Showing papers in "Journal of Mammalogy in 2016"

2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education.

Abstract: Guidelines for use of wild mammal species in research are updated from [Sikes et al. (2011)][1]. These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations involving the use of mammals in research and teaching; they also incorporate new resources, procedural summaries, and reporting requirements. Included are details on capturing, marking, housing, and humanely killing wild mammals. It is recommended that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), regulatory agencies, and investigators use these guidelines as a resource for protocols involving wild mammals, whether studied in the field or in captivity. These guidelines were prepared and approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), in consultation with professional veterinarians experienced in wildlife research and IACUCs, whose collective expertise provides a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals. The current version of these guidelines and any subsequent modifications are available online on the Animal Care and Use Committee page of the ASM website ( ). Additional resources pertaining to the use of wild animals in research are available at: . Resumen Los lineamientos para el uso de especies de mamiferos de vida silvestre en la investigacion con base en [Sikes et al. (2011)][1] se actualizaron. Dichos lineamientos cubren tecnicas y regulaciones profesionales actuales que involucran el uso de mamiferos en la investigacion y ensenanza; tambien incorporan recursos nuevos, resumenes de procedimientos y requisitos para reportes. Se incluyen detalles acerca de captura, marcaje, manutencion en cautiverio y eutanasia de mamiferos de vida silvestre. Se recomienda que los comites institucionales de uso y cuidado animal (cifras en ingles: IACUCs), las agencias reguladoras y los investigadores se adhieran a dichos lineamientos como fuente base de protocolos que involucren mamiferos de vida silvestre, ya sea investigaciones de campo o en cautiverio. Dichos lineamientos fueron preparados y aprobados por la ASM, en consulta con profesionales veterinarios experimentados en investigaciones de vida silvestre y IACUCS, de quienes cuya experiencia colectiva provee un entendimiento amplio y exhaustivo de la biologia de mamiferos no-domesticados. La presente version de los lineamientos y modificaciones posteriores estan disponibles en linea en la pagina web de la ASM, bajo Cuidado Animal y Comite de Uso: ( ). Recursos adicionales relacionados con el uso de animales de vida silvestre para la investigacion se encuentran disponibles en ( ). [1]: #ref-69

Natural history collections-based research: progress, promise, and best practices.

Abstract: Specimens and associated data in natural history collections (NHCs) foster substantial scientific progress. In this paper, we explore recent contributions of NHCs to the study of systematics and biogeography, genomics, morphology, stable isotope ecology, and parasites and pathogens of mammals. To begin to assess the magnitude and scope of these contributions, we analyzed publications in the Journal of Mammalogy over the last decade, as well as recent research supported by a single university mammal collection (Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Mammals). Using these datasets, we also identify weak links that may be hindering the development of crucial NHC infrastructure. Maintaining the vitality and growth of this foundation of mammalogy depends on broader engagement and support from across the scientific community and is both an ethical and scientific imperative given the rapidly changing environmental conditions on our planet.

Are American black bears in an agricultural landscape being sustained by crops

Abstract: Human-altered landscapes are thought to reduce habitat quality for many forest-dependent species, but some omnivorous, opportunist species take advantage of human-related food sources, such as garbage and crops. It is unknown, however, whether anthropogenic foods can sustain populations in areas with relatively little natural habitat. We studied (2007–2012) a population of American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) at the western periphery of their range in Minnesota, in a landscape that was heavily impacted by agriculture (~50%). We estimated the dietary contributions of corn and sunflowers (2–4% of the landscape) versus seasonally available natural foods (spring vegetation, ants, deer, fruit, and nuts) with stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) of 110 hair samples from 51 bears. We identified associations between diet and sex, age, body size and condition, reproductive status, space use, habitat connectivity, and natural food abundance. At the population level, adult males and adult females without cubs consumed considerable crops in fall (95% credible intervals: males = 19–46% of diet, females = 10–40%), but females with cubs and juvenile bears rarely consumed crops. Individual estimates of crop consumption were positively correlated with the proportion of GPS-collar locations in crop fields. Females, but not males, decreased crop consumption in years with high availability of natural fall foods. Further, the degree of crop consumption was more closely tied to local crop availability and landscape composition in females than in males. Weight and fat were positively correlated with crop use for both sexes, and males’ use of crops also increased with their physical stature, suggesting that crops provided substantial caloric benefits to bears and that social dominance may have influenced foraging decisions. However, a large segment of this bear population (44% of sampled bear–years) made little use of crops, and crops accounted for more than half the fall diet for only 14% of the population. Whereas some bears clearly benefited from consumption of crops, we conclude that a population of bears could be sustained in this largely agricultural region even without crops as a food source.

Alpha taxonomy of Dromiciops (Microbiotheriidae) with the description of 2 new species of monito del monte

Abstract: A previous study showed that Dromiciops gliroides has deep phylogeographic structure, with 3 allopatric and highly differentiated groups. Here, we constructed on that study by assessing the morphologic variation of D. gliroides . Our results show that along its distribution Dromiciops is morphologically highly variable and that the geographic pattern of morphologic variation matches the phylogeographic pattern. Taken together, morphological and molecular data indicate the existence of 2 unrecognized and unnamed species of monito del monte, which are here named and described. Cranial and dental features can easily distinguish species of Dromiciops . One of the new species is endemic of Chile, and the other new species occurs in Argentina and Chile. D. gliroides s.s. is restricted to the southern part of the genus distribution including Chiloe Island. We comment on the conservation significance of our findings and on the need of continuing with field- and collection-based research in order to characterize the richness of the Chilean mammal assemblage. Un estudio previo mostro que Dromiciops gliroides tiene una marcada estructura filogeografica con 3 grupos alopatridos bien diferenciados. Dado esos resultados, en el presente estudio analizamos la variacion morfologica de D. gliroides . Nuestros resultados indican que D. gliroides es, a traves de su distribucion, altamente variable y que el patron geografico de la variacion morfologica es congruente con el patron filogeografico. Considerada en conjunto, la evidencia morfologica y molecular indica la existencia de dos especies de monito del monte que no han sido reconocidas, las que son aca descritas y nominadas. Las tres especies de Dromiciops se pueden distinguir facilmente por caracteristicas craneales y dentales. Una de las nuevas especies es endemica de Chile y la otra se distribuye en Argentina y Chile. D. gliroides s.s. se restringe a la porcion sur del area distribucional del genero, incluyendo la Isla de Chiloe. Cerramos el trabajo comentado sobre la necesidad de continuar realizando colectas y trabajo basado en colecciones con el fin de caracterizar la diversidad del ensamble de mamiferos de Chile.

Acoustic Ecology of European Bats: Species Identification, Study of Their Habitats and Foraging Behavior

Abstract: Barataud, M. 2016. Acoustic Ecology of European Bats: Species Identification, Study of Their Habitats and Foraging Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 352 pp. (cloth). ISBN: 987-2-85653-771-8. $55. Acoustic surveys are useful for monitoring biodiversity change, particularly with bats as indicators since they constantly produce sound to detect and categorize objects (Schnitzler et al. 2003). European bat acoustics is the theme of this compilation of 8 chapters which examines the complexity of acoustic ecology, species identification, and how acoustic studies can help better understand the relationship between bats and the environment. Insights on biological sonar, basic concepts of acoustics, and parameter assessment of the use of ultrasound detectors are presented, enabling the reader to understand the fundamentals and acquire a working knowledge of the field. Comprising 352 pages, it includes a list of European bat species with potential acoustical identification of 84% of the species known, an outstanding illustrated glossary, and a list of abbreviations used in the text. The book includes a valuable CD with information that can be use in the laboratory to enable comparison with bat sounds recorded in the field. Two introductory chapters … Laboratorio de Bioconservacion y Manejo, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiologicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; e-mail: artibeus2{at}aol.com;

Mammals of South America, Vol. 2. Rodents

Abstract: Patton, J. L., U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D’Elia (eds.). 2015. Mammals of South America, Vol. 2. Rodents. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, xxvi + 1336 pp. ISBN 978-0-226-16957-6, price (hard cover), $95. The second volume of Mammals of South America (MSA2) lives up to the hopes built up over 3 decades of anticipation. The 1st volume (MSA1—Gardner 2007) established a high bar for excellence (Kelt 2009; Voss 2009); Patton et al. and their able army of authors have met that with a groundbreaking synthesis of all things Rodentia on the Green Continent. This book is comprehensive, sweeping in scope and depth, and eminently readable. It provides the first such treatise on rodents of any such area with such detail. Whatever facet of mammal biology you study, if it involves South American rodents this book has information of relevance to your research. When I reviewed MSA1 (Kelt 2009) I noted that “If [this] is any indication of what’s coming, then . . . South American mammals are finally getting the synthesis they deserve.” MSA2 makes it clear that all hopes are more than met! I cannot wait for MSA3. MSA2 is structurally similar to MSA1. Following 26 pages of introductory materials, the taxonomic accounts comprise 1,048 pages with impressively few typographic errors. This is followed by 159 pages of Literature Cited, a 67-page Gazetteer, a 9-page list of taxa (627 species in 143 genera), 4 pages to list the 56 contributors (from 11 countries), and a 46-page Index. Reflecting the remarkable growth in Latin American mammalogy in recent years, 41 authors hail from either Mexico ( n = 2) or from 8 South American countries. Keys (mostly dichotomous) are provided for all genera and most species. For all genera, the authors provide General Comments (often including highly readable distillations of otherwise complex taxonomic histories), a Synonymy, Remarks, and a Key to Species, followed by presentation of all species in alphabetical order (in some cases, such as Proechimys , where species groups are … Department of Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; e-mail: dakelt{at}ucdavis.edu.

Can camera trapping provide accurate estimates of small mammal ( Myodes rutilus and Peromyscus maniculatus ) density in the boreal forest

Abstract: Estimating population densities of small mammals (< 100g) has typically been carried out by intensive livetrapping, but this technique may be stressful to animals and the effort required is considerable Here, we used camera traps to detect small mammal presence and assessed if this provided a feasible alternative to livetrapping for density estimation During 2010–2012, we used camera trapping in conjunction with mark–recapture livetrapping to estimate the density of northern red-backed voles ( Myodes rutilus ) and deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) in the boreal forest of Yukon, Canada Densities for these 2 species ranged from 029 to 921 animals/ha and 0 to 590 animals/ha, respectively, over the course of this investigation We determined if hit window—the length of time used to group consecutive videos together as single detections or “hits”—has an effect on the correlation between hit rate and population density The relationship between hit rate and density was sensitive to hit window duration for Myodes with R 2 values ranging from 045 to 059, with a 90-min hit window generating the highest value This relationship was not sensitive to hit window duration for Peromyscus , with R 2 values for the tested hit windows ranging from 081 to 084 Our results indicate that camera trapping may be a robust method for estimating density of small rodents in the boreal forest when the appropriate hit window duration is selected and that camera traps may be a useful tool for the study of small mammals in boreal forest habitat

Weather conditions and variation in timing of spring and fall migrations of migratory caribou

Abstract: Species that make long-distance migrations face changes in the phenology of natural processes linked to global climate changes. Mismatch between the onset of resources and arrival on breeding grounds or changes in the conditions faced during migration such as early snowmelt in northern environments could have severe impacts on migrant populations. We investigated the impact of local weather and broad-scale climate and of the availability of forage resources on timing of spring and fall migrations of migratory caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ) from the Riviere-George and Riviere-aux-Feuilles herds in northern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. We tested the effect of local weather using data provided by the Canadian Regional Climate Model, a large-scale climate index, snow and ice cover, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index on departure and arrival dates of 377 spring migrations and 499 fall migrations of female caribou. Since 2000, except for the spring arrival, migrations tended to occur earlier. Spring arrival was delayed when caribou encountered mild temperatures and abundant precipitation during migration, as early snowmelt may increase cost of movements. At greater population sizes, caribou seemed to limit the time spent on summer range by arriving later and departing earlier, possibly to limit competition for summer forage. During fall, caribou adjusted their migration to conditions en route because they arrived earlier if November was snowy and mild, possibly to limit the costs of moving through deep snow. Like numerous migrant species, most caribou herds are declining, and it is crucial to assess which environmental factors affect migrant populations. Our study contributes to the understanding of the impact of local weather conditions and climate change on migratory land mammals.

Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics in free-ranging mammals: new records for odontocetes and a general review

Abstract: Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics has been documented in several free-ranging marine and terrestrial mammals but still remains undocumented and poorly understood for most species. This study describes observations of adults carrying dead calves and juveniles in 7 odontocetes (toothed cetaceans) species and discusses the subject in mammals in general. Observations are based on 14 events from 3 oceans and constitute the 1st records for Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ), spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ), killer whales ( Orcinus orca ), Australian humpback dolphins ( Sousa sahulensis ), and sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ), as well as presenting additional records for Risso’s dolphins ( Grampus griseus ) and short-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ). Information on how the adults supported and carried the dead conspecifics, on the gender of both adults and dead young, and on the age class of the dead young, is presented. Moreover, a comparison with terrestrial mammals, including a compilation of published literature, and a discussion on possible hypotheses to explain this particular type of behavior are given. The present study helps to corroborate that adults mourning their dead young is a common and globally widespread behavior in long-lived and highly sociable/cohesive species of mammals.

Habitat quality versus spatial variables as determinants of small mammal assemblages in Atlantic Forest fragments

Abstract: Fragment size, isolation, and matrix properties have received considerable attention as predictors of species richness, abundance, and composition in habitat patches. However, measurements of habitat attributes or habitat quality are more directly related to the proximate effects of habitat fragmentation and may be more determinant of assemblages than traditional explanatory variables at local scales. We determine how habitat structure in fragments—a measure of habitat quality—compares to fragment size, isolation, and matrix properties as determinants of richness, abundance, and composition of non-volant small mammals in a fragmented landscape of Atlantic Forest. Small mammals were surveyed once in 25 fragments in the Macacu River watershed, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2001 and 2005 to 2009. A total of 83 candidate models were formulated and compared by Akaike Information Criteria. Habitat structure was one of the main determinants of small mammal assemblages in fragments, as important as fragment isolation for species composition and climatic season for species richness. Rodents were more abundant in fragments with increased overstory and understory vegetation density and more fallen logs. The contrary pattern was found for overall species richness and for species of terrestrial habit, which were more abundant in fragments with more open forest: decreased overstory and understory vegetation density and less fallen logs. Habitat quality in fragments may be a more important determinant of assemblages of small mammals and other vertebrates than previously considered in landscape and land use studies. O tamanho e isolamento dos fragmentos e as propriedades da matriz tem recebido consideravel atencao como preditores da riqueza, abundância e composicao de especies em manchas de habitat. Entretanto, medidas dos atributos do habitat ou da qualidade do habitat sao mais diretamente relacionadas aos efeitos imediatos da fragmentacao de habitat, e seriam mais determinantes das comunidades do que as variaveis explicativas tradicionais. Determinamos como a estrutura do habitat nos fragmentos—uma medida da qualidade do habitat—se compara ao tamanho e isolamento dos fragmentos, e as propriedades da matriz como determinantes da riqueza, abundância e composicao de especies de pequenos mamiferos nao-voadores em uma paisagem fragmentada de Mata Atlântica. Os pequenos mamiferos foram amostrados uma vez em 25 fragmentos na Bacia do Rio Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 1999 a 2001 e de 2005 a 2009. Um total de 83 modelos foram formulados e comparados utilizando o Criterio de Informacao de Akaike. A estrutura do habitat foi um dos principais determinantes das comunidades de pequenos mamiferos nos fragmentos de mata, tao importante quanto o isolamento entre fragmentos para a composicao de especies e os efeitos das estacoes climaticas sobre a riqueza de especies. Os roedores foram mais abundantes nos fragmentos com estratificacao vertical e sub-bosque mais densos e com maior presenca de troncos caidos. O padrao contrario foi encontrado para a riqueza total de especies e para especies de habito terrestre, que foram mais abundantes em fragmentos com estratificacao vertical e sub-bosque menos densos e menor presenca de troncos caidos. A qualidade do habitat em fragmentos pode ser determinante das comunidades de pequenos mamiferos e outros vertebrados, mais importante do que considerado previamente em estudos de paisagens e uso da terra.

Linking predation risk, ungulate antipredator responses, and patterns of vegetation in the high Andes

Abstract: Fil: Donadio, Emiliano. University of Wyoming, Ecology and Department of Zoology and Physiology; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Droughts may increase susceptibility of prairie dogs to fleas: incongruity with hypothesized mechanisms of plague cycles in rodents

Abstract: Plague is a reemerging, rodent-associated zoonosis caused by the flea-borne bacterium Yersinia pestis . As a vector-borne disease, rates of plague transmission may increase when fleas are abundant. Fleas are highly susceptible to desiccation under hot-dry conditions; we posited that their densities decline during droughts. We evaluated this hypothesis with black-tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) in New Mexico, June–August 2010–2012. Precipitation was relatively plentiful during 2010 and 2012 but scarce during 2011, the driest spring–summer on record for the northeastern grasslands of New Mexico. Unexpectedly, fleas were 200% more abundant in 2011 than in 2010 and 2012. Prairie dogs were in 27% better condition during 2010 and 2012, and they devoted 287% more time to grooming in 2012 than in 2011. During 2012, prairie dogs provided with supplemental food and water were in 23% better condition and carried 40% fewer fleas. Collectively, these results suggest that during dry years, prairie dogs are limited by food and water, and they exhibit weakened defenses against fleas. Long-term data are needed to evaluate the generality of whether droughts increase flea densities and how changes in flea abundance during sequences of dry and wet years might affect plague cycles in mammalian hosts.

Pika (Ochotona princeps) losses from two isolated regions reflect temperature and water balance, but reflect habitat area in a mainland region

Abstract: Although biotic responses to contemporary climate change are spatially pervasive and often reflect synergies between climate and other ecological disturbances, the relative importance of climatic factors versus habitat extent for species persistence remains poorly understood. To address this shortcoming, we performed surveys for American pikas ( Ochotona princeps ) at > 910 locations in 3 geographic regions of western North America during 2014 and 2015, complementing earlier modern (1994–2013) and historical (1898–1990) surveys. We sought to compare extirpation rates and the relative importance of climatic factors versus habitat area for pikas in a mainland-versus-islands framework. In each region, we found widespread evidence of distributional loss—local extirpations, upslope retractions, and encounter of only old sign. Locally comprehensive surveys suggest extirpation of O. princeps from 5 of 9 new sites from the hydrographic Great Basin and from 11 of 29 sites in northeastern California. Although American pikas were recorded as recently as 2011 in Zion National Park and in 2012 from Cedar Breaks National Monument in Utah, O. princeps now appears extirpated from all reported localities in both park units. Multiple logistic regressions for each region suggested that both temperature-related and water-balance-related variables estimated from DAYMET strongly explained pika persistence at sites in the Great Basin and in Utah but not in the Sierra-Cascade “mainland” portion of northeastern California. Conversely, talus-habitat area did not predict American pika persistence in the Great Basin or Utah but strongly predicted persistence in the Sierra-Cascade mainland. These results not only add new areas to our understanding of long-term trend of the American pika’s distribution, but also can inform decisions regarding allocation of conservation effort and management actions. Burgeoning research on species such as O. princeps has collectively demonstrated the heterogeneity and nuance with which climate can act on the distribution of mountain-dwelling mammals. Aunque las respuestas bioticas al cambio climatico contemporaneo son espacialmente generalizadas y frecuentemente reflejan sinergias entre el clima y otros disturbios ecologicos, la importancia relativa de factores climaticos frente al area de habitat para el mantenimiento de especies sigue siendo poco conocida. Para subsanar esta deficiencia, realizamos muestreos de la pika Americana ( Ochotona princeps ) en mas de 910 sitios en 3 regiones geograficas del oeste de Norteamerica durante 2014 y 2015, complementando muestreos realizados en tiempos recientes (1994–2013) e historicos (1898–1990). Comparamos las tasas de extirpacion para dilucidar la importancia relativa de los factores climaticos con respeto al area del habitat disponible de las pikas bajo un marco conceptual de areas continentales frente a zonas aisladas. En cada region, encontramos amplia evidencia en la perdida de area de distribucion - extinciones locales, desapariciones de las zonas bajas, y encuentro solo de evidencia de ocupacion pasada. Estudios localmente exhaustivos sugieren la extirpacion de O. princeps en 5 de las 9 localidades nuevas muestreadas de la Gran Cuenca Hidrografica (Great Basin), y en 11 de las 29 localidades en el noreste de California. Aunque las pikas todavia se encontraban en fechas recientes como en 2011 en el Parque Nacional Zion y en el Monumento Nacional Cedar Breaks en Utah en 2012, O. princeps ahora parece extirpada de todas las localidades donde fue encontrada anteriormente en ambos parques. Regresiones logisticas multiples para cada region basados en factores ambientales como la temperatura y los factores relacionados con el balance del agua (ambos estimados por el DAYMET) explicaron claramente el patron de persistencia de la pika en localidades de la Gran Cuenca y en Utah, pero no en el noreste de California, en el area “continental” de la montanas de Sierra Nevada y Cascades. Por el contrario, el habitat de talud no predijo la persistencia de la pika en los sitios aislados en la Gran Cuenca y en Utah, pero lo predijo significativamente en el area continental (i.e., en las montanas de Sierra Nevada y Cascades). Estos resultados incrementan el conocimiento sobre la distribucion historica y la tendencia a largo plazo de la pika Americana. Este conocimiento tambien puede ayudar en la toma de decisiones sobre las prioridades en las acciones en conservacion y manejo. El avance en conjunto en investigaciones de especies como O. princeps ha demostrado la heterogeneidad y la forma con que el clima actua de diferente manera sobre la distribucion de los mamiferos de montana.

Fire affects microhabitat selection, movement patterns, and body condition of an Australian rodent ( Rattus fuscipes )

Abstract: Resource selection by animals influences individual fitness, the abundance of local populations, and the distribution of species. Further, the degree to which individuals select particular resources can be altered by numerous factors including competition, predation, and both natural- and human-induced environmental change. Understanding the influence of such factors on the way animals use resources can guide species conservation and management in changing environments. In this study, we investigated the effects of a prescribed fire on small-scale (microhabitat) resource selection, abundance, body condition, and movement pathways of a native Australian rodent, the bush rat ( Rattus fuscipes ). Using a before-after, control-impact design, we gathered data from 60 individuals fitted with spool and line tracking devices. In unburnt forest, selection of resources by bush rats was positively related to rushes, logs and complex habitat, and negatively related to ferns and litter. Fire caused selection for spreading grass, rushes, and complex habitat to increase relative to an unburnt control location. At the burnt location after the fire, rats selected patches of unburnt vegetation, and no rats were caught at a trapping site where most of the understory had been burnt. The fire also reduced bush rat abundance and body condition and caused movement pathways to become more convoluted. After the fire, some individuals moved through burnt areas but the majority of movements occurred within unburnt patches. The effects of fire on bush rat resource selection, movement, body condition, and abundance were likely driven by several linked factors including limited access to shelter and food due to the loss of understory vegetation and heightened levels of perceived predation risk. Our findings suggest the influence of prescribed fire on small mammals will depend on the resulting mosaic of burnt and unburnt patches and how well this corresponds to the resource requirements of particular species.

A comparison of morphological and molecular diet analyses of predator scats

Abstract: An understanding of a species’ diet is required to make sound conservation and management decisions. Traditionally, morphological analyses of undigested hard parts from food items remaining in scats have been used to assess diets. More recently, molecular analyses of scats have been used to identify plant and prey species’ DNA, but no studies have compared morphological and molecular diet analyses for large, terrestrial carnivores. We used molecular tools to determine the percentage of black bear and coyote scats that contained 3 common prey species (caribou, moose, and snowshoe hares) in Newfoundland and compared the results to a traditional morphological analysis. We found that a ranking of relative prey frequencies was consistent between the 2 methods, but molecular methods tended to detect prey species in a greater percentage of scats for all prey species. However, there were individual scats in which a prey species was detected by morphological methods only, and we provide evidence that molecular methods could result in false negatives if prey DNA is not uniformly distributed throughout a scat or as a result of PCR inconsistency. We also found that the per sample cost comparison between morphological and molecular analyses was dependent upon whether or not a molecular test was needed to identify scats to the predator species, the cost of developing molecular methods, and the number of samples being processed. We recommend that controlled feeding studies be performed to validate molecular methods and investigate the utility of molecular techniques to estimate the proportions of food items consumed.

Landscape features lead to shifts in communities of medium- to large-bodied mammals in subtropical Atlantic Forest

Abstract: Defaunation is a key ecological issue that has only recently been given sufficient attention. As predicted, evidence so far indicates loss of larger species followed by medium-sized species, leading to cascading effects that propagate throughout entire communities and ecosystems. The Atlantic Forest is among the most important global biodiversity hotspots. These regions have historically been impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation, resulting in landscape changes and negative impacts upon animal communities. This study evaluates community characteristics of medium- and large-sized mammals in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil. We gathered data on mammal occurrence using 108 cameras traps located across 8 protected areas. We then tested whether landscape differences impact mammal richness, composition, and community complexity. Specifically, we used a regression tree to evaluate compositional differences as a function of landscape configuration. We analyzed data for 26 species in total, with the number of species per area ranging from 9 to 17. Changes in mammal composition at the landscape scale were most strongly associated with human occupation. Areas with strong human occupation had low species richness, with a predominance of medium-sized omnivores and insectivores species; these conditions led to high defaunation indices. Community complexity was greater in areas with low human occupation, where carnivores (Felidae) were more abundant. Differences in species composition were also linked to altitudinal bands and the ratio of period of time with protected status versus history of land exploitation in a particular area. Analysis of functional groups indicated that intense human occupation had negative effects on larger species, a process that may have impending consequences. Despite defaunation being a serious ecological issue, we assert that taking prompt action may limit or potentially reverse effects of defaunation before the most dramatic changes take place. Defaunacao e uma questao ecologica chave e que so recentemente tem recebido atencao suficiente. Como previsto, as evidencias ate agora indicam perda de especies de maior porte, seguida por especies de medio porte, levando a efeitos em cascata que se propagam em todas as comunidades e ecossistemas. A Mata Atlântica esta entre os mais importantes hotspots de biodiversidade mundiais. Essa regiao tem sido historicamente impactada pela perda e fragmentacao de habitat, resultando em mudancas na paisagem e impactos negativos nas comunidades animais. Este estudo avalia caracteristicas de comunidades de mamiferos de medio e grande porte na Mata Atlântica subtropical, sul do Brasil. Nos reunimos dados sobre ocorrencia de mamiferos utilizando 108 armadilhas fotograficas instaladas em oito areas protegidas. Em seguida, avaliamos se as diferencas de paisagem impactam a riqueza, composicao e a complexidade das comunidades de mamiferos. Especificamente, nos usamos uma analise de arvore de regressao para avaliar as diferencas na composicao das comunidades em funcao da configuracao da paisagem. Analisamos ​​dados de 26 especies no total, com o numero de especies por area variando 9 a 17. As alteracoes na composicao de mamiferos na escala da paisagem foram mais fortemente associadas a ocupacao humana. As areas com maior ocupacao humana tiveram baixa riqueza de especies, com predominância de especies onivoras e insetivoras de medio porte, e, estas condicoes geraram indices de defaunacao elevados. A complexidade das comunidades foi maior em areas com baixa ocupacao humana, onde carnivoros (Felidae) foram mais frequentes. As diferencas na composicao de especies tambem foram ligadas as quotas de altitude, assim como a razao entre o periodo de tempo com estatuto de protecao e o tempo de exploracao de cada area. A analise com abordagem de grupos funcionais indicou que a maior ocupacao humana teve efeitos negativos sobre as especies maiores, um processo com consequencias negativas iminentes. Apesar da defaunacao ser uma importante questao ecologica, nos acreditamos que um conjunto de acoes conservacionistas imediatas podem potencialmente limitar ou reverter os efeitos da defaunacao antes que mudancas mais dramaticas acontecem.

Revalidation of Tursiops gephyreus Lahille, 1908 (Cetartiodactyla: Delphinidae) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Abstract: Historically, the taxonomic status of the bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops , has been confusing. Over 20 nominal species have been described in, or transferred to, the genus, but most them have been synonymized under T. truncatus , the type species of the genus. Here, we review the taxonomic status of Tursiops gephyreus Lahille, 1908, from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA), a taxon long considered as either synonym or subspecies of T. truncatus . We examined a total of 280 bottlenose dolphin skulls, including the lectotype of T . gephyreus . We examined all specimens for morphological (14 characters) and morphometric (29 measurements) differences. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to test differences between groups. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of skulls as well as the vertebrae number of Tursiops specimens from SWA, we recognized 2 distinct morphological forms of bottlenose dolphins in the region, consistent with treatment of 2 species under the “diagnosable version of the Phylogenetic Species Concept.” Six qualitative characters are reliable for the identification of both species in the SWA, but the shape of the nasal process of the right premaxilla alone is sufficient to separate the species. Furthermore, the total number of vertebrae is higher in T. truncatus (62–64) than in T. gephyreus (57–59). Based on these results, we propose the revalidation of T. gephyreus . Since T. gephyreus was recognized as inhabiting the estuaries and the surf zone alongside the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina coasts, the conservation efforts must take into account that this region presents similar threats to the species. Historicamente, o status taxonomico do golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa, genero Tursiops , tem sido confuso. Mais de 20 especies nominais foram descritas ou transferidas para o genero; porem, a maioria delas foi sinonimizada a T. truncatus , que e a especie tipo do genero. No presente estudo, reavaliamos o status taxonomico de Tursiops gephyreus Lahille, 1908 no Oceano Atlântico Sul Ocidental (SWA), um taxon considerado por muito tempo como sinonimo de T. truncatus . Foram examinados 280 crânios de golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa, incluindo o lectotipo de T. gephyreus . Analises uni e multivariadas foram realizadas para testar diferencas morfologicas (14 caracteres) e morfometricas (29 medidas) entre os grupos. Baseado nas analises qualitativas e quantitativas dos crânios, bem como no numero de vertebras de especimes de Tursiops do SWA, reconhecemos duas formas morfologicas distintas de golfinhos na regiao, consistente com o Conceito Filogenetico de Especies. Seis caracteres qualitativos sao considerados confiaveis para a identificacao das duas especies no SWA, entretanto a forma do processo nasal do pre-maxilar direito e suficiente para diagnosticar as duas especies. Alem disso, o numero total de vertebras e maior em T. truncatus (62–64) do que em T. gephyreus (57–59). Sendo assim, propomos a revalidacao de T. gephyreus . Visto que T. gephyreus foi reconhecido como habitante dos estuarios e da zona de arrebentacao ao longo da costa do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), Uruguai e Argentina, os esforcos de conservacao devem levar em conta que estas regioes apresentam ameacas semelhantes a especie.

Spatial heterogeneity in the carrying capacity of sika deer in Japan

Abstract: Carrying capacity is 1 driver of wildlife population dynamics. Although in previous studies carrying capacity was considered to be a fixed entity, it may differ among locations due to environmental variation. The factors underlying variability in carrying capacity, however, have rarely been examined. Here, we investigated spatial heterogeneity in the carrying capacity of Japanese sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) from 2005 to 2014 in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan (mesh with grid cells of 5.5×4.6 km) by state-space modeling. Both carrying capacity and density dependence differed greatly among cells. Estimated carrying capacities ranged from 1.34 to 98.4 deer/km2. According to estimated population dynamics, grid cells with larger proportions of artificial grassland and deciduous forest were subject to lower density dependence and higher carrying capacity. We conclude that population dynamics of ungulates may vary spatially through spatial variation in carrying capacity and that the density level for controlling ungulate abundance should be based on the current density level relative to the carrying capacity for each area.

Phylogeographic and population genetic structure of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in North American deserts

Abstract: Fossil data are ambiguous regarding the evolutionary origin of contemporary desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis subspecies). To address this uncertainty, we conducted phylogeographic and population genetic analyses on bighorn sheep subspecies found in southwestern North America. We analyzed 515 base pairs of mtDNA control region sequence and 39 microsatellites in 804 individuals from 58 locations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed 2 highly divergent clades concordant with Sierra Nevada ( O. c. sierrae ) and Rocky Mountain ( O. c. canadensis ) bighorn and showed that these 2 subspecies both diverged from desert bighorn prior to or during the Illinoian glaciation (~315-94 thousand years ago [kya]). Desert bighorn comprised several more recently diverged haplogroups concordant with the putative Nelson ( O. c. nelsoni ), Mexican ( O. c. mexicana ), and Peninsular ( O. c. cremnobates ) subspecies. Corresponding estimates of effective splitting times (~17-3 kya), and haplogroup ages (~85-72 kya) placed the most likely timeframe for divergence among desert bighorn subspecies somewhere within the last glacial maximum. Median-joining haplotype network and Bayesian skyline analyses both indicated that desert bighorn collectively comprised a historically large and haplotype-diverse population, which subsequently lost much of its diversity through demographic decline. Using microsatellite data, discriminant analysis of principle components (DAPC) and Bayesian clustering analyses both indicated genetic structure concordant with the geographic distribution of 3 desert subspecies. Likewise, microsatellite and mitochondrial-based FST comparisons revealed significant fixation indices among the desert bighorn genetic clusters. We conclude these desert subspecies represent ancient lineages likely descended from separate Pleistocene refugial populations and should therefore be managed as distinct taxa to preserve maximal biodiversity. Los datos de fosiles sobre el origen evolutivo de las ovejas del desierto ( Ovis canadensis subespecies) contemporaneas son ambiguos. Para dilucidar esta incertidumbre, llevamos a cabo analisis filogeograficos y de genetica de poblaciones entre cinco subespecies de ovejas del suroccidente de Norteamerica. Analizamos 515 pb de secuencia de la region control del ADN mitocondrial y 39 microsatelites en 804 ovejas de 58 localidades. Los analisis filogeneticos revelaron 2 clados altamente divergentes concordantes con ovejas de la Sierra Nevada ( O. c. sierrae ) y de las Montanas Rocosas ( O. c. canadensis ), y demostraron que estas dos subespecies divergieron antes o durante la glaciacion de Illinois (315,000-94,000 anos). Las ovejas del desierto formaron varios haplogrupos recientemente derivados concordantes con las subespecies de Nelson ( O. c. nelsoni ), Mexico ( O. c. mexicana ) y peninsular ( O. c. cremnobates ). Las estimaciones correspondientes al tiempo de separacion efectiva (17,000-3,000 anos) y edades de haplogrupos (85,000-72,000 anos) son los plazos mas probables para las divergencias entre subespecies de ovejas del desierto dentro de la ultima glaciacion maxima. Analisis de redes de haplotipos de union de medias y analisis bayesianos de lineas de horizonte indicaron que las ovejas del desierto formaron una poblacion historicamente grande y diversa en terminos de haplotipos, que luego perdieron gran parte de su diversidad a traves de un descenso demografico. Utilizando datos de microsatelites los analisis DAPC y TESS indicaron agrupamiento genetico concordante con la distribucion geografica actual de las tres subespecies. Asimismo, comparaciones de FST con datos de microsatelites y mitocondriales revelaron indices de fijacion significativos entre los grupos geneticos de ovejas del desierto. Concluimos que estas subespecies de ovejas del desierto representan linajes antiguos que probablemente descienden de poblaciones de distintos refugios del Pleistoceno, y que por lo tanto deben ser manejadas como taxones distintos para preservar su biodiversidad maxima.

Ecological interactions between ocelots and sympatric mesocarnivores in protected areas of the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil

Abstract: Fragmentation and habitat loss are top threats to tropical forest biodiversity and the Atlantic Forest is no exception. Over 80% of Atlantic Forest remnants in Brazil are < 50 ha and lack resident populations of large predators (jaguars, Panthera onca , and pumas, Puma concolor ). Mesopredators with opportunistic life-history characteristics (e.g., ocelots, Leopardus pardalis ) are now hypothesized to be the dominant competitor(s) in these systems and may negatively affect the spatial or temporal distribution of other sympatric mesocarnivores. We used camera-trap data, occupancy models, and temporal overlap indexes to explore whether ocelot occurrence influenced the habitat use or activity patterns of 6 mesocarnivores in reserves of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ocelot occurrence did not influence the habitat use of these mesocarnivores. Moreover, the ability of some mesocarnivore species, especially the little spotted cat ( L. guttulus ), to adjust their activity patterns to avoid direct contact with ocelots may facilitate their coexistence in these Atlantic Forest remnants. Ocelot occurrence did not influence the activity pattern of 2 nocturnal species (the crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous , and the crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus ), suggesting that these species are more tolerant of ocelots than other mesocarnivores. The probability of occupancy varied among species, with tayra ( Eira barbara ) and South American coati ( Nasua nasua ) having the highest occupancy estimates; overall, occupancy by mesocarnivores correlated negatively with reserve size. Because mesocarnivores are important drivers of ecosystem function, structure, and dynamics and may occupy unique roles that cannot be filled by larger carnivores, future studies should assess environmental factors influencing the use of these small remnants of Atlantic Forest by each mesocarnivore species. A fragmentacao e a perda de habitat sao as principais ameacas para a biodiversidade da floresta tropical e a Mata Atlântica nao e excecao. Mais de 80% dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no Brasil sao < 50 ha e nao tem populacoes residentes de grandes predadores (oncas-pintadas, Panthera onca , e oncas-pardas, Puma concolor ). Uma hipotese atual indica que mesopredadores com caracteristicas oportunistas de historia de vida (ex., jaguatiricas, Leopardus pardalis ) sao os competidores dominantes nestes sistemas, podendo afetar negativamente a distribuicao espacial ou temporal de outros mesocarnivoros simpatricos. Nos utilizamos dados de armadilhas fotograficas, modelos de ocupacao e indices de sobreposicao temporal para explorar se a ocorrencia da jaguatirica influencia o uso do habitat ou o padrao de atividade de 6 mesocarnivoros em reservas da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Nossos resultados indicam que a ocorrencia da jaguatirica nao influenciou o uso do habitat por estes mesocarnivoros. Alem disso, a capacidade de algumas especies de mesocarnivoros, especialmente o gato-do-mato ( L. guttulus ), de ajustar os seus padroes de atividade para evitar um contato direto com as jaguatiricas pode facilitar a coexistencia destas especies nestes remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. A ocorrencia da jaguatirica nao influenciou o padrao de atividade de 2 especies noturnas (o cachorro-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous , e o mao-pelada, Procyon cancrivorus ), sugerindo que estas especies sao mais tolerantes a jaguatirica que outros mesocarnivoros. A probabilidade de ocupacao variou entre as especies, com a irara ( Eira barbara ) e o quati sul americano ( Nasua nasua ) apresentando as estimativas mais altas de ocupacao. No geral, a ocupacao do habitat pelos mesocarnivoros correlacionou negativamente com o tamanho da reserva. Visto que os mesocarnivoros sao importantes direcionadores da funcao, da estrutura e das dinâmicas do ecossistema e podem ocupar papeis unicos que nao podem ser preenchidos por carnivoros maiores, estudos futuros devem avaliar os fatores ambientais que estao infuenciando o uso destes pequenos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica por cada especie de mesocarnivoro.

Abiotic and biotic factors affecting the denning behaviors in Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus

Abstract: For bears, numerous associations between biotic and abiotic factors have been reported to correlate with the timing of den entry and emergence; however, an analysis showing which factors influence the timing of den entry and emergence has not been performed enough. In this study, a generalized linear mixed model was generated using 66 entry dates for 26 females and 40 entry dates for 26 males, and 56 emergence dates for 26 females and 25 emergence dates for 18 males between 1999 and 2012. Regarding factors for den entry, the average temperature in November and mast production of Mongolian oaks were significant for both males and females. For the date of den emergence, the average temperature in March affected strongly. For males, good mast production of Mongolian oaks in the previous year was found to be associated with early den emergence. For females, the presence of newborns had a significant influence on their den entry and emergence. This study indicated that denning behavior appears to be regulated by several abiotic and biotic factors and regulation factors are sex specific.

Spatial ecology of coyotes in the Denver metropolitan area: influence of the urban matrix

Abstract: Urbanization alters landscapes and ecosystem processes that result in negative impacts for many species. However, urbanization also creates novel environments that certain species, including carnivores, are able to exploit. Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are 1 example of a species capable of exploiting urban environments throughout North America and, in some cases, becoming involved in human–coyote conflict. As part of a comprehensive study of human–coyote coexistence in the Denver metropolitan area of Colorado, we investigated the spatial ecology of coyotes to determine movement and activity patterns relative to the urban matrix. We examined home-range size, habitat use, and resource selection for 22 coyotes monitored with GPS collars during 2012–2014. Mean (± SD ) home-range size of resident coyotes (11.6±11.0 km2) was smaller than ranges of transient coyotes (200.7±232.4 km2). Home-range size did not vary by season or sex, but resident coyotes during the day (7.2±10.5 km2) had smaller home ranges than during the night (11.3±10.8 km2). Coyotes had high percentages of developed lands (44.5±18.9%) within their home ranges, contrary to previous studies of urban coyotes. However, the percentage of coyote locations in natural lands (48.9±22.4%) was higher than in developed lands (20.6±11.7%). Home-range size of residents was not related to either the percentage of developed lands or altered lands within home ranges. Coyotes selected natural lands over developed lands, and they increased activity at night. Although coyotes were able to thrive in home ranges containing large amounts of development, they continued to avoid areas with high human activity by primarily residing in areas with natural land cover. Similar to urban areas throughout the Northern Hemisphere, coyotes in the Denver metropolitan area have become efficiently adapted to a highly developed landscape, reflecting the flexible nature of this opportunistic carnivore.

Spatial variation in giraffe demography: a test of 2 paradigms

Abstract: Examination of spatial variation in demography among or within populations of the same species is a topic of growing interest in ecology We examined whether spatial variation in demography of a tropical megaherbivore followed the “temporal paradigm” or the “adult survival paradigm” of ungulate population dynamics formulated from temperate-zone studies We quantified spatial variation in demographic rates for giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) at regional and continental scales Regionally, we used photographic capture-mark-recapture data from 860 adult females and 449 calves to estimate adult female survival, calf survival, and reproduction at 5 sites in the Tarangire ecosystem of Tanzania We examined potential mechanisms for spatial variation in regional demographic rates At the continental scale, we synthesized demographic estimates from published studies across the range of the species We created matrix population models for all sites at both scales and used prospective and retrospective analyses to determine which vital rate was most important to variation in population growth rate Spatial variability of demographic parameters at the continental scale was in agreement with the temporal paradigm of low variability in adult survival and more highly variable reproduction and calf survival In contrast, at the regional scale, adult female survival had higher spatial variation, in agreement with the adult survival paradigm At both scales, variation in adult female survival made the greatest contribution to variation in local population growth rates Our work documented contrasting patterns of spatial variation in demographic rates of giraffes at 2 spatial scales, but at both scales, we found the same vital rate was most important We also found anthropogenic impacts on adult females are the most likely mechanism of regional population trajectories

Food availability affects habitat use of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in a semi-urban environment

Abstract: Urban expansion and associated habitat fragmentation are expected to be detrimental to global biodiversity. Natural habitat that is extensively modified often poses challenges to native fauna that must adapt to new conditions to survive. While some species decline in numbers or become locally extinct, the Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) successfully inhabits cities. Because squirrels are sensitive to habitat fragmentation and their space-use patterns are influenced by the distribution and abundance of major food resources, their movement patterns are likely to be modified in response to changes in environmental conditions brought about by urbanization. Therefore, to investigate whether supplementary food resources are key to its success, the home ranges of squirrels inhabiting a large city park were related to both natural food sources (NFS) and anthropogenically-provided food sources (PFS) in 3 seasons. The combination of home ranges that were relatively small, year-round food availability and the lack of a seasonal body mass change indicates that the semi-urban environment can be high-quality habitat. The squirrels’ home ranges encompassed areas with a year-round NFS supply, but they shifted their home range core areas closer to PFS in seasons where they were more reliable, even though NFS were also abundant at the time. Additionally, heavier individuals’ core areas were located closer to PFS. Consequently, our results show that human activity (i.e., via PFS) had a direct, measureable effect on squirrels’ feeding habits and movement patterns even though NFS were available. However, the consequences of urbanization are not always detrimental for native animal species and an improved knowledge of energy resources and their effect on habitat use is important for understanding and minimizing the long-term impacts of humans on urban wildlife.

Drivers of predatory behavior and extreme size in house mice Mus musculus on Gough Island

Abstract: In comparison to the mainland, populations of rodents on islands are often characterized by a suite of life history characteristics termed the “island syndrome.” Populations of rodents introduced to islands are also well known for their impacts on native species that have evolved in the absence of mammalian predators. We studied the ecology and behavior of introduced house mice Mus musculus on Gough Island where they are the only terrestrial mammal and where their predatory behavior is having a devastating impact on the island’s burrowing petrel (order Procellariiformes ) population and the Critically Endangered Tristan albatross Diomedea dabbenena . Mice on Gough exhibit extreme features of the island syndrome, including: a body mass 50–60% greater than any other island mouse population, peak densities among the highest recorded for island populations, and low seasonal variation in numbers compared to other studied islands. Seasonal patterns of breeding and survival were linked to body condition and mass, and mice in areas with high chick predation rates were able to maintain higher mass and condition during the winter when mouse mortality rates peak. Within-site patterns of chick predation indicate that proximity to neighboring predated nests and nesting densities are important factors in determining the likelihood of predation. We conclude that selection for extreme body mass and predatory behavior of mice result from enhanced overwinter survival. Small mammal populations at temperate and high latitudes are normally limited by high mortality during the winter, but on Gough Island mice avoid that by exploiting the island’s abundant seabird chicks.

Melatonin concentrations and timing of seasonal reproduction in male mouse lemurs ( Microcebus murinus ) exposed to light pollution

Abstract: Adverse effects of light at night are associated with human health problems and with changes in seasonal reproduction in several species. Owing to its role in the circadian timing system, melatonin production is suspected to mediate excess nocturnal light. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of light pollution on the timing of seasonal reproduction on a strict Malagasy long-day breeder, the nocturnal mouse lemur ( Microcebus murinus ). We randomly exposed 12 males in wintering sexual rest to moonlight or to a light-mimicking nocturnal streetlight for 5 weeks. We monitored urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations (aMT6s), plasma testosterone concentrations, and testis size, and we recorded daily rhythms of core temperature and locomotor activity. In males exposed to light pollution, we observed a significant decrease in urinary aMT6s concentrations associated with changes in daily rhythm profiles and with activation of reproductive function. These results showed that males entered spontaneous sexual recrudescence leading to a summer acclimatization state, which suggests that light at night disrupts perception of day length cues, leading to an inappropriate photoentrainment of seasonal rhythms.

Effects of temperature and availability of insect prey on bat emergence from hibernation in spring

Abstract: Bats at northern latitudes may hibernate for up to 8 months during winter and must subsist on stored fat over this period. Environmental influences on bat emergence from hibernation are not well understood, and the degree to which bat emergence coincides with availability of their insect prey is not known. We used electronic detectors to monitor bat activity from 2001 to 2013 at a major hibernaculum, used primarily by Myotis lucifugus , in Wisconsin. We estimated dates of entry into hibernation in fall and recorded bat activity as bats emerged in spring over this 13-year period. Temperatures outside and inside the mine and airflow at the mine entrance were measured. Night-flying insects were monitored during spring from 2008 to 2013. Bat activity in spring was most strongly associated with warmer temperatures outside of the mine and was also correlated with airflow in the mine entrance. Changes in airflow were driven by temperature differentials between the mine and outside, and could serve as a signal for outside temperatures to bats inside of the mine. Insect abundance was also positively correlated with warmer outside temperatures. However, bat activity peaked before insects started to become abundant. Over the 13 years of the study, the date at which 5% of bat activity for the season was reached ranged from 10 April to 20 April, and for 50% of bat activity for the season the range was from 28 April to 4 May. The date of 5% bat activity for the season was not correlated with the date of entry into hibernation the previous fall, mean winter temperatures inside or outside of the mine, or the degree days (base 0°C) inside or outside of the mine. Our study was conducted before white-nose syndrome was documented in Wisconsin, thus our study documents hibernation behavior of healthy bats.

Long-distance dispersal of a subadult male cougar from South Dakota to Connecticut documented with DNA evidence

Abstract: We report the long-distance dispersal of a subadult male cougar ( Puma concolor ) from South Dakota to Milford, Connecticut, where it was struck and killed by a vehicle. Genetic samples suggest this animal originated from the Black Hills of South Dakota while isotope analysis and physical inspection revealed no evidence that the animal had been held in captivity. We detected this dispersing individual at 5 locations along its route (Minnesota, 3 times in Wisconsin and New York) with DNA from fecal or hair samples, and with multiple photographs from citizen-run camera traps (3 in Wisconsin and 1 in Michigan). The > 2,450 km straight-line distance (Black Hills of South Dakota to Connecticut) traveled by the cougar is the longest dispersal documented for the species. We propose a likely route of > 2,700 km over 2 years based on topography and our confirmed records. We suggest that this excessive movement was motivated by the absence of female cougars along the route. The documentation of such a rare biological event not only shows the great dispersal potential for male cougars but also highlights our ability to detect these movements with verifiable voucher DNA and photographic records. Evidence collected for this one animal, and complete absence of verifiable data from most anecdotal reports of cougars in the east, further confirms the lack of a breeding population in the region.

Food abundance and weather modify reproduction of two arboreal squirrel species

Abstract: The importance of weather in relation to food resources, in determining reproduction, remains poorly understood for mammals, particularly for species that do not depend on food resources limited by spring weather conditions. We studied the effects that weather and food supply had on timing of spring reproduction and observed litter size in 2 squirrel species, the Siberian flying squirrel and the European red squirrel, using long-term data sets spanning 20–30 years. Both species subsist on foods from tree masting, and these are available for squirrels from autumn until early spring. Good food conditions in winter and spring before reproduction had positive effects on spring reproduction in both species by advancing the onset of reproduction, and in flying squirrels, slightly increasing litter size. Higher temperature in late winter and, surprisingly, increased precipitation in late winter resulted in early reproduction in flying squirrels and red squirrels, respectively. In addition, higher early spring temperature was positively related to litter size in red squirrels, likely reflecting low survival of small juveniles in cold weather. Our study supports the view that spring reproduction in these species is determined by food supply before breeding. Our results also highlight the fact that reproduction is also dependent on weather.

Measurement of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): effects of captivity, sex, reproductive condition, and season

Abstract: The causes and consequences of physiological stress in wildlife are of great interest in a wide range of biological disciplines including understanding how environmental changes affect species fate and persistence. In some areas, the Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) faces local extinction because of the invasive Eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ). Whether or not physiological stress is induced by the presence of invasive species or contributes to local declines in Eurasian red squirrels is unknown. Here, we develop an assay that can be used to quantify physiological stress in fecal samples from Eurasian red squirrels to eventually address these questions. We captured free-living squirrels (6 females, 11 males) and placed them into captivity for 48h. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in female and male squirrels were significantly higher 24 and 32h after initial captivity with a lag time to peak excretion ranging from 24 to 36h. We measured FGM concentrations in free-living squirrels (37 females, 45 males) over a 3-year period. Lactating free-living squirrels had higher FGM concentrations compared to nonbreeding or pregnant squirrels but there were no differences in FGM concentrations in males with scrotal and abdominal testes. Free-living squirrels had the highest FGM concentrations in the winter and lowest in the summer (winter > autumn > summer). Squirrels kept in captivity for 4–48h had significantly higher FGM concentrations than free-living squirrels (111 fecal samples from 82 squirrels). FGM concentrations in captive but not wild squirrels were significantly repeatable. We found no sex differences and no association with body mass in FGM concentrations in captive or free-living squirrels. Our results indicate that this assay can accurately quantify physiological stress in Eurasian red squirrels, which may be useful for future studies to document how the invasive Eastern gray squirrel contributes to local extinction.