Showing papers in "Journal of Family Psychology in 1998"
TL;DR: For more than 20 years, there have been periodic reports in the research literature about the co-occurrence of spouse abuse and physical child abuse as mentioned in this paper, with overlap rates that typically are much higher than either of the rates first reported.
Abstract: For more than 20 years, there have been periodic reports in the research literature about the co-occurrence of spouse abuse and physical child abuse. This review compiles and evaluates those reports. Forty-two studies were found that provided some data concerning co-occurrence; 31 of the studies included sufficient detail to be used in this review. The different types of studies are classified and methodological issues are discussed. The base rate of co-occurrence found in representative community samples was about 6%. In clinical samples of either battered women or physically abused children, the percentage of overlap ranged from 20% to 100%. When a conservative definition of child abuse was used, a median co-occurrence rate of 40% was found. Five models depicting the directionality of abuse in violent families are proposed and discussed in relation to the data and theories of violence. Recommendations for methodological improvements and theory-driven studies are presented. As early as 1975, reports appeared indicating that children whose parents engaged in physical violence were also likely to be victims of physical maltreatment. Moore (1975) was one of the first to sound the alarm. She discovered that 13% of the children from 23 maritally violent families had been physically hurt or were threatened with violence. That same year, Levine (1975) also commented on the problem of co-occurring violence but found only a 2% rate of overlap between marital violence and physical child abuse. Since that time there have been periodic reports of the overlap between marital violence and physical child abuse--with overlap rates that typically are much higher than either of the rates first reported. However, to
829 citations
TL;DR: The relation between maternal and paternal attitudes concerning paternal roles and paternal involvement with their 3-5-month-old infants was examined and it was revealed that maternal attitudes predicted paternal involvement as reported by mothers.
Abstract: The relation between maternal and paternal attitudes concerning paternal roles and paternal involvement with their 3-5-month-old infants was examined. A questionnaire-based study revealed that maternal attitudes predicted paternal involvement as reported by mothers. A 2nd study revealed that both maternal and paternal attitudes predicted paternal involvement as reported by both mothers and fathers. In a 3rd observational-based study, patterns of paternal stimulation of their infants were related to both maternal and paternal attitudes.
214 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the direction of causality underlying the robust association of mothers' attributions for child misbehavior and mothers' parenting was addressed. And the authors found that mothers who were told that their children would misbehave voluntarily and with negative intent were rated as significantly more overreactive in their discipline and felt angrier; their children exhibited higher rates of negative affect.
Abstract: To address the direction of causality underlying the robust association of mothers' attributions for child misbehavior and mothers' parenting, mothers' child-centered responsibility attributions for their hard-to-manage toddlers' misbehavior were experimentally manipulated. Mothers and children were then videotaped interacting in typical but challenging situations. Relative to mothers who were told that their children were not to blame for misbehaving, mothers who were told that their children would misbehave voluntarily and with negative intent were rated as significantly more overreactive in their discipline and felt angrier; their children exhibited higher rates of negative affect. Therefore, mothers' attributions for children's misbehavior can determine the harshness of their discipline. Further research on attribution-focused interventions and their role in facilitating treatment response and maintenance in parenting programs is warranted.
203 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared lesbian and heterosexual parents' division of household labor, satisfaction with division of labor, and satisfaction with couple relationships, and associations of these variables with psychological adjustment of children.
Abstract: This study compared lesbian and heterosexual parents' division of household labor, satisfaction with division of labor, satisfaction with couple relationships, and associations of these variables with psychological adjustment of children. Participating lesbian (n = 30) and heterosexual (n = 16) couples all became parents by using anonymous donor insemination and had at least I child of elementary-school age. Although both lesbian and heterosexual couples reported relatively equal divisions of paid employment and of household and decision-making tasks, lesbian biological and nonbiological mothers shared child-care tasks more equally than did heterosexual parents. Among lesbian nonbiological mothers, those more satisfied with the division of family decisions in the home were also more satisfied with their relationships and had children who exhibited fewer externalizing behavior problems. The effect of division of labor on children's adjustment was mediated by parents' relationship satisfaction.
185 citations
TL;DR: This article examined cognitive and emotional responses of 60 7-12-year-old children to audiotaped conflictual interactions and found that children's perceptions and interpretations of interparental conflict are influenced by the larger context in which a conflict occurs as well as the way the conflict is expressed.
Abstract: Children's appraisals of interparental conflict have been linked with their adjustment and their strategies for coping with conflict, but the factors that influence the appraisal process are less clear. This study examined cognitive and emotional responses of 60 7-12-year-old children to audiotaped conflictual interactions. Properties of the conflict, family factors, and child characteristics were related to children's appraisals; the most consistent predictors were the level of hostility expressed in the interaction, children's prior experience with physically aggressive interparental conflict, and children's age. These findings indicate that children's perceptions and interpretations of interparental conflict are influenced by the larger context in which a conflict occurs as well as the way the conflict is expressed.
178 citations
TL;DR: The Ein Partnerschaftliches Lernprogramm (EPL, A Couple's Learning Program) as discussed by the authors is a 6-session program designed to teach couples effective communication and problem-solving skills.
Abstract: This article reports on the development and long-term evaluation of a marital distress prevention program for German couples, the Ein Partnerschaftliches Lernprogramm (EPL, A Couple's Learning Program). The EPL is a 6-session program designed to teach couples effective communication and problem-solving skills. In the current article, the EPL is evaluated in a prospective, quasi-experimental, controlled trial. The results of the 3-year follow-up are reported, contrasting 55 EPL couples with a control group of 17 couples. Significant differences emerged with regard to the couples' dissolution rates, relationship satisfaction, and positive and negative communication behavior favoring the EPL couples. These results demonstrate the utility of the EPL program in assisting happy couples who are preparing for marriage. The implications of the findings for prevention research and for the dissemination of prevention programs are discussed.
177 citations
TL;DR: Kamey et al. as mentioned in this paper applied cluster analysis to the marital reports of 99 husbands and wives (from 104 families) obtained when their firstborn sons were 10, 27, 36, and 60 months of age to identify distinct patterns of change in marital functioning.
Abstract: Cluster analysis was applied to the marital reports of 99 husbands and wives (from 104 families) obtained when their firstborn sons were 10, 27, 36, and 60 months of age to identify distinct patterns of change in marital functioning. Husband-love and wife-conflict scores revealed 3 distinct change patterns-stays good, bad to worse, and good gets worse-which afforded the opportunity to address 2 distinct questions, the 1st dealing with the correlates of consistently good and poor functioning marriages and the 2nd with what distinguishes marriages that initially functioned similarly (and well) but proceeded to develop in distinctively different ways. Results show, consistent with related findings from a study of newlyweds (B. Kamey & T. Bradbury, 1997), that the answer to the 1st question is found in enduring personality traits of spouses, whereas the answer to the 2nd is found in observed marital dynamics (reflecting coparenting processes).
175 citations
TL;DR: Marital, parent-child, and family-level processes were examined for 4 groups of 7-to 11-year-old boys and their families as mentioned in this paper, and a discriminant analysis that used marital and family factors alone was able to correctly classify families into one of the 4 behavior problem groups with nearly 90% accuracy.
Abstract: Marital, parent-child, and family-level processes were examined for 4 groups of 7-to 11-year-old boys and their families: boys with no behavioral problems (control), boys with behavioral problems consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), boys with behavioral problems consistent with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and boys with behavioral problems consistent with ADHD and ODD. A discriminant analysis that used marital and family factors alone was able to correctly classify families into one of the 4 behavior problem groups with nearly 90% accuracy. The combination of parental commands and parental coercion separated the control group from the 3 clinical groups, but it was the combination of family cohesiveness and responsive and consistent parenting that best distinguished the 3 clinical groups from one another.
160 citations
TL;DR: A selective review of current issues and new developments in the measurement of parental attributions for social behavior can be found in this paper, where the theoretical underpinnings of different types of attributional measures and implicit models within attribution research are discussed.
Abstract: A selective review is offered of current issues and new developments in the measurement of parental attributions for social behavior. Attributions have alternatively been conceptualized as involving (a) memory-dependent knowledge structures (i.e., interpretive styles that are dependent on the parent's history) or (b) stimulus-dependent appraisal es (i.e., interpretations that are dependent on information available in the immediate context). Consideration is given to the theoretical underpinnings of different types of attributional measures and the implicit models within attribution research (e.g., attributions as mediators, attributions as moderators). Finally, psychometric issues within different attributional approaches are discussed, including consideration of the factors that optimize or constrain the utility of different measures.
157 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined three levels of family interaction: marital, parent-child, and whole family, and found that each level contained both independent variance and information redundant with other measures characterizing the family.
Abstract: Families are complicated systems to assess and quantify, requiring that decisions be made regarding where to focus research. The authors examined 3 levels of family interaction: marital, parent-child, and whole family. Instruments included the McMaster Structured Interview of Family Functioning, the Family Assessment Device, the Mealtime Interaction Coding System, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Parent/Caregiver Involvement Scale. Results suggest that each measure, representing a unique combination of family level, informant, and setting, contained both independent variance and information redundant with other measures characterizing the family. The strengths of using a theoretical base, in this case the McMaster model of family functioning, and a multimeasure approach are discussed.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a doubly developmental perspective was proposed for the trajectory of change in risk factors for marital distress and change in marital quality, and the link between these two trajectories.
Abstract: Both spouses from 198 first-married newlywed couples provided information regarding marital quality and depressive symptoms for at least 2 of 4 annual assessments. Husbands and wives showed equal rates of linear decline in marital quality. For both husbands and wives, decreases in marital quality were accompanied by increases in the severity of depressive symptoms, even with controls for the severity of symptoms not linked to depression. In contrast to previous evidence, plausible longitudinal causal paths between depressive symptoms and marital quality were generally nonsignificant and did not differ between husbands and wives. It is proposed that future studies of marital quality adopt a doubly developmental perspective in which attention is directed to die trajectory of change in "risk factors" for marital distress, the trajectory of change in marital quality, and the link between these 2 trajectories.
TL;DR: In this article, the stability and validity of early adolescents' reports of 6 parenting constructs were examined: parent-child conflict, positive family relations, parental monitoring, parents' rule making, consistent enforcement of rules, and use of positive reinforcement Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Abstract: The stability and validity of early adolescents' reports of 6 parenting constructs were examined: parent-child conflict, positive family relations, parental monitoring, parents' rule making, consistent enforcement of rules, and use of positive reinforcement Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; H W Marsh & D Hocevar, 1988) on questionnaire data from 3 quarterly assessments of 174 5th-7th grade youth was used to test a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) model containing 6 parenting constructs as trait factors and 3 assessment occasions as method factors Youths' reports of these parenting constructs were stable over time, and the CFA approach to MTMM data demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs Each parenting construct was significantly correlated with youths' reports of deviant peer associations, antisocial behavior, and substance use, providing evidence of criterion validity
TL;DR: The association of maternal and contextual risk factors with whole-family, marital, and parent-child levels of family functioning was examined and indicated that maternal mental illness and family functioning are strongly associated and that variation in the conceptualization and measurement strategy for risk and family functions affects the conclusions of research.
Abstract: The association of maternal and contextual risk factors with whole-family, marital, and parent-child levels of family functioning was examined. Matemal mental illness and multiple contextual risk best predicted whole-family functioning, but each was related to marital and parent-child levels as well. Nonspecific indicators of maternal illness, rather than diagnostic category, were the better predictors of family functioning. The multiple contextual risk index was the variable most associated with all levels of family functioning, more so than any indicator of maternal illness. These results indicate (a) that maternal mental illness and family functioning are strongly associated and (b) that variation in the conceptualization and measurement strategy for risk and family functioning affects the conclusions of research. The importance of clear conceptualization of family levels and psychopathology risk in families of young children is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined child response patterns to parental conflict and assessed their contribution to child functioning, focusing on three potential child responses and their relation to later depressive and aggressive behavior.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine child response patterns to parental conflict and assess their contribution to child functioning. The focus was on 3 potential child responses and their relation to later depressive and aggressive behavior. Direct observations and questionnaire data were collected on 156 2-parent families. Aggressive behavior showed the strongest sequential relation to interparental conflict and the strongest predictive relation to increased aggressive functioning. Gender differences were found in the use of child aggressive response patterns. Results for the relation between child responses and increases in depressive functioning were weaker than those found for aggressive functioning. The results provide support fpr the examination of child response patterns as a potentially rich area of exploration for understanding the family mechanisms affecting both aggressive and depressive functioning in children.
TL;DR: The results support a transactional model of norm development that features interplay among children's temperaments and family processes and reveal children whose temperaments placed them at greater risk for alcohol problems in adolescence and early adulthood reported alcohol use norms that became more liberal as other family members' norms became liberal.
Abstract: University of Georgia This study explored the unique contributions of children's temperaments, parents' and siblings' alcohol use norms, and parent-child discussions to 10- to 12-year-old children's alcohol use norms Independent assessments of each family member's alcohol use norms, mother- and father-reported child temperament assessments, and child reports of the frequency and nature of parent-child discussions were obtained for 171 families Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed a mederational effect: Children whose temperaments placed them at greater risk for alcohol problems in adolescence and early adulthood reported alcohol use norms that became more liberal as other family members' norms became liberal Frequent and bidirectional parent-child discussions were linked with less liberal alcohol use norms The results support a transactional model of norm development that features interplay among children's temperaments and family processes Alcohol use among adolescents continues to be a major social and public health issue in contemporary American society Although much publicity is given to the detrimental, widespread use of illicit drugs, it is alcohol use that exacts the greatest toll in terms of associated morbidity and mortality (DuPont, 1985; Hansen et al, 1988) The health consequences of alcohol use are particularly salient during adolescence because motor vehicle crashes, the majority of which involve alcohol use, kill more teenagers than does any other single cause of death (Brody, Neubaum, Boyd, & Dufour, 1997; Moskowitz, 1983; National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 1992) This high-risk period is G-ene H Brody, Douglas L Flor, Nancy Hollett- Wright, and L Kelly McCoy, Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia J Kelly McCoy is now at the Department of Family Sciences, Brigham Young University The research reported in this article was supported by Grant AA09224 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Gene H Brody, Department of Child and Family Development, Dawson Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 Electronic mail may be sent to ghrody@fcsugaedu becoming longer because youths in the United States experiment with alcohol use at steadily decreasing ages The age of first initiation of use has declined to about 12 years, and the time between first initiation and the onset of problem drinking appears to be narrowing (Tarter & Blackson, 1992) In addition to the morbidity and mortality associated with adolescents' alco- hol use, developmental tasks such as cognitive maturation, school performance, moral develop- ment, and the development of social compe- tence also appear to be altered, delayed, or disrupted by excessive drinking (Coombs, Paul- son, & Palley, 1988; Semlitz & Gold, 1986) Identification of the processes that contribute to the early initiation and progression of alcohol use has therefore been designated as a priority by public health professionals (Adams, Blan- ken, Fergnson, & Kopstein, 1990) Analyses of the processes that account for variation in the onset and progression of alcohol use among adolescents have identified the development of normative standards for alcohol use as a pivotal proximal process (Petraitis, Flay, & Miller, 1995) Youths who have developed norms that define alcohol use during adolescence as unacceptable begin drinking at older ages and are less likely to yield to peer 209
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the utility of an intergroup-relations perspective in studying stepfamily harmony and found that the more the stepfamily was perceived as 1 group, the greater was the step family harmony.
Abstract: This study examined the utility of an intergroup-relations perspective in studying stepfamily harmony. University students who identified themselves as stepfamily members completed a survey revealing that the relationship between favorable intergroup contact conditions (e.g., cooperation, equal status) and stepfamily harmony was mediated by the perception of the stepfamily as 1 group rather than 2. Additionally, a 1-group representation of the stepfamily partially mediated the relation between a positive stepparent-stepchild relationship and increased harmony. The more the stepfamily was perceived as 1 group, the greater was the stepfamily harmony. These results offer an explanatory model of stepfamily harmony, involving members' perception of social categorization within the stepfamily unit.
TL;DR: In this article, behavior problems were examined across three groups of children (8-12 years of age), living in families characterized by recent physical spousal violence, including domestic violence involving knives or guns.
Abstract: Behavior problems were examined across 3 groups of children (8-12 years of age), living in families characterized by recent physical spousal violence. The groups were (a) 47 children who reported observing marital violence that included the threat or use of knives or guns (observed); (b) 57 children who did not report witnessing marital violence involving knives or guns but whose mothers reported that violence involving knives or guns had occurred in a recent marital dispute (occurred); and (c) 51 children who did not report witnessing marital violence involving knives or guns and whose mothers also reported no violence involving knives or guns (neither). Children in the observed group displayed higher levels of behavior problems than did children in the neither group, but they did not differ from children in the occurred group. Children in the occurred group also displayed higher levels of behavior problems than did children in the neither group.
TL;DR: Among adolescent mothers who remained in a stable relationship with the baby's biological father, higher scores were obtained on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (B. M. Caldwell & R. H. Bradley, 1984), the young mothers were more likely to report continuous custody of their infants, and the infants' physicians were less likelihood to report infant injuries, accidents, or investigations of child abuse or neglect.
Abstract: Predictors and correlates of a stable ongoing relationship with the baby's father among adolescent mothers were examined. A longitudinal study was conducted of 105 adolescent mothers and their infants over an 18- to 24-month period. Fathers were more likely to stay involved with the adolescent mother if the couple had an intimate and supportive relationship 6 weeks after delivery. They were less likely to stay involved if the young mother experienced a large number of stressful life events during pregnancy and in the first 6 weeks after delivery. Among adolescent mothers who remained in a stable relationship with the baby's biological father, higher scores were obtained on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (B. M. Caldwell & R. H. Bradley, 1984), the young mothers were more likely to report continuous custody of their infants, and the infants' physicians were less likely to report infant injuries, accidents, or investigations of child abuse or neglect.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the consistency of relationships among these variables across four types of families: balanced, traditional, disconnected, and emotionally strained, and found that the family variables significantly predicted young adult health risk behavior over time and functioning at adolescence and young adulthood did not serve as a mediator.
Abstract: With a sample of 116, the authors asked how characteristics of the family, rated by adolescents, predicted health risk behavior at young adulthood 6 years later and whether adolescent and young adult personal and emotional functioning mediated these relationships. The authors also explored the consistency of relationships among these variables across 4 types of families: balanced, traditional, disconnected, and emotionally strained. The family variables significantly predicted young adult health risk behavior over time and functioning at adolescence and young adulthood did not serve as a mediator. The family model operated well in 3 of the 4 family contexts; it failed to operate among offspring from disconnected families. Characteristics of the family affect the display of health risk behavior when offspring come from families that have well-defined and coherent family structures.
TL;DR: In this article, a 3-wave prospective panel model was used to examine the idea that depression erodes an individual's social resources and that lack of social resources contributes to depression.
Abstract: A 3-wave prospective panel model was used to examine the idea that depression erodes an individual's social resources and that lack of social resources contributes to depression. The data are from 313 depressed patients assessed at intake to treatment and at 1-year and 10-year follow-ups. There was little or no evidence for a social selection effect in which depression contributed to a decline in family or extrafamily resources. In contrast, there was evidence for a social causation effect in which family and extrafamily resources contributed to changes in depression. These findings imply that family and extrafamily resources can contribute to a decline in depression and that depressed individuals' social resources do not necessarily deteriorate over time.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the contribution of coping strategies, when facing marital difficulties, to marital satisfaction, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, and found that self-reported coping strategies were significant-linear and curvilinear predictors of both self- and partner-reported marital satisfaction.
Abstract: The present study investigated the contribution of coping strategies, when facing marital difficulties, to marital satisfaction, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. For the cross-sectional design, both members of 506 couples individually completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results revealed that self-reported coping strategies were significant-linear and curvilinear-predictors of both self- and partner-reported marital satisfaction. Results of the longitudinal analyses were based on 2 distinct samples: 95 couples who completed the same questionnaires 4 months later (short-term cohort) and 108 couples who again completed the same questionnaires 1.5 years later (long-term cohort). Significant, but weak, curvilinear relations between coping strategies and subsequent marital satisfaction were observed for women.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the accuracy of young people's perceptions of how they are viewed by their parents (i.e., metaperception accuracy) and found that college students were accurate in their metaperceptions of father but only for perceived assertiveness.
Abstract: Family relationships provide the most valid context for studying a key hypothesis of Symbolic Interaction Theory (SIT), that how one is perceived by significant others determines one's view of the self (C.H. Cooley, 1902). Implicit in this hypothesis is another hypothesis, that people are accurate in perceiving how they are perceived by others. This study investigated the accuracy of young people's perceptions of how they are viewed by their parents (i.e., metaperception accuracy). Social relations analysis (D.A. Kenny & L. La Voie, 1984) was applied to data from 51 2-parent, 2-child families. College students were accurate in their metaperceptions of father but only for perceived assertiveness. Adolescents demonstrated generalized accuracy in their metaperceptions of cooperation. The results partially support a modified version of SIT.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that couples high on pretreatment measures of demand-withdraw interaction (DWI) attended fewer sessions of CBT, whereas DWI made little difference in FST.
Abstract: Individually focused Attribute × Treatment interaction (ATI) research has neglected attributes of couple and family relationships that may moderate response to different treatments. Sixty-three couples with a male alcoholic partner participated in up to 20 sessions of either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or family-systems therapy (FST). As hypothesized, couples high on pretreatment measures of demand-withdraw interaction (DWI) attended fewer sessions of CBT, whereas DWI made little difference in FST. A specific, alcohol-related wife-demand/husband-withdraw pattern moderated retention more than the opposite husband-demand/wife-withdraw pattern, although the general affective quality of a couple's relationship may have contributed to ATIs as well. Results illustrate the importance of relational moderators in ATI research and suggest possible benefits of matching alcoholics to treatments when the unit of treatment involves more than 1 person.
TL;DR: Grych et al. as discussed by the authors assessed children's attributions in parent-child relationships, examined their association with relationship positivity and behavior displayed toward the parent, determined whether depressive symptoms account for these associations, and investigated whether parent and child attributions are linked.
Abstract: This study assessed children's attributions in parent-child relationships, examined their association with relationship positivity and behavior displayed toward the parent, determined whether depressive symptoms account for these associations, and investigated whether parent and child attributions are linked. Ten- to 12-yearold children (116 girls, 116 boys) completed several questionnaires and were observed during parent-child interactions. Children's attributions for parent behavior were related to positivity of the parent-child relationship and to self- and parent-reported conflict and observed behavior with the father. These associations were not due to children's depressive symptoms but potentially augment our understanding of the effect of depression on parent-child relationships. Finally, gender moderated the parent attribution-child attribution association. The results underscore the importance of children's perceptions of family processes. The study of children's perceptions of family events has led to increased understanding of their reactions to such events at both theoretical (e.g., Davies & Cummings, 1994; Grych & Fincham, 1990) and empirical levels (e.g., Grych, Seid, & Fincham, 1992; Kurdek & Berg, 1987; Mazur, Wolchik, & Sandier, 1992). Although children's attributions or explanations for events predict their functioning in several
TL;DR: General family functioning, mother-adolescent relationships, and parental monitoring and discipline practices were assessed by using both adolescent and mother reports, and overall the groups differed significantly on all family variables.
Abstract: Adolescents with alcohol dependence or abuse (n = 126) were compared with 124 adolescents with other (nondrug) mental disorders and with a control group of 94 adolescents with no mental disorders on dimensions of family functioning. General family functioning, mother-adolescent relationships, and parental monitoring and discipline practices were assessed by using both adolescent and mother reports. Although overall the groups differed significantly on all family variables, the relationships among groups differed for adolescent and mother reports. By mother reports, families of adolescents with alcohol use disorders functioned less well than did families of adolescents with other mental disorders, whereas by adolescent reports these groups were not significantly different. Examination of both adolescent and mother perspectives may be important in understanding the relationship between family functioning and adolescent alcohol use disorders.
TL;DR: Diabetes was better maintained in children whose parents were more emotionally supportive, had better resolved their grief about their child's diabetes, were less sad and angry, and in parent-child dyads were better able to resolve conflicts.
Abstract: An observational measure of parent-child relationships was developed based in family systems theory and used to predict the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The new measure reliably assessed interactions between 74 parents and their school-age and adolescent children with IDDM in this multitrait, multimethod study. The observational measure predicted both ratings of adherence to treatment and biological indices of metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin). Diabetes was better maintained in children whose parents were more emotionally supportive, had better resolved their grief about their child's diabetes, were less sad and angry, and in parent-child dyads were better able to resolve conflicts.
TL;DR: This article applied self-discrepancy theory (E T Higgins, R N Bond, R Klein, & T Strauman, 1986) to the study of the maternal self-concept and interrole conflict for married professional women with children.
Abstract: This study applied self-discrepancy theory (E T Higgins, R N Bond, R Klein, & T Strauman, 1986) to the study of the maternal self-concept and interrole conflict for married professional women with children The participants, 103 married professional women with young children, completed questionnaires Each of the 4 self-discrepancy variables was a positive predictor of positive interrole conflict and, with one exception (actual-own:ought-own self-discrepancy), a negative predictor of coping effectiveness Both structural role redefinition and superwoman coping strategies were positively related to coping effectiveness Use of the structural role redefinition strategy was positively associated with work support, spousal support, and social support Work support was negatively related to anxiety and depression, but no significant relations were found between spousal support and other variables In regression models, self-discrepancy was related to both anxiety and depression
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between social, structural, and economic variables that increased HIV-related sexual risk taking in a random community sample of 835 African American, Latina of Mexican origin, and White women, aged 18-50 years.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between social, structural, and economic variables that increased HIV-related sexual risk taking in a random community sample of 835 African American, Latina of Mexican origin, and White women, aged 18-50 years. Multivariate analyses tested relationships between women's family constellations, HIV/AIDS-related sexual risk-taking, perceptions of susceptibility to become infected with HIV, and condom use. The findings identified different patterns of sexual risk taking for each ethnic group. Latinas' risks increased within a committed relationship, and White women's risks were increased by sex outside of their current relationship and by their sexual practices. African Americans' risks increased due to economic instability and being single. Women's sexual risk taking illustrates how relationship building and family formation increase HIV-related risks regardless of ethnicity and current relationship status.
TL;DR: This paper explored the psychometric properties of the Orientation Toward Domestic Labor Questionnaire (ODL-Q) with a sample of 622 dual-earner wives and found that effective communication about domestic labor (expressions of appreciation, sympathetic listening, mutual decision making) was the most powerful predictor and discriminator of fairness.
Abstract: This study explored the psychometric properties of the Orientation Toward Domestic Labor Questionnaire (ODL-Q) with a sample of 622 dual-earner wives. Adequate internal consistency reliability was obtained for most of the constructs in the ODL-Q. In addition, construct validity for the ODL-Q was provided with multiple regression and discriminant analyses of the constructs' relationships to wives' sense of fairness about family work. The ODL-Q scales accounted for 57% of the variance in wives' sense of fairness. Effective communication about domestic labor (expressions of appreciation, sympathetic listening, mutual decision making) was by far the most powerful predictor and discriminator of fairness. Further validity was demonstrated in a cluster analysis identifying 3 groups of dual-earner wives suggested by A. Hochschild's (1989) qualitative study of family work. Implications for the construction of gender through domestic labor are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report data testing predictions that a couple's sexual relationship suffers if the wife is employed, particularly if she is employed full time, and show that work-role quality was a better predictor of sexual outcomes than hours of employment.
Abstract: This article reports data testing predictions that a couple's sexual relationship suffers if the wife is employed, particularly if she is employed full time. The theoretical framework rests on the scarcity hypothesis and the enhancement hypothesis concerning multiple roles. Longitudinal data collected from a sample of more than 500 women and their husbands at 3 time points from pregnancy through a year after birth provide no support for the scarcity hypothesis. There were no significant differences between homemakers and women employed part time, full time, and high full time on measures of frequency of intercourse, sexual satisfaction, and decreased sexual desire. Work-role quality was a better predictor of sexual outcomes than hours of employment. Fatigue was associated with sexual outcomes for both employed women and homemakers.