for melanoma skin cancer with transfersomes
drug delivery systems. A different formulation of transfersomes is prepared
using Span. The various characterization is done for the transfersomes like morphology, entrapment effefficacy, in vitro drug release dialysis bag method. By using the Carbopol 940, the transfersomes gel was prepared. Paclitaxelloaded transfersomes (FS-2) shows the positive entrapment efficacy 68.2% and the vesicle size 200 nm. From the in vitro dialysis bag method, FS-2 showed the high rate of drug release by nearly 72% in 12 hrs. we conclude
that this will be the initial step for the further studies of melanoma skin cancer and provide the better treatment for skin cancer.
TL;DR: An attempt has been made in this review which may pave the way to meet out the constraints and challenges in the manufacturing and marketing of herbal medicinal product worldwide.
Abstract: Recently, herbal medicinal products (HMP) have gained importance and are extensively used in the prevention and treatment of various ailments. A commercial herbal medicinal product should comply with the regulatory requirements of quality, safety and efficacy. Currently, the standards and regulations of herbal medicinal products are varying from country to country, which poses a challenge to the manufacturing companies to place a standardized herbal product in the global market. Hence a collaborative effort must be taken both by regulatory bodies and the World Health Organization (WHO) to establish harmonized regulations for a herbal medicinal product. An attempt has been made in this review which may pave the way to meet out the constraints and challenges in the manufacturing and marketing of herbal medicinal product worldwide.
TL;DR: In this article, a new imidazole azo ligand (DPIDA) was prepared by coupling reaction between 4,5-di phenyl IMD and N1,N1-dimethylbenzene1,4-diamine di hydrochloride.
Abstract: New imidazole azo ligand (DPIDA) was prepared by coupling reaction between 4,5-di phenyl imidazole and N1,N1-dimethylbenzene1,4-diamine di hydrochloride and studied the complexation of this ligand with Mn(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , and Hg(II) ions , The free ligand and it’s complexes characterized by Mass, 1HNMR, IR, UV-Vis. , and molar conductivity that indicated the octahedral geometry of them with a bidentate ligand which coordinated from (N3) atom of imidazole ring and one nitrogen atom of azo group.Biological activity of ligand (DPIDA) and it's complexes tested against two multi-drug resistant aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with a burn. Three concentrations were selected (50, 100, 150) mg/ml for each crud synthesized derivative compounds. The derivative compound (4,5-diphenyl imidazole) with concentration 150mg/ml had an excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zone 21.83 ± 0.1764 mm and 24.30 ± 0.4163 mm respectively.
TL;DR: Protection of foodborne diseases canbedepended on food safety control during the production, processing, and distribution, secession of uncooked from cooked food, cooking carefully, and save food at a safe temperature.
Abstract: Food-borne illness are diseases happened because eating polluted water or nutriment containing microbes or their toxins. This paper reviews previous studies of foodborne illness, particularly foodborne illness happened because bacteria which represent 66% of problems. Vibrosis, Shigellosis, Bacillosis, Listerosis Salmonellosis, Botulism, and staphylococcal food poisoning are the main dietary disease happened because of bacteria. Bacteria in nutrition will increase beneath optimal cases and secrete poison in nutrition. After swallowing, poisons were absorbed by Intestinal epithelial lining that make natural harm to tissues. In certain cases, poisons are transmitted to tissues or devices like the central nervous system, kidney nor liver where they can cause damage. Foods carried diseases are divided into two collections which are food infection and poisoning. Food infection is happened because eating food, including fertile pathogens that secrete toxins in the intestine only, while poisoning is acquired by eating poison formed by pathogens (secrete toxins directly in the food). The most clinical sign of food poisoning are abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and headache. Diagnosis of foodborne illnesses carried by a patient’s record and the symptoms. Protection of foodborne diseases can be depended on food safety control during the production, processing, and distribution, secession of uncooked from cooked food, cooking carefully, and save food at a safe temperature.
TL;DR: Citrobacter freundii has highly resistant against most antimicrobials and became more dangerous bacteria cause urinary tract infection and this study aimed to evaluate the ability of Citrobacterfreundii to resist to fifteen antimicroBials.
Abstract: Citrobacter freundii is one of the most causative agents of urinary tract infection in human due to their high antimicrobials resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of Citrobacter freundii to resist to fifteen antimicrobials. A total of 461 urine samples were collected from patients infected with urinary tract infection, females and males, age groups between 18 to 60 years old performed in Al-Najaf central hospital in Al-Najaf City, Iraq, during April to December 2018. Antimicrobials susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method according to the Kirby-Bauer method onto Mueller Hinton agar surface. There were 30 isolates (6.5%) diagnosed as Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrobial resistance rate of the 30 isolates to Amoxicillin and Chloramphenicol were all high (25 isolates 83.4%), Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Sulfonamide (24 isolates 80%). The good resistance rate was observed for Penicillin, Amoxiclav and Ceftazidime (21 isolates 70%). The moderate resistance rate was observed for Cefotaxime (19 isolates 63.3%), Ceftriaxone (20 isolates 66.7%), Gentamicin (15 isolates 50%), Tobramycin (18 isolates 60%) and Erythromycin (20 isolates 66.7%). The lowest resistance rate was observed for Tetracycline (19 isolates 63.3%). While Imipenem provided full antibacterial activity (30 isolates 100%). Of the total 30 isolates, 22 (73.3%) were multi-drug resistance, 8(26.7%) extensive-drug resistance and no isolates were pan-drug resistance. While 19 isolates (63.3%) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Citrobacter freundii. Citrobacter freundii has highly resistant against most antimicrobials and became more dangerous bacteria cause urinary tract infection.
TL;DR: A series of quinazolinone derivatives prepared with the help of 2-Amino-3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid and Vilsmeir reagent showed that all the synthesized compounds have antimicrobial activity.
Abstract: At a global level, tuberculosis (TB) is the disease of human values. It suffers from major health, social and economic burden in many countries. There is an inability of an effective vaccine or the use of vaccine were too long and expensive, have increased risk of spread of this disease. A series of quinazolinone derivatives prepared with the help of 2-Amino-3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid and Vilsmeir reagent. Synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectral methods. Different activity like antimicrobial activity of the synthesised compounds were performed, and the most active compounds of the series were further screened for antitubercular activity against bacteria mycobacterium H37Rv. Results showed that all the synthesized compounds have antimicrobial activity. Compounds IV c, IV f, IV h and IV o showed maximum activity in the synthesized series. These four compounds further screened for antitubercular activity. Compounds IV c, IV f, IV h and IV o showed significant antitubercular activity.
TL;DR: In this article, the free radical scavenging activity of polyphenol-rich fraction isolated from the taxon of Macrocybe lobayensis has been determined for a quite different extraction process to maximize yield.
Abstract: Antioxidant property of natural substances especially polyphenols is of current concern as it can protect human health from various chronic diseases. In this context, mushrooms have repeatedly been informed as a reservoir of several bioactive substances; although they still represent an almost untapped group. One such less explored fungus is Macrocybe lobayensis that has indigenously been accepted as gastronomic delicacy along different states of India. Thus, the present work was designed for the determination of free radical scavenging activity of polyphenol-rich fraction isolated from the taxon and for this purpose, a quite different extraction process has been followed to maximize yield. Initially, the formulation was characterized quantitatively and qualitatively to estimate therapeutic substances. Further, the extract was subjected to seven in vitro model systems to visualize the magnitude of antioxidant property. The fraction was found to be an assemblage of various components like phenol (pyrogallol>cinnamic acid> ferulic acid), flavonoid, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene with high recovery percentage. Besides, the formulation was detected to be extremely powerful for scavenging hydroxyl radical, followed by DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radicals. The fraction was also able to chelate metal ion efficiently while the reducing power was found to be moderate in action. Overall, the present study implies that M. lobayensis could be used in food; cosmetics, as well as pharmaceutical industry and in that note, the extracting method described herein, can be followed to prepare a fraction with high yield and strong antioxidant property.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of associated T1D co morbid condition on the induction of experimental asthma in mice and also to evaluate the efficacy of Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.ly) in these mice.
Abstract: Dysregulated equilibrium between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and asthma. Conflicting evidence exist explaining the association between T1D and asthma and is still a point of debate. In the present study, our objective was to investigate the influence of associated T1Dco morbid condition on the induction of experimental asthma in mice and also to evaluate the efficacy of Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.ly) in these mice. Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of alloxan (80 mg/kg) in Balb/c mice. Following diabetes induction, mice were sensitized with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 µg ovalbumin (Ova) emulsified in 2.5 mg aluminum hydroxide on days 3 and 8. From day 13 to day 15, animals were challenged intranasally with 100 µg Ova in 25 µl of sterile saline. Dexamethasone treatment was initiated on sensitization day and continued once in 2 days thereafter until day 15. Control animals received only saline without Ova. On day 16, mice were subjected to nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) immediately after the Ova challenge. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, and lungs were collected 1h post completion of NHR for further analysis. Alloxan diabetic mice showed significantly lower levels of eosinophils in BALF and blood with the corresponding decrease in inflammatory cells around airways in hematoxylin & eosin-stained lung sections, but with no change in NHR than in non-diabetics after Ova sensitization and challenge. Dexamethasone treatment showed a significant reduction of airway inflammation and related Th2 immune responses, with a lesser magnitude of efficacy in diabetic asthma mice than in non-diabetic asthma mice. The presence of T1D featured a unique, yet the intermediary stage of asthma induction and also presented an altered magnitude of Dexamethasone efficacy compared to the absence of T1D in the murine model of Ova induced asthma.
TL;DR: This work presents a meta-analyses of the determinants of coronavirus infestation and its role in the spread in the environment and the immune systems of mice.
Abstract: In this study, a simple and reliable stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of Nystatin in the pharmaceuticals. The chromatographic separation was performed in the isocratic mode on an Ion Pac column; Arcus EP‑C18; 5μm, 4.6×250 mm, 30 °C) using a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate 0.05 M buffer/ Methanol mixture (30:70) and a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 305 nm. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. The HPLC analysis method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity, according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The results indicated that the retention time was 8 min, and no interferences were observed from the formulation excipients and stress degradation products. The specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ of the method were validated. The method was linear over the range of 5–500 μg/mL with an acceptable correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9996). The method’s limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.025 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that this validated method can be used as an alternative method for the assay of nystatin. This validated HPLC method could be used for routine analysis, quality control, and the stability of analysis of Nystatin formulations.
TL;DR: Results indicated that Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs) might act as prospective anticancer agents in colon cancer cells.
Abstract: In this study, we assessed the biological effect of Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs) on HCT-116 cancer cells with an emphasis on cell cytotoxicity, quantification of ROS and determination of mitochondria membrane potential. The synthesized Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectrometer, High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The synthesized silver nanoparticle cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were studied on colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116). The nanoparticles exhibited an inhibitory concentration (IC50) at (60μg/mL). CP-AgNPs significantly inhibited cell viability and changed the morphology of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, CP-AgNPs increased the level of reactive oxygen species, induced cell apoptosis in HCT-116 cell lines through the interference of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicated that Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs) might act as prospective anticancer agents in colon cancer cells.
TL;DR: ZnO nanoparticle can be used to prevent any antifungal diseases and was proved with Aspergillus niger and As pergillus terreus.
Abstract: To study the antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesised from amla fruit. Nanotechnology has offered great possibilities in various fields of science and technology. It has been playing a crucial role in the development of modern materials in recent years. The antifungal activity of ZnO occurs by the deformation of fungal hyphae leading to the death of fungal hyphae, which may lead to cellular destruction. Preparation of plant extract, Synthesis of nanoparticles, Characteristics of nanoparticles, Preparation of nanoparticles powder, Antifungal activity of nanoparticles against Candida albicans.The peak found in the spectroscopy indicates the formation of ZnO nanoparticle. It is clearly seen from the graph that increase in concentration results in an increase in antifungal activity. The antifungal activity, in this case, was proved with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. The results conclude that ZnO nanoparticle can be used to prevent any antifungal diseases.
TL;DR: It was seen that the patients who were administered with Vitamin C had a greater percentage increase in their platelet count and a shorter duration of hospitalStay, indicating that there exists an association between Vitamin C intake and length of hospital stay.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of vitamin C in the management of Dengue fever in the tertiary care hospitals of selected three states of India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Madhya Pradesh). This retrospective study was carried out for a period of 6 months from November 2017 to April 2018, in which 200 patients were selected by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It included 100 patients who were administered with Vitamin C and another 100 patients who were not given Vitamin C. All data were entered into the prepared PROFORMA. Mainly the increase in platelet counts and the duration of the hospital stay for both categories of patients were studied. Majority of dengue cases were in Tamil Nadu, followed by Kerala and then Madhya Pradesh depending upon the seasonal variations. Occurrence in male patients (58.5%) were more than female patients (41.5%). The most commonly affected age group ranges from 0-15 years (35.5%). Among the various types of dengue fever, a large number of patients had common dengue fever (87.5%). The 100 patients who were treated with vitamin C were mostly administered by oral routes. It was seen that the patients who were administered with Vitamin C had a greater percentage increase in their platelet count and a shorter duration of hospital stay. Study indicates that there exists an association between Vitamin C intake and length of hospital stay.
TL;DR: Promising findings to employed AgNPs as an antibacterial agent are elucidating, using a simple chemical reduction method with citrate as the reducing agent TEM, and this composition needs to be further study and develop into an antib bacterial agent.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has long known for its inhibitory and bactericidal effects. However, due to its’ attractive antibacterial property, on-going research with various synthesis strategies actively been conducted. In this study, the synthesis of AgNPs was reported, using a simple chemical reduction method with citrate as the reducing agent TEM was used to characterize the obtained AgNPs. Then, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used to identify the antibacterial activity of AgNPs. The inhibition effects of AgNPs against these two bacteria were observed via disc diffusion, and MIC assays and the effects of AgNPs mode of action on both bacteria were further observed under TEM. The formation of AgNPs at 400 nm, which is the surface plasmon resonance peak was observed using Uv-Vis spectroscopy. The size of AgNPs mostly in the range of 1-10 nm and their morphology appeared to be spherical. Based on the MIC assay, Escherichia coli exhibit low MIC value with 0.049 mg/ml as compared to Staphylococcus aureus with0.391 mg/ml MIC value; correspond to the effective antibacterial activity by the citrate-reduced AgNPs. Further observation on the bacterial surface structure can be seen with cross-sectional TEM image, and it provides an insight into the AgNPs mechanistic aspects of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesised using the citrate reduction method. Results obtained in this study thus elucidating promising findings to employed AgNPs as an antibacterial agent, and this composition needs to be further study and develop into an antibacterial agent.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the main focus is given to some important past oil spills, their fate, and the remediation methods for the oil spill are very challenging and complex to execute.
Abstract: In previous decades, the incidence of oil spills has become frequent throughout the world. The oil spills produce various detrimental effects on aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems. The anthropogenic activities are quite responsive for the spillage of oil which has raised various serious threats to all the living beings. It occurs via land runoff, accidental discharge during storage, transportation and bilge discharge etc. The cleanup, recovery and remediation methods for the oil spill are very challenging and complex to execute. Therefore, in the present study main focus is given to some important past oil spills, their fate, and remediation methods.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical work was carried out to estimate the Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir drug combination in the various dosage forms using RP-HPLC methodology.
Abstract: The fixed-dose ledipasvir-sofosbuvir combination offers an effective and well-tolerated pill for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Only a few analytical works were carried out to estimate the Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir drug combination in the various dosage forms. This work aimed to simplify the estimation process using RP-HPLC methodology. The method was developed on a reversed phase Agilent C18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 µm) column. The isocratic elution process was performed using a mobile phase ratio of Methanol (70% v/v): Water (30 % v/v) with 0.6 ml/min flow rate. Elute was scanned using the PDA detector at the wavelength of 235 nm. The results of the elution process showed that the Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir elute the peak at a concentration of 9 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml with retention times of 7.745 min and 2.345 min respectively. The percentage purity of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir was found to be 99.40 % w/v and 98.20 % w/v. The proposed method was found to be a high degree of precision and reproducibility. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.92 % for Ledipasvir and 99.82 % for Sofosbuvir. The LOD and LOQ were measured, and the results were within limits. The developed validation method can be applied for degradation evaluation of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for the various dosage forms.