Showing papers in "Mycologia in 1995"
TL;DR: The 400 million-year-old Rhynie chert has provided a wealth of information not only of early land plants, but also of the fungi that inhabited this paleoecosystem.
Abstract: The 400 million-year-old Rhynie chert has provided a wealth of information not only of early land plants, but also of the fungi that inhabited this paleoecosystem. In this paper we report t...
327 citations
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data sets of the divergent domain D2 of the 25S ribosomal RNA gene and of the internal transcribed spacers indicated that sub- genus Elfvingia was monophyletic, whereas sections Characoderma and Phaeonema were not.
Abstract: Over 250 species have been described in Ganoderma. Species identification and species circumscription are often unclear and taxonomic segregation of the genus remains controversial. In this study w...
287 citations
TL;DR: This book identifies all the species one is likely to encounter, with extensive information on their structural features, distribution, and ecological associations, and is an introduction to their biology as a field guide.
279 citations
TL;DR: A portion of the Intergenic Spacer of the ribosomal RNA operon of 74 isolates of 11 Ar?
Abstract: A portion of the Intergenic Spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal RNA operon of 74 isolates of 11 Ar? millaria species from Europe and North America was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Am- plifications were made from scrapes of living mycelium without DNA extraction. Alu I digests ofthe amplified product were electrophoresed in agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. With few exceptions, each tax? on had a unique combination of restriction fragments. Most taxa had a single Alu I pattern, but two restric? tion patterns were seen among isolates of A. borealis,
195 citations
TL;DR: Using ribosomal DNA sequences from 17 fungi, the monophylly of Penicillium and the phylogeny in the ascomycete family Trichocomaceae (= Eurotiaceae) is evaluated and the 5.8S and 5.7S motifs are determined.
Abstract: Using ribosomal DNA sequences from 17 fungi, we evaluated the monophylly of Penicillium and the phylogeny in the ascomycete family Trichocomaceae (= Eurotiaceae). We determined the 5.8S and interna...
175 citations
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TL;DR: Transition Metal Ion Uptake in Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi and Evolution and Biological Roles of Fungal Superoxide Dismutases Ferrochelatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Abstract: Transition Metal Ion Uptake in Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi * Hydroxamates and Polycarboxylates as Iron Transport Agents (Siderophores) in Fungi * Enzymology of Siderophore Biosynthesis in Fungi * Molecular Biology of Iron Transport in Fungi * Reductive Iron Assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae * Iron Storage in Fungi * Manganese: Function and Transport in Fungi * Uptake of Zinc by Fungi * Accumulation of Radionuclides in Fungi * Metal Ion Resistance and the Role of Metallothionein in Yeast * Cadystin (Phytochelatin) in Fungi * Molecular Genetic Analysis of Cadmium Tolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe * Superoxide Dismutases in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae * Evolution and Biological Roles of Fungal Superoxide Dismutases Ferrochelatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae * Heme-Mediated Gene Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
134 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that there are four independent lineages of shiitake in Asia-Australasia, which provides partial support for the morphologically based species concepts.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of the edible shi? itake mushroom (Lentinula, Tricholomataceae) were studied using DNA sequences from the internal tran? scribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The ingroup consisted of seven isolates of L. edodes from Japan and Thailand, nine isolates of L. lateritia from Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and Tasmania, and five isolates of L. novaezelandieae from New Zealand. These species designations are based on morphological spe? cies concepts in Lentinula. However, because Lentinula isolates from throughout Asia-Australasia are mating compatible, some authors treat all of these as belong- ing to L. edodes. The outgroup included two isolates of L. boryana from Mexico. Parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood analyses were performed, with various combinations of taxa, characters, and char? acter codings, and bootstrap and decay index mea- sures of robustness. Alternate topologies were evalu? ated in terms of tree lengths, maximum likelihood ratios, and Templeton's nonparametric test of parsi? mony. Results suggest that there are four independent lineages of shiitake in Asia-Australasia, which provides partial support for the morphologically based species concepts. Lentinula novaezelandieae and L. edodes sensu
132 citations
TL;DR: The diversity of vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. ta- marii, mycotoxigenic fungi that produce aflatoxins and/ or cyclopiazonic acid in peanut seeds, was examined.
Abstract: The diversity of vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. ta- marii, mycotoxigenic fungi that produce aflatoxins and/ or cyclopiazonic acid in peanut seeds, was examined. Soil samples were collected from a peanut field shortly after planting and peanut seeds were later harvested from the same soil sites. Aspergillus tamarii isolates
120 citations
TL;DR: This study was conducted by trapping airborne fungal spores inside and outside 15 residences in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, monthly from December 1991 to September 1993 to determine the dominant fungal species.
Abstract: This study was conducted by trapping airborne fungal spores inside and outside 15 residences in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, monthly from December 1991 to September 1993. The dominant funga...
104 citations
TL;DR: Plectosporium is described as a new genus for Fusarium tabacinum, the anamorph of Plectosphaerella cucumerina, characterized by moist colonies.
Abstract: Plectosporium is described as a new genus for Fusarium tabacinum (≡ Cephalosporium tabacinum), the anamorph of Plectosphaerella cucumerina. The genus is characterized by moist colonies, sim...
92 citations
TL;DR: Descriptive accounts and keys are given for 14 species in five genera of obligately anaerobic fungi found in the gut of herbivores, based entirely on thallus morphology.
Abstract: Descriptive accounts and keys are given for 14 species in five genera of obligately anaerobic fungi found in the gut of herbivores. The descriptions are based entirely on thallus morphology...
TL;DR: The interactions between insects and the spermatial stremata of Epichloe spp.
Abstract: We studied the interactions between insects and the spermatial stremata of Epichloe spp. they visit in North America and Great Britain. We found that Phorbia flies formed a close association with E...
TL;DR: AbstractFifty-one isolates of Phialophora americana, P. parasitica,P.
Abstract: Fifty-one isolates of Phialophora americana, P. parasitica, P. richardsiae, and P. verrucosa (deuteromycetes) were initially characterized by restriction enzyme mapping of the ribosomal DNA...
TL;DR: To analyze the phylogeny and molecular evolution of the entomophthoralean fungi, the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences for four representative species of the En- tomoph fourthorales and the trichomycete Smittium culi- setae (Harpellales) in the Zygomycota were mined.
Abstract: To analyze the phylogeny and molecular evolution of the entomophthoralean fungi, we deter? mined the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences for four representative species of the En- tomophthorales and the trichomycete Smittium culi- setae (Harpellales) in the Zygomycota. Ten published reference sequences were added to this analysis. The phylogeny, inferred from the aligned 1480 positions and using the choanoflagellate Diaphanoeca grandis (Choanoflagellida) as an outgroup, divided seven zyg- omycete species into four clusters. The four species in the Entomophthorales were placed in two clusters, i.e., Basidiobolus ranarum in one cluster containing Chy? tridium, Spizellomyces and Neocallimastix, and the re- maining three species Conidiobolus coronatus, Entomo- phthora muscae, and Zoophthora radicans in another clus? ter containing Mucor. Glomus etunicatum is basal to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, and Smittium culi- setae was placed close to the divergence of Entomo?
TL;DR: Papazian test pairings between tester strains and mating types provided strong evidence that the fungus is biallelic, lacking multiple alleles at the single mating locus and showed the absence of complete interfertility between allopatric populations.
Abstract: Mating crosses in all possible combinations between 15 monoascosporic isolates ofDidymella rabiei (Ascomycotina, Dothideales), derived from diseased chickpea stems collected at a single location in Genesee, Idaho, were prepared on sterile chickpea stem pieces incubated on moist sterile filter papers in glass petri dishes for 5-6 weeks at 10 C or in nylon mesh bags placed on the soil surface outdoors to overwinter for 6 months. The discharge of large numbers of viable ascospores from mature pseudothecia forming on the chickpea stems was indication of successful matings. Pairings between sympatric isolates demonstrated that the fungus is heterothallic with a unifactorial (bipolar) homogenic mating incompatibility system. Papazian test pairings between tester strains and mating types from three locations in Idaho and Washington indi? cated the absence of complete interfertility between allopatric populations and provided strong evidence that the fungus is biallelic, lacking multiple alleles at the single mating locus. The nuclear content of so? matic and reproductive cells at all phases of the life cycle was examined using Giemsa stain. Ascospores and conidia were commonly multinucleate and ap? peared to undergo multiple mitotic divisions prior to germination. Somatic hyphae derived from ascospores and conidia were predominately uninucleate. The importance of sexual reproduction, sexual incompati? bility, and the teleomorph in the disease cycle is dis? cussed relative to environmental factors required for their occurrence and implications for disease control.
TL;DR: Comparisons of spore wall development in this study provide a biological rationale for character concepts because characters now can be rooted in a process (development) rather than from static observation.
Abstract: Species concepts within the order Glomales, Zygomycetes, still are in their formative stages and require input from different character sets. Morphological and developmental characters in the genus...
TL;DR: Bioassays indicate that live termites contaminated with the fungus can spread the disease among healthy termites, cause rapid and sig?
Abstract: Termites are important structural pests in North America, and worldwide. New techniques for their biological control were evaluated. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae was isolated ...
TL;DR: Endophytes were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of Dryas octopetala sampled in Switzerland and Spitsbergen and were generally richer in species than those col?
Abstract: Endophytes were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of Dryas octopetala sampled in Switzerland and Spitsbergen. Endophyte assemblages from differ? ent sites and at different sampling times were diverse. Seventy-three species were isolated in the four sites examined and 38 had frequencies of more than 10% in at least one sample. Samples from the subalpine region were generally richer in species than those col? lected in the alpine or Arctic regions. Leaves tended to host more endophyte taxa than twigs or roots.
TL;DR: Mating studies and related research are used in discussions of the following subjects: long-dis- tance mating phenomena, including strain-specific ability to dikaryotize mates, the "biological species concept," and discrepancies in in vivo and in vitro mating behavior.
Abstract: Mating studies and related research are used in discussions of the following subjects: 1) long-dis- tance mating phenomena, including strain-specific ability to dikaryotize mates; 2) the "biological species concept;" 3) clamp connection suppression in certain long-distance dikaryotization; 4) discrepancies be? tween in vivo and in vitro mating behavior; 5) inde- pendent evolutionary rates of various characters; 6) occurrence and retention of amphithallism; and 7) the role of asexual propagule production in the mush- room life-cycle. Examples are drawn from several gen- era of Agaricales.
TL;DR: Colorless strains of Ophiostoma piliferum used as a pretreatment for wood chips before pulping to remove pitch and prevent blue stain were found to be melanin deficient and unable to produce perithecia when paired with other colorless isolates of the opposite mating type.
Abstract: Colorless strains of Ophiostoma piliferum are currently being used in large-scale industrial appli- cations as a pretreatment for wood chips before me- chanical pulping to remove pitch and prevent blue stain. The fungus rapidly colonizes nonsterile wood chips and degrades pitch and other compounds (i.e., esterified fatty acids, resin acids, etc.) that are prob- lematic in pulp mills. Colorless strains obtained from single ascospore isolations were melanin deficient and unable to produce perithecia when paired with other colorless isolates of the opposite mating type. Melanin and perithecial development were restored, however, in mycelia grown on media supplemented with an ex- tract of spent culture fluid derived from a pigmented strain of 0. piliferum. The extract, analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography, contained scytalone, an intermediate of the DHN melanin pathway. Pure scytalone also restored hyphal pigment and perithecial development.
TL;DR: DNA amplification fingerprinting was used to characterize 28 isolates of Discula destructiva and three isolate of an undescribed species of Disculas, which cause anthracnose of various species of dogwood (Cornus).
Abstract: DNA amplification fingerprinting was used to characterize 28 isolates of Discula destructiva and three isolates of an undescribed species of Discula. These filamentous fungi cause anthracnose of various species of dogwood (Cornus). Isolates were obtained from throughout the disease range in the eastern and western United States and western Canada and DNA
TL;DR: Developmentally defined phological characters provide a causal linkage between the taxonomic hierarchy and a hierarchy in evolution of spore subcellular structure and also suggest causal relationships between form and function.
Abstract: Morphological characters synthesized from differentiation of mycorrhizae and spores were de- fined developmentally and their stability examined among eight organisms of five Scutellospora species (Glomales, Zygomycetes). Morphology and architec? ture of fungal hyphae at entry points in Sudan-grass roots were similar to that observed in other Scutellos? pora species. Surface topology of extraradical auxiliary cell were similar among the taxa studied, and inter- mediate between that of Gigaspora and other Scutel? lospora species. Spore differentiation was partitioned into four discrete stages: differentiation of layers in the spore wall (stages 1 and 2), subsequent formation of a bilayered flexible inner wall (stage 3), and lastly, the synthesis of a germination shield (stage 4). Spore growth (expansion) was coupled only with stages 1 and 2. Stages of differentiation could be homologized among taxa because of their division and stability in ontogenesis. Stage 3 was shared by all five Scutellospora species, thus uniting them, together with S. castanea, in a monophyletic group. Species-level divergence in this group was expressed only in properties of spore wall layers. Stages 1-3 were homologous with the first three of five stages in differentiation of S. heterogama spores. These shared stages suggest a pattern of Haecklian recapitulation in the evolution of flexible inner walls and both a historical and a contempora- neous link between all flexible inner walls and ger? mination events. Thus, developmentally defined mor? phological characters provide a causal linkage between the taxonomic hierarchy and a hierarchy in evolution of spore subcellular structure and also suggest causal relationships between form and function.
TL;DR: Escovopsis aspergilloides is described as a new species of hyphomycete isolated from attine ant nests originating in Trinidad as discussed by the authors, which differs from the type of this previously monotypic gen...
Abstract: Escovopsis aspergilloides is described as a new species of hyphomycete isolated from attine ant nests originating in Trinidad. The new species differs from the type of this previously monotypic gen...
TL;DR: The presence and extent of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospore germlings and appressoria of Phyllosticta ampelicida was assessed using cryo-scanning and light microscopy.
Abstract: The presence and extent of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospore germlings and appressoria of Phyllosticta ampelicida was assessed using cryo-scanning and light microscopy. Conidia of ...
TL;DR: Fungal biomass in decayed wood was measured using glucosamine as an indicator and found that birch blocks contained 31.3% fungal biomass, more than any other fungus-wood combination.
Abstract: Fungal biomass in decayed wood was mea- sured using glucosamine as an indicator. Apparent mass loss and glucosamine content of wood blocks decayed by Trametes versicolor, Oligoporus placentus, Bjerkandera adusta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Phialo- cephala dimorphospora were measured at selected in- tervals. After 12 weeks of decay by T. versicolor, birch blocks contained 31.3% fungal biomass, more than any other fungus-wood combination. Fungal biomass in birch decayed by B. adusta and G. trabeum exceeded 9.0%. Measurements of apparent mass loss underes- timate actual loss of wood mass, determined by cor- recting for fungal biomass, by as much as 42%. Such errors are greatest at lower mass losses.
TL;DR: This is the first report of a species with monocentric, exog- enous development that has a Chytridium subtype of zoospore, which cannot be considered a homologous character state in all species of the ChYtridiales.
Abstract: Entophlyctis luteolus, a new species of sap- rophytic Chytridiales from aquatic habitats, develops endogenously or exogenously on nutrient agar and usually has two rhizoidal axes, which are slightly swol- len at the base. Zoospores emerge en masse from the sporangium after deliquescence of the tip of the dis- charge tube and are surrounded by gelatinous mate- rial. Resistant sporangia form on onion skin. This is the first report of a species with monocentric, exog- enous development that has a Chytridium subtype of zoospore. Other monocentric, exogenously develop? ing species that have been studied have a Nowakows- kiella subtype of zoospore. Exogenous, monocentric development cannot be considered a homologous character state in all species of the Chytridiales.
TL;DR: Root-fungal ultrastructure of agar grown seedlings revealed epiphytic hyphae bearing conidio?
Abstract: Tall fescue has formed a mutualistic rela? tionship with the fungal endophyte Acremonium coen- ophialum. Endophyte-infected plants can have in? creased growth and survival when compared with en- dophyte-free plants. Responses to endophyte infec? tion vary and may be host genotype and fungal biotype specific. The mechanism(s) by which endophyte infec? tion confers increased growth and survival is not un- derstood. This research determined the occurrence, distribution, and ultrastructure of endophyte hyphae in the roots of axenically grown tall fescue seedlings. Acremonium coenophialum was recovered from excised roots of endophyte-infected seedlings grown on di? verse agar media and from sterile coarse sand. Suc- cessful recovery of the isolate varied with seedling age, root type, and growth medium. Overall, 67% of 218 endophyte-infected seedlings contained endophyte in their roots. Root-fungal ultrastructure of agar grown seedlings revealed epiphytic hyphae bearing conidio? phores with typical conidia and an electron dense ma? trix that adhered hyphae to each other and to the root epidermal cell wall. Hyphae were found in regions previously occupied by root epidermal cells, but no direct penetration of intact cells was observed. Elec? tron dense granules within the fungal cytoplasm con? tained high amounts of phosphorous relative to ad- jacent tissues. This may benefit endophyte-infected plants in low soil phosphate conditions.
TL;DR: Few, if any, heterokaryotic self-fertile progeny were produced from most outcrosses, indicating that sexual reproduction was relatively unsuc- cessful and that outbreeding largely interrupts the pseudohomothallic life cycle.
Abstract: The vegetative thallus of Neurospora tetras- perma naturally exists as a self-fertile heterokaryon with nuclei of both A and a mating types. Meiosis and as? cospore development are programmed to package A and a nuclei in each spore, maintaining self-fertility in subsequent generations. This pseudohomothallic life cycle is predominately inbreeding. Mechanisms exist, however, which give rise to single mating-type hom- okaryons that may behave as functionally heterothallic outcrossing individuals. Ten self-fertile isolates from five sites were resolved into their A and a components. These, together with A and a laboratory wild type strains, were crossed in all combinations to assess the potential for outbreeding. Reproductive success was judged by rating perithecium and ascus production, ascospore abortion, and viability and self-fertility of progeny. Disruption of the sexual cycle at various de? velopmental stages was seen in 91% or 100 of 110 outcrosses. Few, if any, heterokaryotic self-fertile progeny were produced from most outcrosses, indi? cating that sexual reproduction was relatively unsuc- cessful and that outbreeding largely interrupts the pseudohomothallic life cycle. Sexual dysfunction was apparent in crosses whether parents originated from the same local population or from geographically dis? tant populations. However, severity of disruption and thus reproductive isolation were somewhat correlated with geographic distance between parents. Dysfunc? tion appeared to be initiated by protoplasmic incom? patibility between mated haplotypes not normally combined in nature. Control crosses which restored
TL;DR: A thorough macroscopic and microscopic study of the species was undertaken, including observation of the fruit bodies of 15 species of Tulostomataceae from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico.
Abstract: Fifteen species of Tulostomataceae from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico were studied. A thorough macroscopic and microscopic study of the species was undertaken, including observation...