Showing papers in "Journal of Integrated Pest Management in 2014"
TL;DR: Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks.
Abstract: Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stal, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming >100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys , we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species.
326 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide up-to-date information on the common pests in the main maize-growing areas of Mexico from experts in the field, including the fall armyworm, corn earworm, and the black cutworm.
Abstract: Mexico is the fifth largest maize producer and the area of origin and domestication of this crop. Mexico's 6.8 million hectare annual production of maize represents 30% of its total domestic agricultural production and 6.6% of the country's arable land. However, Mexico's average yield of 3.17 tons per hectare is 38% below the world's average. Although maize is a major crop globally, it is typically not grown under modern or comprehensive integrated pest management (IPM) programs aimed at minimizing economic damage and lowering environmental and health risks. Pest management in commercial maize in Mexico continues to rely primarily on chemical control using conventional synthetic insecticides. Approximately 3,000 tons of active ingredient per year are used to combat the single most important pest, the fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda Smith), followed by the corn earworm ( Helicoverpa zea Boddie) and the black cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)). Mexican farmers have successfully adopted IPM programs for many crops, but IPM is not common in maize crops. Although different components and elements have been identified, most of the information on maize pests and IPM in Mexico has been published in technical bulletins of a reduced regional scope or in difficult-to-access reports, generally describing laboratory screenings, preliminary field evaluations, or listing technical recommendations but rarely including products and practices that growers actually use. This report provides up-to-date information on the common pests in the main maize-growing areas of Mexico from experts in the field. Updated information on maize pest population dynamics and control has been gathered from agricultural professionals directly involved in maize crop protection. This critical information, not readably available for Mexican production systems, is intended to help researchers, government officials, and industry specialists in making decisions regarding time and resource allocations in the design and implementation of IPM techniques, practices, and programs for Mexican maize.
78 citations
TL;DR: The natural history and ecology of diamondback moth is summarized and options for its sampling and management are presented, highlighting recent research that may lead to a more integrated approach to managing this pest and the suite of other insect pests of Brassica crops.
Abstract: Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has become the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous vegetables ( Brassica oleracea L.) worldwide, and is a continuing problem especially in the southern United States. Because of inconsistencies in individual control methods, inefficiencies and time demands of scouting, and the lack of clear thresholds, current management practices emphasize the prophylactic use of insecticides. Numerous other methods are available for the management of P. xylostella including host plant resistance, biological controls, cultural controls, behavioral management, and judicious use of insecticides. Past experience has shown that alone, none of these strategies will work sufficiently and insecticide misuse and resistance issues will likely continue. However, when used together, these tactics can complement each other and lead to a more sustainable system. Recent research focused on the molecular genetics and genomics of P. xylostella has dramatically increased our understanding of specific mechanisms controlling P. xylostella physiology and its interactions with plants. This has the potential to revolutionize the way we manage this pest. Here we summarize the natural history and ecology of diamondback moth and present options for its sampling and management. Additionally, we highlight recent research that may lead to a more integrated approach to managing this pest and the suite of other insect pests of Brassica crops.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a review of the current status of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and propose long-term resistance management strategies that arrange reduced-risk MoA groups into several, multi-year sequences that will maximize the probability for resistance development.
Abstract: Neonicotinoid insecticides have been the most common management tool for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), infestations in cultivated potato for nearly 20 yr. The relative ease of applying neonicotinoids at planting coupled with inexpensive, generic neonicotinoid formulations has reduced the incentive for potato growers to transition from these products to other mode of action (MoA) groups for early-season L. decemlineata control. Continuous use of neonicotinoids has resulted in resistant L. decemlineata populations in some production areas of the eastern United States. Continued reliance on neonicotinoids will accelerate L. decemlineata resistance development and result in additional insecticide inputs to manage these populations. Resistance management recommendations for L. decemlineata have focused on rotation of insecticides within the growing season. Growers using at-plant neonicotinoids for early-season L. decemlineata control are encouraged to rotate MoAs for later generations to delay resistance development. Although this short-term insecticide rotation has likely prolonged the utility of neonicotinoid insecticides, reducing reliance on a single MoA soil application at planting will improve the longevity of newer, more reduced-risk alternatives. The objectives of this article are twofold: 1) to provide a review of the current status of L. decemlineata neonicotinoid resistance, and 2) to propose long-term resistance management strategies that arrange reduced-risk MoA groups into several, multiyear sequences that will maximize L. decemlineata control and reduce the probability for resistance development. This recommendation maintains practical and economical approaches for L. decemlineata control, but limits reliance on any single MoA group to minimize selection pressure for resistance development.
35 citations
TL;DR: Management of the rice water weevil has expanded with the use of anthralic diamides and neonicotinoids as the latest conventional options, generally delivered as seed treatments in southern U.S. rice production, and the possible emergence of Bacillus thuringiensis as a viable alternative to chemical controls.
Abstract: The rice water weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel) is a native curculionid pest of rice in the southern and eastern United States. It was first identified as Lissorhoptrus simplex Say in the first report of damage from southern Georgia in 1881. In 1951 Chilean systematist Giullermo Kuschel reclassified it as L. oryzophilus following a reevaluation of New World genera within Curculionidae. Management of the weevil has changed throughout the years, as environmental issues, regulatory actions, and pesticide resistance have required researchers, pest management practitioners, and growers to adapt. In the 2010s, management of the rice water weevil has expanded with the use of anthralic diamides and neonicotinoids as the latest conventional options, generally delivered as seed treatments in southern U.S. rice production, and the possible emergence of Bacillus thuringiensis as a viable alternative to chemical controls. Delayed flooding and planting are common cultural controls used in southern U.S. rice production while levee weed control and winter flooding are used in California production. The history of this insect pest including management, life history, and invasion biology in rice production regions of the temperate world will be discussed with an emphasis on the United States.
29 citations
TL;DR: The knowledge to date on biology of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), including its distribution, development, migration, agricultural host plants, and mechanics of injury to host plants are summarized.
Abstract: This article summarizes the knowledge to date on biology of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), including its distribution, development, migration, agricultural host plants, and mechanics of injury to host plants. Damage to alfalfa, potatoes, soybeans, and snap beans, and treatment guidelines, are summarized. Particular attention is given to integrated pest management options in alfalfa, the host plant most frequently incurring economically damaging populations of potato leafhopper. Alfalfa scouting and economic thresholds are discussed along with cultural controls and host plant resistance.
25 citations
TL;DR: The program was evaluated over the course of 1 yr, after which, mean treatment time, amount of product used, and application cost were calculated for each unit, and both the number of initial infestations and the costs associated with bed bug treatments were reduced.
Abstract: In 2012, a proactive bed bug ( Cimex lectularius L.) suppression program was implemented in a 121-unit low-income housing facility in Harrisonburg, VA. The program consisted of common minimally toxic and inexpensive integrated bed bug management methods including a novel strategy for applying a perimeter barrier of diatomaceous earth in apartment units. The program was evaluated over the course of 1 yr, after which, mean treatment time, amount of product used, and application cost were calculated for each unit. In 2013, both the number of initial infestations and the costs associated with bed bug treatments were reduced. The apartment residents' perceptions of the bed bug suppression program were assessed using face-to-face surveys, in which many expressed relief that proactive bed bug management measures had been put in place.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the strategy of farmscaping, review the theory of how it can improve pest management, and discuss the practicalities and risks involved in incorporating farmscapes into integrated pest management programs.
Abstract: New pest management programs must strive to achieve sustained, improved crop production and profitable agriculture, while simultaneously conserving natural resources and protecting the environment. Redesigning farms to take advantage of natural biological control can improve the sustainability of integrated pest management programs. A technique common in this approach to pest management is farmscaping, which refers to the arrangement or configuration of plants that promote biological pest management by attracting and sustaining beneficial organisms. Farmscaping is an ecologically based, whole-farm approach to enhancing the efficacy and local abundance of arthropod natural enemies through modification of the environment. However, by adding these resources back to simplified agriculture systems, they provide numerous other ecosystem services such as erosion control, reduced runoff, esthetic benefits, increased revenue, nutrient management, pollination services, soil health, as well as improved pest suppression. Herein, we discuss the strategy of farmscaping, review the theory of how it can improve pest management, and discuss the practicalities and risks involved in incorporating farmscapes into integrated pest management programs.
13 citations
TL;DR: This research helped confirm previous ecological studies of this pest on sugarcane and other agronomic crops relative to life cycle, biology, and behavior and helped develop better management approaches.
Abstract: The sugarcane beetle, Euetheola humilis (Burmeister), traditionally a pest of agricultural crops, has become a sporadic, but serious, pest of turfgrass on golf courses, athletic fields, home lawns, sod farms, and in pastures. Initially confined to the southeastern United States it has, in recent years, spread as far north as Maryland, west into Texas, and south into Florida. Little is known about sugarcane beetle ecology and behavior in turfgrass, including dispersal and feeding behaviors and the impact of damage to turf. Our research helped confirm previous ecological studies of this pest on sugarcane and other agronomic crops relative to life cycle, biology, and behavior to further develop better management approaches. Additional research concerning this insect is summarized and discussed relative to the current pest status of this insect and potential management strategies.
13 citations
TL;DR: In 2008, the Great Lakes Vegetable Working Group measured integrated pest management (IPM) practice adoption by growers of this crop using online and hardcopy surveys over a 10-mo period as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Sweet corn is one of the most common fresh market vegetable crops grown throughout the north central and north east regions of the United States. In 2008, the Great Lakes Vegetable Working Group measured integrated pest management (IPM) practice adoption by growers of this crop using online and hardcopy surveys over a 10-mo period. The survey asked growers from nine states and Ontario, Canada, which pest management practices they used on their farm operation in the following sections: education, preplant, at-plant, in-season, postharvest, scouting, and demographics. Each individual survey question was ranked by a panel of university specialists and designated as a low, moderate, or high IPM valued activity, with points assigned accordingly. On survey completion, the total points accumulated by the grower would place them into one of three categories; low, moderate, or high IPM adopter. Of the 407 respondents, 130 were placed in the low IPM adoption category, 251 were deemed moderate IPM adopters, and 26 were placed in the high IPM category. Some key general attributes of a high IPM adopter include someone who has grown vegetables for at least 10 yr and has a farm >51 acres (67%) and raises between 21-50 acres of sweet corn (44%). Some key general attributes of a low IPM adopter include less experience on smaller acreage, with 56% having grown vegetables for fewer than 10 yr with 57% on farms smaller than five acres.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple means of evaluating the potential promise for IPM information dissemination based primarily on distance to input and output markets and other factors such as access to irrigation and rainfall and household and farm characteristics is presented.
Abstract: A challenge facing integrated pest management (IPM) technology transfer programs is to identify where to conduct outreach As IPM is a knowledge-intensive management process, effective training usually requires sustained interactions between extension professionals and target farmers Efforts to disseminate IPM are constrained by limited extension budgets and therefore should focus on areas with the greatest promise for adoption per cost of program delivery This article presents a simple means of evaluating the potential promise for IPM information dissemination based primarily on distance to input and output markets and other factors such as access to irrigation and rainfall and household and farm characteristics The method is applied to rural Honduras, where an active IPM research program has sought guidance on where to focus its dissemination efforts
TL;DR: The common and spotted asparagus beetles (Crioceris asparagi (L.) and Criocheris duodecimpunctata (L.), respectively) are host-specific pests of aspagus, and frequently occur in the field as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The common and spotted asparagus beetles ( Crioceris asparagi (L.) and Crioceris duodecimpunctata (L.), respectively) are host-specific pests of asparagus, and frequently occur wherever asparagus is grown. The common asparagus beetle is the more serious of the two pests. It emerges earlier in the season, and both adults and larvae can cause damage to the asparagus crop by chewing spears and removing fern. This article describes morphological features of both asparagus beetles, discusses aspects of their life cycle and ecology, and addresses management strategies such as pesticides, biological, and cultural controls.
TL;DR: This work summarizes the seasonal biology, taxonomy, and IPM options of tropical sod webworm, which is among the most destructive pests of warm-season turfgrasses in the southeastern United States, Caribbean, and central America.
Abstract: Larvae of Herpetogramma species (commonly called webworms, sod webworms, or grass webworms) are widely distributed throughout North America, Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America. Tropical sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenee), larvae are among the most destructive pests of warm-season turfgrasses in the southeastern United States, Caribbean, and central America, especially on sod farms and newly established sod, lawns, athletic fields, and golf courses. Larval feeding affects the esthetics, vigour, photosynthesis, and density of turfgrass. Symptoms of infestation appear as notched and ragged grass blades with damaged areas in lawn appearing as small brown patches of closely mowed grass. Heavy infestations allow the ingress of weeds. Current control recommendations against tropical sod webworm include several cultural methods (including dethatching and cultivar selection) and the foliar application of chemical insecticides against larval stages. We summarize the seasonal biology, taxonomy, and IPM options of this important pest.