Showing papers in "Journal of International Relations in 2018"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the state of the art in the field of bioinformatics, which is based on the work of the authors of this paper.
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17 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Human Security Concept and Elite Theory to look at Indonesian policy by interviewing Walhi representatives and the Ministry of the Environment to investigate the impacts of pollution and environmental damage.
Abstract: Multinational corporations increasingly spread out across developing countries that have resources. The presence of multinational corporation is opportune in improving investment climate but it's also causing pollution and environmental damage in countries where the corporations operate. One of the operations is a mining activity by PT. Freeport in Mimika, Papua. The subsidiary of this corporation, Mac.Moran Coper Inc, manages mining resources asset in the form of copper and gold and has been operated since 1967 in Indonesia. Problem arises as a result of the polluting environment mining activity that starting to make people disturbed and starting to get condemned by environmentalists. A local non-governmental organization, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup, released an independent report about impacts of pollution and environmental damage. This research is intended to dicuss about Indonesia's policy in addressing environmental pollution and damage case by PT. Freeport's mining activity which affects human security. This research uses qualitative method with descriptive-explanative type with literature and technique study. To answering the question, this research used Human Security Concept and Elite Theory to look at Indonesian policy by interviewing Walhi representatives and the Ministry of the Environment. The results of this study indicate that two different regimes that are Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo have not been able to solve the case of environmental pollution by PT. Freeport to conduct negotiations in order to review the extension of contract PT. Freeport in Indonesia.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that significant reforms need to be carried out in order to improve the overall capacity of the TNI-AL and build Indonesian naval power, however, it must be sustained by the political leadership in the long term as developing naval power does not happen overnight.
Abstract: From its inception, the Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL) has struggled to reconcile its relatively small capabilities with its large responsibilities. This paper argues that significant reforms need to be carried out in order to improve the overall capacity of the TNI-AL and build Indonesian naval power. The Global Maritime Fulcrum vision provides this opportunity, however, it must be sustained by the political leadership in the long term as developing naval power does not happen overnight. To that end, this paper discusses four chief problems that the TNI-AL continues to face today, namely (1) a lack of a comprehensive maritime outlook, (2) stringent budgetary conditions, (3) a continental-oriented command and control structure, and (4) “turf wars” between related agencies in the government. This paper also briefly contrasts and compares Indonesia’s experience with China’s experience with naval development under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping. Although both countries are arguably different from one another in one way or the other, this exercise serves to highlight three lessons that may be applicable for Indonesia in managing its naval development and understanding the complexity in building its naval power. These lessons include (1) a need for strong and sustained political will in developing naval power and (2) having a clear strategic objective for naval development, and (3) a significant amount of resources are required to build naval power.
8 citations
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TL;DR: The authors analyzes the United States' external economic relations from 1933 to 1939 and concludes that the U.S. commodity structure changed according to a longer-term trend towards that of an industrially advanced country.
Abstract: This study analyzes primarily the United States’ external economic relations from 1933 to 1939. The new foreign-trade policy strategy adopted after 1933, based on expanded bilateralism and reciprocal trade agreements, is outlined. This liberal policy could influence both the volumes and the structure of foreign trade of the USA. Although, American government tried to solve domestic economic problems by supporting exports in some industries (for example in agriculture), the U.S. commodity structure changed according to a longer-term trend towards that of an industrially advanced country. Government interventions were also partly reflected in greater importance of trade with strategically substantial areas, such as Latin America. A salient conclusion of the study is also the assertion that the significance of foreign trade, albeit rising in the course of the 1930s, was still marginal.
7 citations
TL;DR: Ahmadiyya, a group founded in the 19th century India, has suffered fierce persecution in various parts of the Muslim world where governments have declared them to be non-Muslims as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Ahmadiyya, a group, founded in the 19th century India, has suffered fierce persecution in various parts of the Muslim world where governments have declared them to be non-Muslims. Despite opposition from mainstream Muslims, the movement continued its proselytising efforts and currently boasts millions of followers worldwide. Based on the documentary sources and other scholarly writings, this paper judges the claims made by the movement's founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, analyses the consequences of the claims and examines their proselytizing strategies. This paper found that the claims made by Mirza were not in accordance with the belief of mainstream Muslims, which led to their persecution. The reasons for their success in recruiting millions of members worldwide is to be found in their philanthropic activities, avoidance of violence and pursuit of peace inherent in their doctrine of jihad, exerting in the way of God, not by the sword but by the pen.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has sparked many debates and controversies in the last five years since it was announced back in 2013, and most of them are based on the analysis of Sino-U.S. relations especially on how they overlooked China as a replacement for global hegemon.
Abstract: The establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has sparked many debates and controversies in the last five years since it was announced back in 2013. Amongst studies trying to explain the reason for the establishment of the AIIB, most of them are based on the analysis of Sino-U.S. relations especially on how they overlooked China as a replacement for global hegemon to the U.S.However, considering China’s foreign policy in the recent decade, the establishment of the AIIB is considered as a typical step to becoming a leader in regionalism of East Asia. This writing concludes that China is still only aiming to become regional leader in the scale of East Asia. Keywords: East Asia, Regionalism, Leadership, China, AIIB
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the impact of geography in asymmetric warfare in order to analyze how an inferior side acting from a geographical advantage can cast a challenge to the superior party in the conflict.
Abstract: This commentary discusses the impact of geography in asymmetric warfare in order to analyze how an inferior side acting from a geographical advantage can cast a challenge to the superior party in the conflict. As such, the paper focuses on the context of narrow seas, the opportunities and challenges that the geographical configuration of the seas create for adversaries, its impact on their capabilities and influence on their choices. Subsequently, it attempts to illustrate the role of geography in enhancing the efficiency of small arms tactics and unconventional warfare at seas, henceforth, realizing the spatial factor behind the rise of non-state actors as a major threat in maritime security. The commentary then discusses the case of the Houthi insurgency in Yemen to empirically explore their utilization of the geographical location of the country at the southern entrance of the Red Sea, near Bab el-Mandeb Strait in order to execute sporadic military operations against the more superior coalition led by Saudi Arabia.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that immigrants played a central role in the transformation of the Kano textile industry, and that the transformation from a tribal backwater to a remarkable textile hub was made possible through the assimilation and integration of different groups of immigrants.
Abstract: This paper sets out to present immigrants’ efforts and contributions in making Kano the largest textile trade entrepot and production centre. It covers the span of seven centuries from pre-colonial, colonial to post-colonial times. This paper argues that immigrants played a central role in the transformation of the Kano textile industry. The transformation of Kano from a tribal backwater to a remarkable textile hub was made possible through the assimilation and integration of different groups of immigrants. Importantly, it discusses the Chinese immigrants’ phenomena in the occupying Kano market, where they forcefully drew back the wheel of Kano textile growth to the disadvantage of the local economy with their competitive advantage. This paper concludes that exploitations by immigrants have changed the historical narratives of the Kano textile industry from one based on local economic growth to external power exploitation.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain and analyse the definition and the recommendations offered by the Washington Consensus in order to promote global development, and present various criticisms that have emerged from the various parties to the Washington consensus.
Abstract: Global economic policy dominated by the influence of the Washington Consensus during the past few decades has led to many upheavals in the global economic order. The term Washington Consensus is associated with three major institutions located in Washington, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the US Treasury Department, and it has become a neoliberal economic agenda also called as the western economic agenda. The debates are increasing significantly regarding the effectiveness of policies that are sourced from the World Bank, IMF and the US Treasury Department in encouraging development. Where in reality, those countries that adopt the recommendations derived from the Washington Consensus, mostly bring them to experience economic problems. The last example is believed to be the 2008 global financial crisis. In this journal, the author will explain and analyse the definition and the recommendations offered by the Washington Consensus in order to promote global development. It will also present various criticisms that have emerged from the various parties to the Washington Consensus. Various analysis will also be given to understand that the Washington Consensus is already less suitable and appropriate for use to encourage the global development today. Then this journal confirms the need for a new reform of the global economic order, namely with the policy recommendations for the new global economy through a new consensus. The rapid development of globalization has changed characteristic of many countries, especially developing countries, so that many developing countries begin to look for new formulas to boost their economies. Because the Washington Consensus is seen only benefit developed countries, while developing countries and least developed countries are experiencing a lot of problems of development. Thus, due to the demand and push for a reformation of the global economic order, China and the countries of the region have established the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), based in Beijing, and it is now often called as the Beijing Consensus. Then, it now becomes a real sign of resistance to the Washington Consensus.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on UK and BVI relations on how they formed mutual relations in tax havens network and give a detrimental effect toward tax contribution, and focused on how hegemonic country preserved their relations with their former colony into one affiliation.
Abstract: 2016 was highlighted as the year of the biggest and scandalous tax havens report in all over the world: the Panama Papers. This report contributes into country initiation in tax contribution and tax evasion criminalization. It highlights and offers new concept of tax havens by providing the new definition in offshore utilization as a part of tax havens scheme. Hence this thesis focuses on UK and BVI (British Virgin Islands) relations on how they form mutual relations in tax havens network and give a detrimental effect toward tax contribution. United Kingdom and British Virgin Islands form an umbilical relations as overseas territory and part of their financial services, hence their presence as part of United Kingdom tax havens assesses as part of United Kingdom contrary and ambivalance. Therefore this research focuses on how hegemonic country preserved their relations with their former colony into one affiliation, and aims on how harmful London curbs their former colony as a part of their offshore nexus in tax havens.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In 2016, an inter-communal conflict arose between Lobi farmers and Burkinabe Fulani herders who had settled in Bouna department in the north-east of Ivory Coast after leaving Burkina Faso following the great drought in 1970s.
Abstract: The issue of environmental migration starts to involve growing number of scholars and policymakers all around the world. Conventionally, environmental degradation is not a sole reason that drives people to move but rather it goes hand-in-hand with other political and socio-economic factors. In March 2016, an inter-communal conflict arose between Lobi farmers and Burkinabe Fulani herders who had settled in Bouna department in the north-east of Ivory Coast after leaving Burkina Faso following the great drought in 1970s. This conflict that appears to be born along a banal fact of pillaging the Lobi farmers' fields by the cattle of Burkinabe Fulani herders had serious consequences: numerous injuries, several casualties, capital destruction, and economic losses. Eventually, the conflict led to displacement of few thousand people to the province of Noumbiel in Burkina Faso. The analysis of the roots of this massive displacement points to the growing local demand for natural resources and to the management of agricultural lands what got aggravated along social issues of chieftaincy among different ethnic groups in the Bouna area. The increase in the area of agricultural land has led to shrinkages in the area of rangelands and the degradation of forest resources, thus reducing pasture acreage of cattle herds. Although clashes between stockbreeders and agriculturists had been taking place in the neighbourhood for many years, the situation appeared to escalate up to the point of prompting people to move for the first time. Even though the displaced people in this case are considered returnees to their home country, the years of staying in Ivory Coast destroyed almost all social and economic linkages in their home country. The situation led to humanitarian crisis marked by limited access to UN support since the status of returnees did not qualify for refugee. The support was provided by local Burkinabe government and NGOs.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the IMF response to cryptocurrency and its influence to Indonesian policy and try to predict how the IMF's response to the use of cryptocurrency will affect future Indonesian government policy.
Abstract: This research aims to describe the IMF response to cryptocurrency and its influence to Indonesian policy. The rapid development and the enormous potential of using cryptocurrency to the world economy has triggered a diverse response from various parties in the world. IMF, as an international institution that is engaged in economics, has so far a fairly positive response related to the use of cryptocurrency in the world. This is due to the large potential possessed by cryptocurrency and the technologies that exist within it. However, so far there has been no policy issued by the IMF related to the use of cryptocurrency. In contrast to the IMF, Indonesia, which is one of the member countries of the IMF has a different view and clearly prohibits the use of cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange in Indonesia. Using the Regime Theory, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the concept of International Regime, this research attempts to explain what factors are behind the IMF's support for the use of cryptocurrency. In addition, this research will also explain the influence that the IMF has on its member states and try to predict how the IMF's response to the use of cryptocurrency will affect future Indonesian government policy. Keywords:
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TL;DR: Jatobá and Martuscelli as discussed by the authors presented an exploratory study of Brazil's role in the consolidation of the Latin American refugees' regime, and argued that the country has been broadly acknowledged as a regional leader in the region, including by the UNHCR.
Abstract: The article presents an exploratory study of Brazil ́s role in the consolidation of the Latin American refugees’ regime. Our analytical perspective considers that there is a regional refugees’ regime in Latin America, one gradually constituted since the conference in Cartagena in 1984, when the countries of this region established principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures related to the refugees’ issue, including in the existing regime an expanded concept of refugees, more encompassing than the UN Convention’s concept (1951). Moreover, and having examined different sources of evidence, including a set of experts’ judgments and organizational reports, we argue that the country has been broadly acknowledged as a regional leader in the Latin American refugees’ regime, including by the UNHCR. We then propose an explanation for this international recognition of Brazil’s leadership in this issue area, which includes not only the country active role in the development of this regional regime, but also its role model due mainly to its advanced national legislation on refugees (being the first country in the region to incorporate in its national law the expanded refugee definition accorded in the Cartagena Declaration), the exemplary experience of the National Committee for Refugees (CONARE), the initiative of a regional solidary resettlement program, the institution of the humanitarian visa for Syrians refugees and the participative role of civil society in this context. With more countries closing their borders to refugees and difficult negotiations in the multilateral arena, we conclude that positive experiences like the Brazilian one deserves more attention from the international community and International Law (IL) and International Relations (IR) scholars. 1 This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001 2 Ph.D. in Political Science, Professor at the Institute of International Relations, University of Brasília (Brazil). E-mail: danieljatoba2008@gmail.com. 3 Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at the University of São Paulo (Brazil), Visiting Scholar at the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (United States, 2017-2018). E-mail: patnabuco@usp.br. The Journal of International Relations, Peace and Development Studies A publication by Arcadia University and the American Graduate School in Paris 101, boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris – France Tel: +33(0)1 47 20 00 94 – Fax: +33 (0)1 47 20 81 89 Website: www.ags.edu (Please cite this paper as the following: Daniel Jatobá, Patrícia Nabuco Martuscelli (2018). Brazil as a leader in the Latin American Refugees’ Regime: An analysis of the country ́s normative example in the region. The Journal of International Relations, Peace and Development Studies. Volume 4.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight how China is projecting its soft power in Pakistan and to what extent Chinese soft power could heal Pakistan's socio, economic, political and diplomatic disasters.
Abstract: Pakistan has been facing imminent socio-economic, political and diplomatic challenges since 2001. The on-going war on terror has cost losses of infrastructure in the country amounting to $60 billion. China has employed its own version of soft power ranging from diplomatic support on crucial issues to foreign aid and investment, cultural exchanges and higher education opportunities for Pakistani youth. Among them, one of the most important projects is the construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) with a total investment of $62 billion. Against this backdrop, this study intends to highlight how China is projecting its soft power in Pakistan and to what extent Chinese soft power could heal Pakistan’s socio, economic, political and diplomatic disasters. This study reveals that Chinese soft power strategies have left far higher imprints on Pakistan through diplomatic support, investment, and provision of scholarships.
TL;DR: The case of SU2C is analyzed within the framework of Circuit of Culture to analyze how the public relations theory and Celebrity Humanitarianism may inform the various practices of public relations in the world as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Currently, with the booming of New Media, it is not uncommon to see causes and campaigns meant to raise awareness on certain issues. One of the all-time viral campaigns was ‘ALS Ice Bucket Challenge’ campaign videos performed by well-known celebrities. In relation to causes and campaigns, on the 1 st of October, our attention is drawn towards the Pink Ribbon Day – known as the International Breast Cancer Awareness Day. Not only that, there is currently an attention-getting Cancer Awareness campaign in many social media – Stand Up to Cancer (SU2C) Campaign – which has drawn the attention of those whose lives have been touched by the various devastating Cancer illnesses. This paper discusses and analyzes the SU2C campaigns in relation to its reliance on celebrity endorsement in achieving its purposes. The case of SU2C is analyzed within the framework of Circuit of Culturetoanalyze how the public relations theory and Celebrity Humanitarianism may inform the various practices of public relations in the world. Not only that, through the reflections in the Circuit of Culture, the paper also elaborates the possibilities of how the analysis of the SU2C campaign can be used to influence other cancer awareness campaigns, particularly in Indonesia. Keywords: New Media, Campaign, Circuit of Culture, Celebrity Humanitarianism
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the instrumental base of investment controlling policies and the formation of the impact-investment paradigm for the process modeling of international strategies in the context of globalization and European integration.
Abstract: This paper investigates the instrumental base of investment controlling policies and the formation of the impact-investment paradigm for the process modeling of international strategies in the context of globalization and European integration. The conceptual bases for the development of strategic planning programs in international business are examined. A number of economic and mathematical models for evaluating investment processes and justifying the development of international strategies, their variability and optimality are proposed. The application of new mechanisms of innovative development of the economy and its investment support is justified. Paper represents and analyze the European practice of successful impact-investment as well. Preconditions for the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are highlighted.
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TL;DR: This paper examined these two economies from the perspective of current and financial accounts in more detail and found that despite the apparent similarity of China and India, a very different structure of their current-and financial account has been found out.
Abstract: Despite the apparent similarity of China and India, a very different structure of their current and financial account has been found out. The purpose of the article is to examine these two economies from the perspective of current and financial accounts in more detail. China is a classic example of state capitalism but also it can use advantages which the global economy is offering. India is somewhere in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. China has shown high surpluses of its current account for a long time. This trend is gradually changing and China is reoriented to the domestic consumption. The balance of payments’ development in India indicates relatively low involvement of the economy in both real and financial flows.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the free-visa policy does not only bring tourists, but also traffics and victims of human trafficking in Indonesia, and that there are three reasons for freevisa policies triggering human trafficking crimes in Indonesia.
Abstract: The Government of Indonesia has issued a free-visa policy (BVKS) for 169 States. The policy is to increase foreign tourist arrivals so as to benefit the economy and tourism of Indonesia. However, the free –visa policy does not only bring tourists, but also traffickers and victims of human trafficking. This research aims to explain why free-visa policy triggers human trafficking by foreigners in Indonesia. The theoretical framework used is post-internationalism theory, while the type of research is explanatory. This study shows that there are three causes for free –visa policy triggering human trafficking crimes in Indonesia, that is : micro factors (increased tourist visits and various motives of foreigners visiting) ; micro-macro factors (vulnerability of open door immigration policy) and the macro factors (presence of transnational human trafficking crime).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role of AICHR as an ASEAN Human Rights Institution in its engagement in the Rohingya case in Myanmar for the period 2012-2016 was analyzed.
Abstract: This research explains and analyzes the role of the AICHR as an ASEAN Human Rights Institution in its engagement in the Rohingya case in Myanmar for the period 2012-2016. The purpose of this research is to explain the causes of human rights violations against Rohingya ethnicities, the involvement of the AICHR in that case and the obstacles faced by AICHR in their involvement. This research uses qualitative research methods to provide answers by describing the facts related to Rohingya case and the AICHR’s efforts to get involved in the case. The frame of mind used in this study is the paradigm of Institutional Liberalism, concept of International Organization, and concept of International Regime. Researcher found that the involvement of AICHR in the Rohingya case was limited to being used as a forum or meeting place for its member countries to discuss and gather information regarding the case. This is due to the presence of internal AICHR factors including limited authority or mandate, lack of independence of members and an inefficient and effective consensus system. Meanwhile, external factors originated from the application of the ideology of socialism by Myanmar which caused this country to become closed so that AICHR had difficulty in obtaining and collecting information related to the Rohingya case.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the role of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) on the international scene in dealing with climate change.
Abstract: Climate change is predicted to lead to the increase and the frequency in natural disasters. The increase of such extreme weather events may lead to forced human displacements migrations, involving the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration responsibilities’ on the international scene. How are the UNHCR and IOM international organizations, both specialized in humanitarian and migrations fields, dealing with climate change? Are they moving beyond their original mandates? Do their recent humanitarian actions in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Haiti post-natural hazards may have created a “precedent” in international public law, which could enlarge their power of action? Key words: Schengen, discourse analysis, border kontrols, crisis.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the descriptive method as the research method for this research, there is the thoroughly explanation about how the Indonesian Government taking a direct action in order to suppressing the drug trafficking number in Indonesia.
Abstract: Drug trafficking has becoming one of the major crimes and threatening the Indonesian’s national security at the same time. Every single year, drug trafficking’s cases are increasing rapidly throughout the nation. Nevertheless, drug trafficking within the local market keep ascending from times to times, the growth of drug trafficking’s cases by foreign part is having a downside from 2014 – 2016. Going through the fact that as a nation, Indonesia is still facing the drug trafficking issue which spread swiftly then the Indonesian Government urge to take a bigger action to exterminate this problem in to the very root. By using the descriptive method as the research method for this research, there is the thoroughly explanation about how the Indonesian Government taking a direct action in order to suppressing the drug trafficking number in Indonesia. The National Security concept is used to answer the research question. The result presents the fact that Indonesian Government’s effort to holding down the drug trafficking case in Indonesia is by increasing the national security which one of the implementations is by intensifying the resilience in the border region
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used regime compliance concepts in analyzing factors affecting Indonesia's noncompliance with TAC implemented by CCSBT, and concluded that Indonesia's compliance with the TAC can be explained by factors such as ambiguity, capacity limitations and temporal dimension.
Abstract: Indonesia, as a member of CCSBT since 2008, is obliged to comply with the amount of TAC granted annually to safeguard southern bluefin tuna population. Indonesia is one of the important members of CCSBT because Indonesia is the only breeding ground for southern bluefin tuna, precisely at Java Sea. In an effort to implement TAC, Indonesia is noted to have difficulties to comply with the number determined by CCSBT. From 2008 to 2014, Indonesia only adhered to TAC in 2009 and 2010. The author uses regime compliance concepts in analyzing factors affecting Indonesia's non-compliance with TAC implemented by CCSBT. The research method used by the author in this study is qualitative method. In addition, this study is an explanatory study. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that Indonesia's non-compliance with TAC implemented by CCSBT can be explained by factors such as ambiguity, capacity limitations and temporal dimension.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine Indonesia's leadership in ASEAN as the regional organization advances its community building in areas of political-security and conclude that a presence of informal and voluntary leadership where “matured” member states bring about initiative and persuasion is needed to maintain Southeast Asia's strategic relevance in Asia-Pacific.
Abstract: This paper aims to examine Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN as the regional organization advances its community building in areas of political-security. Indonesia, the largest state in Southeast Asia both from geographic and economic size, is known for its de facto leadership within the regional integration process of ASEAN. Such integration is mostly prominent in areas of multilateral engagement, conflict management, and democracy as well as human rights promotion. With President Joko Widodo at the helm of Indonesia’s presidency since October 2014, Indonesia has reoriented its foreign policy cornerstone on ASEAN into other channels that best serve its national interest. As Indonesia repositions its focus from ASEAN, there is a need to evaluate whether the trajectory of ASEAN Political-Security Community will continue to thrive under the consensual decision-making process among its ten member states known as ASEAN way. To evaluate Indonesia’s leadership in the advancement of ASEAN Political-Security Community under President Joko Widodo, the paper will review Indonesia’s initiatives to ASEAN and how they contribute towards Southeast Asia’s regionalism. Subsequently, three areas of Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN Political-Security Community building will be examined: the maintenance of ASEAN Centrality, South China Sea dispute management, and promotion of democracy and human rights. The paper concludes that ASEAN way works not only when ASEAN member states find a common ground on regional issues that affect their respective domestic politics. A presence of informal and voluntary leadership where “matured” member states bring about initiative and persuasion is needed to maintain ASEAN’s strategic relevance in Asia-Pacific. For this reason, Indonesia’s legitimacy as an informal leader in ASEAN plays an important role to ensure that the organization remain united and central to its member states. Keywords : ASEAN Political-Security Community, Indonesian Foreign Policy, Regional Leadership
TL;DR: In this article, the difference between humanitarian intervention and the promotion of human rights and reason state join peace keeping operation in humanitarian intervention from constructivist view is analyzed. But, they still question the appropriate behavior regarding the norm.
Abstract: Peace keeping operation as part of humanitarian intervention is a close issue to human right. It is assumed to be a way to achieve human right particularly in situation of conflict. This essay analyses the difference between humanitarian intervention and the promotion of human rights and reason state join peace keeping operation in humanitarian intervention from constructivist view? This essay chose Case study China peace keeping operation in Darfur. It concludes that Constructivism sees human rights as a norm that can be promoted by social movement as well countries accept that norm. China has to adopt human rights as one of the primary norm and join peace keepin g as an idea that this country accepts the human rights norm. In this step China is a norm cascade stage. China receive human rights but still question the appropriate behavior regarding the norm. Keywords : China, Constructivist, peace keeping, norm
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe and analyze the influence of the FATF Recommendation which is understood as the AML / CFT regime towards Singapore in handling related cases, and show that changes in attitude through a policy adopted by Singapore to handle betting activities and match-fixing as an influence of "accepting" and "complying" with FATF recommendations.
Abstract: Money laundering through the football sector according to the FATF report can be present through several channels, one of which is betting activities that in practice has a close connection with match-fixing. The linkages between the two is carrying a complex and broad dimension. This is not separated from the role of Singaporean criminal organizations that involved in many cases throughout the world. In responding to this, Singapore took two crucial policies as a handling effort after previously not recognizing that its country was the base of the perpetrators of betting activities and match-fixing. This research aims to describe and analyze the influence of the FATF Recommendation which is understood as the AML / CFT regime towards Singapore in handling related cases. The conceptual framework used is the concept of an international regime from Krasner (1983) and Barkin (2006) by using a rationalist approach that has a focus of discussion on the regulative effects of a regime in influencing a country's attitude or behavior. This study shows that changes in attitude through a policy adopted by Singapore in handling betting activities and match-fixing as an influence of the process of "accepting" and "complying" with FATF recommendations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role of ICAO on the case handle of MH17 shootdown is investigated from the perspective of Neoliberalism Institutionalism, where the authors identify the roles of the International Organization as instrument, arena, and actor.
Abstract: Aircraft incident has a less probability than other transportation. However, it has greater impact when it is occured. Like aircraft incident that happen to Malaysia Airlines flight MH17. That aircraft had been declared missing when flight toward Dnipropetrovsk airspace in Ukraina. After the search, the aircraft went completely dispatch and all the passenger and flight crew had lost their life. Looking through the Annex 13 of Convention on International Civil Aviation, rights and responsibility of state when the aircraft incident happen and the investigation can be held by several different country particularly the aircraft is on international flight. Therefore, role of international organization is needed to intercede and coordinate states that involved. ICAO is an international organization specialized on aviation aspect. ICAO necessarily have a role on the case handle of MH17 shootdown. This research have a purpoce to seek the role of ICAO on the case handle of MH17 shootdown. With the perspective of Neoliberalism Institutionalism, will be known the role of ICAO on handling the case. Both the roles performed before and after the shootdown occurred as well as after the investigation report was issued. Methodological of this research is qualitative and with the descriptive type of the research. Result of the research identified the roles of ICAO as instrument, arena, and actor.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the cooperation of United States and Thailand in addressing the slavery and human trafficking case in Thailand's fishing industry in 2013-2017, through aid program of USAID and Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL).
Abstract: Slavery and Human Trafficking in Thailand is one of a transnational crimes that growing rapidly. According to Interpol data in 2009, this global fenomena is often happen especially in under- developed countries. This case was caused by globalization, broker’s chain, low law enforcement, government involvement in corruption cases that took profit of this humanity crimes. This case had caused the migrants of Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos were sold in order to work in Thailand fishing industry sector. They had physical violence from the boad owner and crew, even among them have became murder victims. Forced kidnap, violence fraud on the boad and port caused all the migrants tried their best to e escape. This case became a challenge for United States as one of Thailand’s partner in seafood export sector. International pressure from media, NGOs and international organizations were concerned on and asked US and Thailand to take decitions and policies. This research is aim to know the cooperation of these two countries in addressing the slavery and human trafficking case in Thailand’s fishing industry in 2013-2017. This research type is descriptive-explanative by qualitative data analysis technique by literature data collection. This research result is explanation of government’s policy of United States and Thailand in addressing the slavery and human trafficking in Thailand, through aid program of USAID and Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL) with many program’s implementation, collaboration and cooperation on corruption handling.
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TL;DR: The results obtained from the level of cyber attacks experienced by the United States affect the public policy in the United United States so that cybersecurity policy is made to maintain the security and national sovereignty of theUnited States.
Abstract: This research aims to determine how the effect caused by cyber attack on cybersecurity policy in the United States This research is a descriptive study with guided by the framework of the concept of crime of caliber is a transnational crime by UNTOC, public policy theory of Van Meter and Van Horn is a model of process of policy implementation, and constructivism caused by social interaction in society and international political culture make cybersecurity policy implemented in national and international scope. This research is a qualitative research using library research as a data source. The results obtained from the level of cyber attacks experienced by the United States affect the public policy in the United States so that cybersecurity policy is made to maintain the security and national sovereignty of the United States.