Showing papers in "Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture in 2010"
TL;DR: Results showed no polymorphisms were detected in these genes in buffalo, and all buffaloes tested had LL genotype forlocus GH|AluI and AA genotypes for locus GHR|ALUI.
Abstract: Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone which sintesized and secreted by somatrotop cell inpituitary anterior lobe. GH exert its effect on growth and metabolism by interacting with a specificreceptor on the surface of the target cells. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) has been suggested ascandidate gene for traits related to meat production in Bovidae. The objectives of this study were toidentify polymorphism of GH and GHR genes in buffalo. The 452 DNA samples buffalo were collectedfrom five populations in Indonesia (Siborong-Borong-Medan (65), Lebak-Banten (29), Pandeglang-Banten (180), Semarang-Central Java, and Mataram-West Nusa Tenggara (103)). A gene fragment of theGH|AluI gene at 432 bp located on exon 3 and GHR|AluI gene at 298 bp on exon 10 were successfullyamplified by using the techniques of a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and genotyped by PCR-RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism) then -SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). Theresults showed no polymorphisms were detected in these genes. All buffaloes tested had LL genotype forlocus GH|AluI and AA genotype for locus GHR|AluI.
28 citations
TL;DR: It was shown that lignocellulose degrading bacteria could be found in gastrointestinal tract of buffalo and horse, and elephant dung and 99% analyzed as Enterococcus casseliflavus/gallinarumspecies.
Abstract: Lignin is limiting factor for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in rumen. Isolation andselection bacteria from buffalo and horse gastrointestinal tract and elephant dung could be foundbacteria that have superiority to degrade lignin, xylan, and cellulose. Those animals were chosenbecause they were herbivores that consume low quality crude fiber as their main energy sources.Lignocellulose degrading bacteria were isolated by Hungate selective media, by using lignin (tannicacid), xylan, and cellulose as selective substrates. The morphological identification used an enrichmentmedia by measuring color, colony size, diffusion zone, clear zone, and biochemical identification usingproduction of ligninase, xylanase, and cellulase enzymes. The best lignocellulose degrading bacteriathen was determined by the morphological and biochemical character. This study showed thatlignocellulose degrading bacteria could be found in gastrointestinal tract of buffalo and horse, andelephant dung. Highest number colony was found in samples from buffalo's colon (376), followed byhorse's cecum (203), elephant’s dung (46), buffalo’s cecum (23), buffalo's rumen (9) and horse’s colon(7). The highest isolates activity of lignolytic, xylanolytic, and cellulolytic were reached by buffalo’scecum (7.64), horse's cecum (6.27), and buffalo’s colon (2.48). Meanwhile the highest enzymesproductivities were: buffalo’s cecum (0.0400 µmol), horse’s cecum (1.3912 µmol) and buffalo’s colon(0.1971 µmol). Based on morphologycal character and biochemical test, it could be concluded thatlignolytic from buffalo’s cecum, xylanolytic from horse’s cecum, and cellulolytic from buffalo’s colonwere the superior isolates and they were 99% analyzed as Enterococcus casseliflavus/gallinarumspecies.
23 citations
Abstract: Ten Hereford bulls housed indoors in individual tie stalls were used to explore the relationshipsatmospheric ammonia exposure and microclimate on beef cattle hematochemical, and to know effectand to prediction equations the atmospheric ammonia exposure and microclimate with varioushematochemical parameters. This study was conducted in Animal Station, Department of AgriculturalBiotechnology, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, South Korea, for 40 days during summer.Results of this study indicated that there were negative correlation between ammonia with temperatureand positive correlation between ammonia with humidity. There were significantly negative effect ofammonia on hematochemical, except neutrophyls and ratio of neutrophyls to lymphocytes.Simultaneous effect between ammonia, temperature and humidity, mainly effected on glucose,hexokinase, lymphocytes, neutrophyls, N:L Ratio, and lactate. Simultaneous effect between ammonia,temperature and humidity proved to be a good indicator for predicting the profile of glucose,hexokinase, lymphocytes, neutrophyls, N:L Ratio in the blood.
23 citations
TL;DR: CFEY support the sperm motility as good as TEY of FH bull, and both were greater than CEY.
Abstract: The aims of this study was to compare Tris egg yolk and Citrate egg yolk extender andsupplementation of fructose on citrate egg yolk on the quality of Friesian Holstein (FH) bull semenstored at 5 oC. Semen was collected from 5 FH bulls using an artificial vagina. The semen wereevaluated macroscopic and microscopically. The semen divided into three tubes and extended with Trisegg yolk (TEY), Citrate egg yolk (CEY) or Citrate fructose egg yolk (CFEY). Extended semen wasstored at 5 oC and evaluate daily for sperm motility and viability. There was no significant differences(P>0.05) on the sperm viability among three extender, for every time observation during 144 hours ofstorage. This similar finding found on the sperm motility in all extender for 48 hours of storage. Thesperm motility in TEY demonstrated significantly greater (P<0.05) than in CFEY and CEY extender at72 to 120 hours storage. In the end of storage, sperm motility in TEY (35.2 ± 4.1%) and CFEY (33.5 ±2.71%) extender statistically indicated no significant different, and both were greater than CEY. Inconclusion, CFEY support the sperm motility as good as TEY of FH bull.
18 citations
TL;DR: This study assessed the sperm morphology of Friesian Holstein bull semen which was collected from three Artificial Insemination centers in Indonesia and demonstrated that all 22 bulls had low sperm abnormality.
Abstract: Morphologically abnormal sperm in semen has been associated with the sub fertility and sterilityfor many years. This study assessed the sperm morphology of Friesian Holstein bull semen which wascollected from three Artificial Insemination centers in Indonesia. Total of 22 bulls were used in thisstudy; an ejaculate from each bull was examined. Three to four glass slides were prepared for each bullsample; a drop of semen was placed on each glass slide, smeared, and air-dried. The smeared sampleswere stained with carbolfuchsin-eosin (Williams stain). Morphological abnormality types were recordedfrom total of 500 spermatozoa. Results demonstrated that all 22 bulls had low sperm abnormality(<10%). Pearshaped was the most frequently type of sperm abnormality found in the samples(0.81±0.93%); while detached head was the lowest (0.01±0.04%).
16 citations
TL;DR: Performance of Bali bull fattened at farmers level with forage in the rainy season could be improved, according to the type, quantity and quality of feed given in accordance with the habits of farmers in thefattened cattle.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the performance of Bali bull in rainy season underfeedlotting management on farmer level in Timor Island. Twenty Bali bulls with 2.0-2.5 years old on thebasis of teeth eruption were used in this study. Feed for animals was field grass, king grass and cornstraw. The type, quantity and quality of feed given in accordance with the habits of farmers in thefattened cattle. Research was conducted by direct observation in farmer management during rainyseason. Data measured were daily gain, feed consumption and feed conversion. The data collected wastabulated and analyzed descriptively. The result showed that the average of daily gain weight was 0.53kg/head/d, dry matter intake was 3.88 kg/head/d and feed conversion was 7.55 kg DM/kg daily gain. Inconclusion, performance of Bali bull fattened at farmers level with forage in the rainy season could beimproved.
12 citations
TL;DR: It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera is a potential alternatives supplement to replace either partially or completely concentrate as a conventional supplement, and Peltiphyllum peltatum supplementation could reduce excessive protein degradation and fermentation of the concentrate in the rumen.
Abstract: This experiment was aimed to observe rumen fermentation kinetics of alternative supplements, i.e.Moringa oleifera and Peltiphyllum peltatum leaves added to maize silage diet as compared to aconventional supplement (barley-soya). A total of six treatments were investigated in the present study,which consisted of: maize silage (A), M. oleifera (B), P. peltatum (C), maize silage + concentrate (56:44,w/w; D), maize silage + M. oleifera (56:44, w/w; E), and maize silage + concentrate + P. peltatum(47:37:16, w/w/w; F). The feeds were incubated in vitro in three replicates (completely randomized)using the Reading Pressure Technique system. Approximately 800 mg of the feeds were mixed by 75 mlof buffered rumen liquor. The incubation was carried out up to 12 h in bottles and gas pressure wasrecorded and released in regular intervals. Repeated sampling was conducted for analysis offermentation products at 1, 6 and 12 h of incubation period. The results showed that the nutritionalquality of Moringa and its fermentation pattern was comparable to that of barley-soya concentrate. PlainMoringa incubation resulted the highest production of iso-SCFA and soluble protein concentrationamong all treatments after 12 h incubation (P<0.05). Incubation of sole Peltiphyllum peltatum highlyhampered the fermentation rate. Production of iso-SCFA both for plain Peltiphyllum and its mixturewere comparatively low. Supplementation of Peltiphyllum increased significantly soluble proteinconcentration during 12 h incubation (P<0.05). Peltiphyllum also had a very low C2+C4/C3 ratiocompared to other treatments. It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera is a potential alternativesupplement to replace either partially or completely concentrate as a conventional supplement, andPeltiphyllum peltatum supplementation could reduce excessive protein degradation and fermentation ofthe concentrate in the rumen.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that a stable immobilization efficiency of more than 90% was achieved in the SP-separharose fast flow (SP-FF)circulated with 300 ml or less of whey per gram of SP-FF.
Abstract: Hypothiocyanite (OSCN–), produced by lactoperoxidase (LPO) in the presence of SCN– and H2O2,inhibits the growth of bacteria. This inhibition is called by LPO system (LPOS). Our laboratory scalestudy in previous experiment showed that whey immobilized on SP-Sepharose Fast Flow (SP-FF) couldproduce OSCN– continuously. Then, the purpose of this study is to scale up continuous production ofOSCN– using immobilized whey. Immobilized whey was generated by circulating various amounts ofwhey through SP-FF. To generate OSCN–, 10 ml of the substrate solution containing 0.5 mM SCN– and0.5 mM H2O2, was circulated through immobilized whey and followed by washing with pure water. Thenext cycle was done by circulating a fresh 10 ml of substrate solution at the same concentration. Theresult indicated that a stable immobilization efficiency of more than 90% was achieved in the SP-FFcirculated with 300 ml or less of whey per gram of SP-FF. When stored at 4˚C, immobilized wheyretained 80% LPO activity until 3 weeks storage. The reaction solution discharged from immobilizedwhey was observed to contain approximately 0.4 mM OSCN–. The experiment using 1.0 g ofimmobilized whey produced a stable 0.4 mM OSCN– production and antimicrobial activity for at least 6cycles. The increase in resin volume accompanied by the increase in whey volume resulted the extensionof a stable OSCN– production. The experiment using recycled SP-FF did not affect to the stability ofOSCN– production and antimicrobial activity. These results may open the way for the large-scaleproduction of OSCN−.
11 citations
TL;DR: The results clearly demonstrated that the laying hens fed dietary garlic powder up to 4% produced egg containing lower cholesterol (-34%) compared to those fed control diet; the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic powder is apparently higher in the old hen compared to that in the young hen.
Abstract: Forty laying hens Hysex Brown consisting of 2 age groups (27 and 77 weeks of age) were used inthe study to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic powder on egg production, serum and eggcholesterol. They were caged individually and fed diet containing 0 (control), 1, 2, and 4% oven driedgarlic powder for 4 periods of 4 weeks. The old hens consumed more food compared to those of theyoung one, while water consumption was in the reverse condition. The egg production indicated by theyoung hens fed dietary 1 and 2% garlic powder was significantly higher than those fed control diet.However, the old hens produced heavier eggs than those of the young hens, particularly when 1% garlicpowder was supplemented. There was a closed relationship between serum and egg cholesterol, whichreduced gradually with longer time the hens fed dietary garlic. The results clearly demonstrated that thelaying hens fed dietary garlic powder up to 4% produced egg containing lower cholesterol (-34%)compared to those fed control diet; The hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic powder is apparently higherin the old hen compared to that in the young hen.
10 citations
TL;DR: Fat deposition in abdomen and leg, the content of cholesterol in meat, and it enriched EPA and DHA of meat were reduced and supplementation of SAE and LO proved to change fatty acid composition in leg meat.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Sauropus androgynus (katuk) leavesextract (SAE) and lemuru fish oil (LO) on fat deposition and fatty acid composition of meat in broilerchickens. One hundred and fifty six broiler chickens were distributed to 13 treatment groups with 3cages in each treatment group as replicate. Completely randomized design was used in this study. Thethirteen groups were subsequent of broiler chickens that were fed diet containing commercial feedsupplement as a control (P1), 10 g/kg SAE and 1% LO (P2); 10 g/kg SAE and 1% LO plus 60 mgvitamin E (P3), 10 g/kg SAE and 2% LO (P4), 10 g/kg SAE and 2% LO plus 60 mg vitamin E (P5), 10g/kg SAE and 3% LO (P6), 10 g/kg SAE and 3% LO plus 60 mg vitamin E (P7), 18 g/kg SAE and 1%LO (P8), 18 g/kg SAE and 1% LO plus 60 mg vitamin E (P9), 18 g/kg SAE and 2% LO (P10), were18 g/kg SAE and 2% LO plus 60 mg vitamin E (P11), 18 g/kg SAE and 3% LO (P12), and 18 g/kg SAEand 3% LO plus 60 mg vitamin E (P13). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and if it weresignificant, it were then determined by Duncan's Multiple Range test. The present results showed thatsupplementation of SAE and LO significantly affected (P<0.05) fat deposition in abdomen and leg, butit had no effect on neck fat deposition and Fatty Liver Score. Supplementation of SAE and LO hadsignificantly reduced (P<0.05) cholesterol content and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in leg meat, but itsignificantly increased (P<0.05) vitamin A and vitamin E and it had no effect on fat in leg meat.Supplementation of SAE and LO proved to change fatty acid composition in leg meat. The treatmenthighly significant increased ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid DHA (P<0.01),arachidonic acid and stearic acid (P<0.05), but it significantly reduced linolenic acid (P<0.05). Inconclusion, the supplementation of SAE and LO reduced fat deposition in abdomen and leg, the contentof cholesterol in meat, and it enriched EPA and DHA of meat.
9 citations
TL;DR: DMF demonstrated better results as CPA compared to the others; and DVTDMF combination had the best protection during cryopreservation in this study.
Abstract: s to assess different CPAs on stallion semen cryopreservation. Skim milk (SM) and Dimitropoulos(DV) were the extenders used in this study; each was added by glycerol (Gly), combination of ethyleneglycol-glycerol (EG+Gly) or dimethilformamide (DMF). Each semen sample was evaluated and dividedequally into six tubes; semen in the three tubes was diluted 1:1 with (SM), while in the remaining tubesthe semen was diluted 1:1 by DV. After being diluted, all tubes were centrifuged at 1006xg for 10minutes. The supernatan discarded, the pellet was rediluted by SM trehalosa or DV trehalose, and addedby G, EG+Gly, or DMF to reach the final sperm concentration of 200x106/ml. The extended semen wasindividually packed in 0.3 ml minitube, equilibrated at 4oC for 2 hours, frozen in liquid nitrogen vaporfor 10 minutes, and then was stored in liquid nitrogen container at -196 oC. After 24 hours, the semenwas thawed at 37 oC for 30 second. There were no significantly different (p>0.05) on the percentages ofmotile and viable sperm in SMT (21.7% and 43.4%, respectively) compared with those extended withDV T extender (26.9% and 50.8%, respectively). DMF demonstrated better results as CPA compared tothe others; and DVTDMF combination had the best protection during cryopreservation in this study.
TL;DR: It was concluded that slaughter squab selection could be done at 4th week old and repeatability of reproductive traits was low, that was fertility and hatchability was 0.12 and 0.048, respectively.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to know productivity and repeatability of local pigeon. Data werecollected from 124 birds that reared under intensive management. The results showed that artificial pairwas 100% and polygamy was 16% (n=62 pair of pigeon). The ration of local pigeon consisting of 50%corn+50% of commercial feed for starter broiler chicken can be applied in field. The average of eggproduction was 1.8 eggs/pair/period, egg weight was 17.7 g, fertility was 96.6%, hatching rate was 77%,embryo mortality rate was 23%, interval period from laying to hatching and suckling was 51 days, 31.4days with hatching, and 17.6 days without hatching and suckling. The day old pigeon weight ranged10.9-16.2 g. Repeatability value of productive traits was high, in which egg weight was 0.64 and day oldpigeon weight was 0.737. Repeatability of reproductive traits was low, that was fertility and hatchabilitywas 0.12 and 0.048, respectively). The squab weight increased from week 0 to 4, then decreased in theweek 5. The growth rate was highest at the week 1, then decreased from the week 2 to 5 with thenegative growth rate occur at the 5th week. The squab growth rate followed a quadratic pattern. It wasconcluded that slaughter squab selection could be done at 4th week old.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that UDP supplementation increased milk, fatproduction and milk protein but it tended to reduce the level of fat, protein and SNF milk.
Abstract: This research was aimed to examine the effect of undegraded protein supplementation on nutrientsintake, production and milk composition in dairy cows. The purpose of this research was to provideinformation on the undegraded protein supplementation to increase milk production and composition indairy cows. The research was conducted for 3 months in Boyolali-Central Java. The study used 20lactation cows (<3 months of lactation), aged 3 to 3.5 years with body weight from 350 to 400 kg. Thecows were then randomly divided into 2 groups of ten based on their body weight, milk production,lactation period and age. The first group (control) and the second group (treated), both were fed dietbased on NRC (1987). The second group was added undegraded protein (UDP) of 30 g/l milk that mixedby concentrate. The observed variables were dry matter intake (DM), organic matter (OM), crudeprotein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), milk production and milk composition including fat, proteinand solid non fat (SNF). Data obtained were examined by t-test.The results showed that intake of DM, OM, and the NDF of treated and control groups were notdifferent (9.57; 8.49; 4.98 vs 9.44; 8.38; 5.40 kg/cow/d, respectively); however, protein intake of treatedgroup was higher (P<0.01) than that of the control group (1097 vs. 1210g/cow/d). Milk production ofcows receiving UDP supplementation tended to be higher than that in the control group (+ 1:45kg/cow/d). Although they tended to be lower in fat (4.13 vs. 3.88%), protein (2.45 vs. 2.27%) and SNF(7.26 vs. 6.94%), but protein and fat production were higher for cows receiving UDP supplementation(366 each; 214 vs. 330; 196g/cow/d). It can be concluded that UDP supplementation increased milk, fatproduction and milk protein but it tended to reduce the level of fat, protein and SNF milk.
TL;DR: Some fatty acid supplements in concentrate containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza, ROXB were evaluated for effects on milk yield, milk fat and protein, including milk fatty acid, finding no significant effects.
Abstract: Some fatty acid supplements in concentrate containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza, ROXB wereevaluated for effects on milk yield, milk fat and protein, including milk fatty acid. Four lactating (4 ± 1.5months ) Fries Holland (FH) cows were allocated into four treatments of concentrate containing 4.5%palm oil (CP0), 4.5% corn oil (CP1), 4.5% roasted ground corn (CP2), and 1.5% corn oil and 3% roastedground corn (CP3), respectively, in 4 x 4 Latin Square experimental design with 3 d-period. Resultsshowed that there were no significant (P>0.05) effects on milk yield, milk fat and protein, and milk fattyacid. However, the highest average of milk production was found in CP2 (8.63 kg/d). Milk fat wasdecreasing to 3.81% in conjunction with the more potential total PUFA (71.81%) in CP3 with corn oiland roasted ground corn. Ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in milk was the same in both, CP2 and CP3, itwas 2.14. However , since the objective of this research was to improve milk yield as well as milkcomponents and health concern, therefore the CP2 with roasted ground corn was considered as theoptimal one.
TL;DR: Based on serum lipid profile, it could be concluded that fish fermented by LAB can be used as a substitute for the 100% fish meal in broiler’s feed.
Abstract: The study was aimed to examine the effect of the use of fish fermented by lactic acid bacteria(LAB) as a subtitution for fish meal on serum lipid profile of broiler. One hundred and twenty five dayoldbroiler chicks of CP 707 strains were divided into five groups for five treatments. A CompletelyRandomized Design was used in this experiment. The treatments were 0 (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8% fishfermented by LAB substitution of basal diet containing 8% fish meal. The parameters were blood lipidprofile including total cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. Data was analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).When the F test indicated a significant effect, the differences between the mean values were analyzed byDuncan’s Multiple Range test. Results showed that using fish silage fermented by LAB on broiler’s feeddid not affect total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, but significantly affect (p<0.05) levels of LDLcholesterol and serum triglycerides of broilers. Based on serum lipid profile, it could be concluded thatfish fermented by LAB can be used as a substitute for the 100% fish meal in broiler’s feed.
TL;DR: Whether ram spermatozoa within epididymides stored at 4o C for 24 and 48 h remain their motility and viability and whether these storage conditions might be possible to use forepididymal sperm recovery in wild ruminants is studied.
Abstract: Post-mortem spermatozoa recovery is an important technique for obtaining germplasm reservesfrom genetically valuable animals or endangered species. The purpose of this study was to studywhether ram spermatozoa within epididymides stored at 4o C for 24 and 48 h remain their motility andviability. The characteristic of ram epididymal spermatozoa after freezing and thawing was alsoobserved. Six pairs of ram testes with attached epididymides were used in this study. The motility ofcontrol spermatozoa was well maintained throughout the dilution procedure (83.3±1.1, 80±1.3, and80±1.3% for collection, Niwa and Sasaki freezing -1 extender (NSF-1 and NSF-2 groups respectively);but declined (P<0.05) after freezing and thawing (38.3±3.1%). Motile and viable spermatozoa could berecovered from epididymides up to 48 h of storage, although their quality declined significantly(P<0.05) as post-mortem storage time increased (motility: 83±1.2, 67±3.0, and 46±5.1; viability:84.2±2.4, 73±2.8, and 66.6±2.6 % for control, 24 h and 48 h group respectively). These data indicatethat ram epididymides could be stored at 4o C for 48 h when epididymal spermatozoa cannot beimmmediately collected and cryopreserved. These storage conditions might be possible to use forepididymal sperm recovery in wild ruminants.
TL;DR: Social, economic and demographic resources are important factors that can help develop and improve dairy cattle farming and the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness development in Semarang Regency is indicated.
Abstract: The study aimed to analyze the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness development in SemarangRegency and the factors influencing the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness development. The studywas conducted from September to December 2008 in Semarang Regency, Central Java, using surveymethod. Three districts were purposively chosen based on the largest population of dairy cattle in theSemarang Regency. Of the three districts selected, six villages were chosen based on the largestpopulation of dairy cattle. The respondents were chosen randomly using simple random, hence thesample size in this study was 90. Data were gathered through primary and secondary data. The data wereanalyzed descriptively and statistically. The analysis of LQ (Location Quotient) was used to analyze thepotency of dairy cattle agribusiness development, while the multiple regression model was used todetermine the factors affecting the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness development, with the followingregression equation: Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 b7x7 b6x6 + + + e, whereas Y = is theproduction of milk, and x1 to X7, respectively, are x1 (age), x2 (education), x3 (Number of familymembers), x4 (number of lactating cows), x5 ( amount of feed, forage), x6 (amount of feed concentrate)and X7 (calving interval). The results showed that the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness developmentin Semarang Regency is potential (LQ> 1) with the value of 4.67 and LQ Population GDP = 1.71. Thisstudy indicated that socio, economic and demographic resources are important factors that can helpdevelop and improve dairy cattle farming. Meanwhile, there were significant relationships between 7independent factors and the potency of dairy cattle agribusiness development, with the followingregression equation: Y = -6.082 + 0.032 x1 + 0.223 x2 + 0.717 x3 + 9.221 x4 + 0.067 x5 x6 + 0.486 -0.323 X7 + e. Moreover, the value of R2 = 0.886, it is indicated that 88.6% of the variation in the thedependent variable can be explained by the independent variable, only 11.40% can be explained by othervariables.
TL;DR: Results showed that a half weight cold carcass as asingle indicator major may be used to predict meat weight and carcass fat with regression linearequation.
Abstract: The research aimed to identify carcass characteristic that can be used for estimating composition ofbeef carcass. It was used 165 Brahman crossbred cattle in this research. Carcass characteristics wereweight of a half cold carcass (WC) ranged from 96 to 151 kg, loin eye area (LEA) ranged from 22.09 to304.8 mm2, 12th rib fat thickness (FT12) ranged from 0.80 to 2.90 mm, meat ranged from 53.55 to 90.10kg and carcass fat ranged from 5.54 to 39.72 kg. Result showed that a half weight cold carcass as asingle indicator major may be used to predict meat weight and carcass fat with regression linearequation: Meat (kg) = 10.64 + 0.49 WC (R2=0.728 and SE=3.58), and Fat (kg) = -21.70 + 0.36 WC**(R2=0.582 and SE=3.65). Multiple regression to predict meat weight based on fat percentage of kidney,pelvic and heart (KPH) was Meat (kg) = 7.99 + 0.58 WC** - 4.41 KPH** (R2=0.751 and SE=3.43).
TL;DR: In this paper, unfermented solid cassava-waste (USCW) and fermenting solvents (FSCW) were used as a substitute for the corn up to 30% without affecting the performance.
Abstract: The objective of the research was to examine unfermented solid cassava-waste (USCW) andfermented solid cassava-waste (FSCW) as the substitution of corn in broiler ration. Two hundred and tenbirds of one-week-male broiler chicken were divided into seven kinds of one-way treatment ofcompletely randomized design. Five replications were used for each treatment; there were six chickensin each replication. The substitution levels of corn in broiler ration by USCW and FSCW were 0%(control), 10, 20, and 30%. The result showed that corn substitution up to 20% using USCW and FSCWdid not affect the digestibility of feed (DF), digestibility of soluble protein (DSP) and crude protein(DCP), and digestibility of starch (DS). Substitution up to 30% using FSCW did not affect the DSP andDCP. However, substitution of USCW at the same level decreased DSP, DCP, DF, and DS. Cornsubstitution up to 20% using USCW and FSCW did not affect the feed intake (FI), body weight gain(BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Substitution up to 30% using FSCW did not affect the BWGand FCR. However, substitution of USCW at the same level decreased BWG and increased FCR. FSCWcan be used as a substitute for the corn up to 30% without affecting the performance and the values ofthe nutrient digestibility, meanwhile USCW is only able to substitute corn up to 20%.
TL;DR: The growth of MLTA, SFT, IMFT, RT and BMS of thebulls of Bali cattle at the 12, 18 and 24 months of age were not reaching the optimally performances, yet, therefore the selection process of the bulls of Bala cattle to be candidate of sire based on the estimation of carcass traits should be done after 4 years of age.
Abstract: A study was conducted to collect information on Bali bulls carcass traits estimation as one of theselection criteria using ultrasound. Ultrasonic estimation of carcass traits such as M. longissimusthoracis area (MLTA), Subcutaneous Fat Thickness (SFT), Inter Muscular Fat Thickness (IMFT), RibThickness (RT) and Beef Marbling Score (BMS) were obtained from 92 head of bulls at Barru districtand 74 head of bulls at Bone district, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The carcass traits estimation werescanned between the 6th - 7th ribs using ultrasound. The ultrasound is made of Fujihira Super-Eye FHK,Co. Meat. Ltd. with B-Mode and electronic linear probe, which used frequency of 2 MHz. The carcasstraits estimation photos were printed by video-copy machine (Aloka Co. Ltd., SSZ-300S). The dataobtained were analyzed using basic statistic and was discussed descriptively. The averages of all carcasstraits estimation of the Bali bull at Bone district at 12, 18 and 24 months of ages were higher than thoseat Barru district. The MLTA estimation of Bali bulls at Bone and Barru districts were 18.0 cm2, 24.3cm2, 23.8 cm2 Vs 16.6 cm2, 18.5 cm2, 23.3 cm2, respectively; the BMS estimated were 0.14, 0.24 and0.20 Vs 0.00, 0.15 and 0.17, respectively; the SFT estimation were 0.26 mm, 0.33 mm, 0.34 mm Vs0.28 mm, 0.26 mm, 0.34 mm, respectively; the IMFT estimation were 1.13 mm, 1.24 mm, 1.31 mm Vs0.97 mm, 1.06 mm, 1.14 mm, respectively; the RT estimation were 2.04 mm, 2.52 mm, 2.72 mm Vs1.19 mm, 2.12 mm, 2.30 mm, respectively. The growth of MLTA, SFT, IMFT, RT and BMS of thebulls of Bali cattle at the 12, 18 and 24 months of age were not reaching the optimally performances,yet. Therefore the selection process of the bulls of Bali cattle to be candidate of sire based on theestimation of carcass traits should be done after since 4 years of age.
TL;DR: Overall, BW and feed consumption of early-fastedbirds were significantly lower and the degree or duration of feed withholding (for 48h after hatching) might not be sufficient to reduce adipocyte proliferation or the number of precursor adipocytes.
Abstract: The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of feed withholding in the very early life ofbird on its compensatory growth capacity and fat parameters. A total of 60 mixed-sexes of one day oldRoss chicks were used in the experiment conducted with completely randomized design of 2 differentfeeding times after hatching, i.e.: T1: given access to feed and water ad libitum immediately afterhatching until 35d of age; and T2: withheld from feed (fasted) but not from water for 48h after hatchingand then fed ad libitum until d35. The birds were weighed at the start of experiment and weeklythereafter, and DWG was then calculated. Feed intakes and FCR were also recorded weekly. At d36,abdominal fat was taken out from 2 birds per pen and was weighed. Breast meat (skinless) from thesame birds was also sampled for total FA analysis. Final BW (d35) and total feed consumption of earlyfastedbirds were 1935.17±43.90 kg and 2745.55±47.48 kg and those of unfasted birds were2019.00±50.85 kg and 2910.84±128.10 kg, respectively. FCR of early-fasted and unfasted birds at d35were 1.42±0.03 and 1.45±0.07. The magnitude difference of DWG between early-fasted and unfastedbirds was 27% at d7, whereas at d35 the difference was only 4.5%. Abdominal fat percentage to live BWof early-fasted birds was 1.65±0.09% (male) and 1.60±0.10% (female) and that of unfasted birds was2.00±0.19% (male) and 1.89±0.38% (female). Total FA contained in meat of early-fasted and unfastedbirds were 0.82±0.10 and 0.85±0.10 g/100gDM. Overall, BW and feed consumption of early-fastedbirds were significantly lower (P 0.05) between early-fasted and unfasted birds. Inconclusion, holding birds without feed following hatch (under practical conditions) may limit thecompensatory growth capacity of birds in the later age. Fasting applied in the very early life of broilerleads to impairment of cell hyperplasia resulting in permanent stunting. Abdominal fat and total FAcontained in meat might not be affected by fasting for 48h after hatching. The degree or duration of feedwithholding (for 48h after hatching) might not sufficient to reduce adipocyte proliferation or the numberof precursor adipocytes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the variance of some morphometric characteristics and morphology of Moa buffalo and the genetic relationships analysis between buffalo subpopulations in Moa Island were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and variance coefficient.
Abstract: The research aim was to study the variance of some morphometric characteristics and morphologyof Moa buffalo, and the genetic relationships analysis between buffalo subpopulations in Moa Island.Characterization was by using 174 buffalos from any group of ages and sex that were collected fromWest area (Werwaru, Patti), Central area (Syota, Klis) and East area (Tounwawan, Poliwu). Thevariables observed were morphometric characters (body weight, shoulder height, body length, chestwidth, chest depth, chest girth, skull length, skull width, skull height, ear width, ear length, cannon girth,horn length, horn girth and distance between horns), body morphology characters (horn position, headcolor, body color and scheme of body color), and genetic distance between buffalo subpopulations.Body morphometric data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and variance coefficient. Bodymorphology data were analyzed using relative frequencies. The genetic distance was analyzed usingcanonical discriminant function through Mahalanobis distance approach and by making phylogeny usingUPGMA method. The result indicated that variation of body morphometric was related to productionperformance, variation of color and color scheme of body. Based on genetic distance, central and westsubpopulations were the nearest where West subpopulation was isolated from Central and Eastsubpopulation.
TL;DR: The results showed that from 38 isolates, six species was determined and one was unidentifed, and those species identified were Cuninghammela sp, Trichoderma sp, Vertilicium sp, Eupenicillium Sp, Pythium sp and Aspergillus sp.
Abstract: Objective of the study was to identify all kinds of fungi which can life in the alfalfa plantation inBaturaden Purwokerto-Central Java. Fungi used in this study was 38 isolates. All fungi have been takenfrom the isolation of soil and root of diseased plant. Macroscopic and microscopic methods were usedfor identification. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to grow the fungi. All fungi wereidentified using book identification of fungi. The results showed that from 38 isolates, six species wasdetermined and one was unidentifed. Those species identified were Cuninghammela sp, Trichoderma sp,Vertilicium sp, Eupenicillium sp, Pythium sp, Aspergillus sp.
TL;DR: There was a reduction in the percentage of offal due to a decrease in intestinal weight in thetreated animal, but there were no effects on live weight gain (LWG), % bone, meat:bone ratio, % body fat, back fat thickness and eyemuscle area.
Abstract: A 75 days feeding trial was completed to study the effect of inclusion of a combined probioticyeast+herbs in finishing diet on carcass characteristics of beef cattle. Thirty bull of Ongole crossbred,age 2.5-3 years old with average body weight (BW) of 320 kg were used in this experiment. They weredivided into 2 groups, each of 15 animals and were allotted to control and treatment. They wereslaughtered at around 450 kg BW. The treated animals were given a supplementation containingcombined yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae and Candida utilis) and herbs. All animals were fed a diet ofammoniated rice straw and commercial concentrate with a ratio of 10: 90. Addition of combinedprobiotics + herbs in the diet increased percentage of carcass, dressing and meat, but there were noeffect on live weight gain (LWG), % bone, meat:bone ratio, % body fat, back fat thickness and eyemuscle area. There was a reduction in the percentage of offal due to a decrease in intestinal weight in thetreated animal.
TL;DR: Experimental results showed that in comparison to the control, diabetic rats fed FCME increased feed intake and body weight gain and FCME supplementation reduced the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic rats.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract(FCME) on lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Four week-old male Wistar rats were divided into threegroups based on weight. All rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by single intraperitoneal injectionof streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg body weight. Thereafter, they were randomly distributed to threetreatments with 7 rats assigned to each treatment. One group was the control with no additive, and twotreatmentgroups were given the purified diets supplemented with 1% or 2% FCME. Experimentalresults showed that in comparison to the control, diabetic rats fed FCME increased feed intake (P<0.01)and body weight gain (P<0.05). FCME inclusion significantly reduced the activities of acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (P<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (P<0.05) in diabetic rats. FCME significantly increasedcholesterol 7 -hydroxylase with no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. FCME had no effect onhepatic triglyceride, free cholesterol and phospholipid. FCME inclusion at 1% level significantlyreduced serum triglyceride. FCME significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (P<0.05) with no effect onLDL + VLDL-cholesterol, and significantly reduced atherogenic index. FCME did not significantlyaffect serum insulin and glucose concentration. In conclusion, FCME supplementation altered lipidmetabolism in diabetic rats. FCME supplementation reduced the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic rats.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a feasibility study of establishing an Artificial Insemination (AI) Center and its planned area of operation in Brgy.San Juan, Ildefonso, Bulacan.
Abstract: The productivity of the carabao subsector is influenced by several constraints such as social,technical, economic and policy factors. The need to enhance the local production of carabaos will helplocal farmers to increase their income. Thus, producing thorough breeds of carabaos and improving itgenetically is the best response to these constraints. This study was conducted to present the feasibilitystudy of establishing an Artificial Insemination (AI) Center and its planned area of operation in Brgy.San Juan, Ildefonso, Bulacan. The market, production, organizational and financial viability of operatingthe business would also be evaluated. This particular study will provide insights in establishing an AICenter. Included in this study is the identification of anticipated problems that could affect the businessand recommendation of specific courses of action to counteract these possible problems. Primary datawere obtained through interviews with key informants from the Philippine. Carabao Center (PCC). Togain insights about the present status of an AI Center, interviews with the technicians of PCC and privatefarm were done to get additional information. Secondary data were acquired from various literatures andfrom San Ildefonso Municipal Office. The proposed area would be 1,500 square meters that would beallotted for the laboratory and bullpen. The AI Center will operate six days a week and will be openedfrom 8 AM until 5 PM. However, customers or farmers can call the technicians beyond the office hoursin case of emergency. The total initial investment of Php 3,825,417.39 is needed in establishing the AICenter. The whole amount will be sourced from the owner’s equity. Financial projection showed an IRRof 30% with a computed NPV of Php 2,415,597.00 and a payback period of 3.97 years. Based on all themarket, technical, organizational, financial factors, projections and data analysis, it is said that thisbusiness endeavor is viable and feasible.
TL;DR: It is concluded that extracted pearlgrass could be utilized as natural feed additive source to produce carcass of broiler chicken where their litter was sprayed by E. coli bacteria.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of hexane and acetic ethyl extracted pearlgrass as feed additive in the ration on carcass of broiler chickens where the litter was sprayed byEscherichia coli. The experiment was assigned to Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatmentsand 4 replications. The treatments were level of pearl grass extract added into the ration; 0 (R0, control),0.8 (R1), 1.6 (R2), 2.4 (R3) dan 3.2 (R4) gram per kilogram ration. After 3 weeks of age, litters weresprayed by Escherichia coli as much as 106 CFU/100 ml liquid agar. Then, chickens were kept until 6weeks of age. Result showed that there was no significant different among treatments groups on chickencarcass and there was no any adverse effect on liver and intestines. It is concluded that extracted pearlgrass could be utilized as natural feed additive source to produce carcass of broiler chicken where theirlitter was sprayed by E. coli bacteria.
TL;DR: Feeding 80% from the total feed requirement and the slaughtered age at 150 d were the most efficient in producing pelt of Rex rabbits, with weight 261.0 ± 30.33 g, width 928.0± 75.5 cm2, and epidermal thickness 32.50 ± 1.1μ.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study the interaction between slaughter age and restricted feed, aswell as the influence of each factor on the production of rex rabbits pelt. Randomized Block Designwith Factorial was used in this experiment with the first factor was 3 levels of restricted feedingtreatment where the amount of feed as follow: P1= 100 % from the total feed requirement, P2 = 80%from total feed requirement and P3 = 60% from the total feed requirement. Feed was given in the amountof rabbits requirement, in which 100% of the total requirement was calculated based on body weight(6.7% of body weight in dry matter basis), and second factor was 3 levels of slaughter age (U1= 120 d,U2= 150 d, U3= 180 d) and each treatment was repeated 6 times. The data were analyzed by Anova,and analyzing between the treatments used Contrast Orthogonal. The variable measured were peltproduction (weight pelt, width pelt, thickness dermis and epidermis) of Rex rabbit. There was aninteraction betwen slaughtered age and the amount of feed given to Rex rabbits. Feeding 80% from thetotal feed requirement and the slaughtered age at 150 d were the most efficient in producing pelt of Rexrabbits, with weight 261.0 ± 30.33 g, width 928.0 ± 75.5 cm2, and epidermal thickness 32.50 ± 1.1μ,and dermis 2685.50 ± 15.0 μ.
TL;DR: Fiber sources have beenverified as contributing factors involved in the outbreak of cannibalism in laying hens and diets containing high insoluble NSP had a potential to decrease the mortality due to cannibalism.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to observe the effect of different diets containing different level ofnon-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on performance and cannibalism of laying hens. Six diets (wheatbased,rice hull-based, plant protein-based, millrun-based, MOS, and bentonite) were used and wererandomly given to 6 groups of ISA Brown hens, with 18 replicates per group and 5 birds per replicatefor 8 weeks. The results showed that diets did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on cannibalismmortality, but numerically the rice hull diet gave the lowest effect, the millrun gave the intermediateeffect, whereas the plant protein diet gave the largest negative effect. Diet significantly affected feedintake (P<0.01), egg production (P<0.01), feed to egg ratio (P<0.01) and egg weight (P<0.05). Birds onmillrun diet had the lowest intake, but the feed to egg ratio was superior and egg production was thehighest compared to those fed other diets. In contrast, the feed to egg ratio in rice hull diet was inferior,and egg weight was also lighter than those fed other diets. In conclusion, fibre sources have beenverified as contributing factors involved in the outbreak of cannibalism in laying hens. Diets containinghigh insoluble NSP had a potential to decrease the mortality due to cannibalism.
TL;DR: Although birds tend to response in similar way when dealing with the excesses and insufficient supply, the nutrient requirements in relation to the protein: energy ratios should be designed according to genetic background.
Abstract: An experiment with 480 day-old chicks of four commercial strains was conducted to study theeffect of genotype on response in body composition to variation in dietary protein: energy ratios. Thechicks were randomly allocated into 4x2x4 factorial and fed on a commercial starter diet (250 g CP and12.5 MJ of ME /kg) from hatching to 5 d of age and divided into two groups with three replicationseach of 16 birds and given either the such starter diet (S) or a finisher diet (F) containing 190 g CP and13.0 MJ of ME /kg. The birds were reared in strain-and sex-intermingled groups in brooders and followoncages until they reached the target body weight of 600-650 g (females) or 650-700 g (males) andtransferred to single cages and fed S or F diet until 1200-1300 g (females) or 1300-1400 g (males). Thelighting program was 23 h light for the first two days, and reduced to 18 h/d for the remainder of theexperiment. There were considerable variations in relative growth performance, FCR, carcass fat andabdominal fat due to genotypes and dietary regimen. Although birds tend to response in similar waywhen dealing with the excesses and insufficient supply, the nutrient requirements in relation to theprotein: energy ratios should be designed according to genetic background.The accumulation of fatduring the growing period was primarily due to the genetic variation whereas beyond this age, variationin abdominal fat was due principally to dietary effects.