Showing papers in "Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences in 2007"
TL;DR: Two compounds were isolated and purified from petroleum ether fraction of crude methanol extract and the structures were determined as stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol by analysis of physical, chemical and spectral characteristics (1D NMR and mass spectrometry).
Abstract: Aim of this study is to identify and characterize the bioactive principles from the root bark of Calotropis gigantea. It has wide folk medicinal use. For isolation of the compounds, the dried root bark's powder of Calotropis gigantea were subjected to hot extraction and then the crude methanol (MeOH) extract was fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Two compounds were isolated and purified from petroleum ether fraction of crude methanol extract and the structures were determined as stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol by analysis of physical, chemical and spectral characteristics (1D NMR and mass spectrometry).
139 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that application of superabsorbent polymer at 225 kg ha(-1) appeared to increase all the above growth and yield attributes.
Abstract: The aim of present study is evaluation of the effect of four rates of superabsorbent polymer (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha(-1)) and three irrigation intervals (6, 8 and 10 days) on growth and yield of soybean (cult. L11) under field conditions. The results of this study showed that there was a significant effect among irrigation intervals on seed yield, Total Dry Matter (TDM), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), plant height and Harvest Index (HI). Moreover, The highest increase in seed yield, Total Dry Matter (TDM), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Harvest Index (HI) were achieved at 225 kg ha(-1) polymer compared with the control (without polymer). These results indicate that application of superabsorbent polymer at 225 kg ha(-1) appeared to increase all the above growth and yield attributes.
128 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of cultivars of three wheat cultivars showed that increasing concentrations of NaCl reduced germination percentage, radicle length, hypocotyl length, seedling fresh and dry weight and hypocolotyl dry weight, while auxin increased hypocotyle length, but did not influence on seed germination Percentage and radicles length.
Abstract: Seeds of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars included Mahdavi, Pishtaz and Shiraz, were used to investigate the effects of different salinity and auxin concentrations on their germination percent, radicle and hypocotyl length, seedling fresh and dry weight, radicle and hypocotyl dry weight. Results showed that increasing concentrations of NaCl reduced germination percentage, radicle length, hypocotyl length, seedling fresh and dry weight and hypocotyl dry weight. Hypocotyl dry weight increased in seeds only at -0.6 MPa. Auxin increased hypocotyl length, seedling fresh and dry weight and hypocotyl dry weight, but did not influence on seed germination percentage and radicle length. Pishtaz cultivar showed high seed germination percentage, radicle length and hypocotyl length in comparison to other cultivars while Shiraz cultivar had high radicle dry weights and Mahdavi cultivar produced high seedling fresh and dry weights.
113 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the Lake Qarun system is contaminated with heavy metals and the consumption of fishes of the Lake could pose health damage to the local population whose diet consists mainly of fish.
Abstract: This study was carried out on Lake Qarun, Fayoum Province, Egypt throughout four seasons, spring 2004 to winter 2005. The concentration of Zn in water as well as in fish organs was always higher than Cu. Correlations between concentration of heavy metals in water and fish organs were elucidated. The concentrations of heavy metals in fish samples indicated that Tilapia zillii were higher than those of Mugil cephalus, which is attributed to their feeding behavior. It was found that these metals have been accumulated in fish organs in different concentrations, which were much higher, several times in some cases, than those found in the surrounding water. The analysis of variance (ANOVA, 1-way analysis) for heavy metals in water and fish organs indicated significant difference. Bioaccumulation factor values showed that the trend of accumulation of metals in fish organs was apparent in liver, gills and muscle, respectively. Lesions deformations were detected and analyzed to clarify the possible role of water pollution on the efficiency of fish and hence the declining fish production of Lake Qarun. The results suggest that the Lake Qarun system is contaminated with heavy metals and the consumption of fishes of the Lake could pose health damage to the local population whose diet consists mainly of fish. A recommendation is given to rescue Lake Qarun from these serious ecological problems.
92 citations
TL;DR: Essential oils of edible plants could be a potential source for inhibitory substances for some foodborne pathogens.
Abstract: The antibacterial effect of different concentrations (0.01 to 15%) of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) caraway seed (Carum carvi), fennel (Foeniculum vulgar), tarragon (Artmesia dracunculus) and pennyroyal (Mentha pullegium) essential oils on the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was studied in nutrient broth medium. The MIC values of peppermint, fennel, thyme, pennyroyal and caraway essential oils against Escherichia coli were 0.5 +/- 0.03, 1 +/- 0.03, 0.3 +/- 0.01, 0.7 +/- 0.03 and 0.6 +/- 0.02% and in contrast, for Staphylococcus aureus were 0.4 +/- 0.01, 2 +/- 0.13, 0.1 +/- 0.01, 0.5 +/- 0.02 and 0.5 +/- 0.02%, respectively. The MBC values of peppermint, fennel, thyme, pennyroyal and caraway essential oils for Escherichia coli were 0.7 +/- 0.02, 2 +/- 0.05, 0.5 +/- 0.02, 1 +/- 0.02 and 0.8 +/- 0.02 and for Staphylococcus aureus were 0.5 +/- 0.02, 4 +/- 0.26, 0.3 +/- 0.02, 0.7 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.01, respectively. Statistical evaluation of the results indicated that the essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) showed the broadest spectrum of action (p < 0.05). Essential oils of peppermint (Mentha piperita), caraway seed (Carum carvi), pennyroyal (Menthae pullegium) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgar) had moderate effect against tested microorganisms and in contrast, tarragon essential oil were less effective against tested microorganisms. In conclusion, essential oils of edible plants could be a potential source for inhibitory substances for some foodborne pathogens. Natural substances that extracted from plants have applications in controlling pathogens in foods.
91 citations
TL;DR: An ethnobotanical analysis was conducted in order to document the traditional medicinal uses of plants, particularly medicinally important folklore food phytonims of flora of Samahni valley, Azad Kashmir, and some plants are spiritually recorded as sacred and used as ritual plant for good omens or against the evil eye and removal of giant.
Abstract: Ethnobotanical knowledge is one of the precious cultural heritage parts of an area that involves the interaction between plants and people and foremost among these are the management of plant diversity by indigenous communities and the traditional use of medicinal plants. An ethnobotanical analysis was conducted in order to document the traditional medicinal uses of plants, particularly medicinally important folklore food phytonims of flora of Samahni valley, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan). In the valley, inhabitants use different taxa of flora in two different ways; herbal medicines and food (vegetable and fruits) medicines. The distinctive geographic position and historic demological background of the area keep folk phytotherapy potential of medicinal herbs hitherto alive, which are used in various forms; as regular herbal medicines prescribed by Hakeems (herbal practitioners) and as food (medicines) recepies suggested by elder people. Among these, some herbs are used as single remedy while others depict better curative effects in synergistic mode against various ailments. Some interesting and uncommon findings are as; Sisymbrium irio is used for treatment of measles, asthma; Solanum miniatum to cure urinary calculi, heart pain, rheumatism, Momordica balsamina leaves as wound healer; Allium sativum bulb juice as anti cancer, contraceptive, blood pressure; Boerhavia diffusa roots as anti jaundice, anemia, edema; Capsicum annuum fruit as omen against evil eye and giant, yellow fever; Corriandrum sativum seeds as diuretic, anti spermatogenesis; Raphanus sativus seeds against syphilis; Solanum miniatum fruit for treatment of enlarged spleen and liver; seed's oil of Pisum sativum as anti spermatogenesis; Bauhinia variegata for skin diseases, ulcers; Malva sylvestris for cough, bladder ulcer; Phoenix sylvestris kernel as anti-aging tonic; Phyllanthus emblica for diuretic, anemia, biliousness; Terminalia chebula to cure chronic ulcers, carious teeth pain, heart problems; Veronica anthelmintica for bandage of broken bones and Withania coagulans is used to treat small pox. Many wild plants are eaten green and raw as salad, or in boiled form of soup as blood and intestine cleansing tonics. Moreover, some plants are spiritually recorded as sacred and used as ritual plant for good omens or against the evil eye and removal of giant. About 95 species of 38 families were recorded to be important part of phyto heritage of folk pharmacopoeia of Samahni valley. Among most frequent used families are Papilionaceae 9.47%, Solanaceae and Poaceae 8.42% each, Cucurbitaceae 7.36% and Brassicaceae and Rosaceae 6.31% each. Among the surveyed families used to treat various diseases, Solanaceae is at first rank with 9.74%, Brassicaceae 8.23% and Cucurbitaceae 7.39% subsequently. Most commonly used families with highest percentage of plants used as food medicines are Solanaceae (11.37%), Brassicaceae (8.38%) and Papilionaceae (7.18%) respectively. Most frequent plant parts used are; roots, leaves, seeds and flowers while popular forms of plants uses are decoction, poultice, infusions, soups and raw form as salad. Importance of ethnobotanical inventory constructed from ethnomedicinal uses and folklore phytonims of flora in perspectives of initiative for future phytochemical and pharmacological research on these taxa to develop and discover of new drugs is present and discussed.
89 citations
TL;DR: Foliar spray of Zn, Mn and B along with urea significantly increased the concentration of ZN and Mn in citrus leaves, while the concentrationof B was not affected with foliar spray, suggesting that each micronutrient had different role on the quality of citrus fruit.
Abstract: An experiment was designed to study the effect of foliar application of micronutrients on the yield, quality and leaf composition of sweet orange, Blood red variety at Shabazgari, Mardan. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in 2) factorial arrangement. Zinc, manganese and boron were applied as foliar spray at the rate of 0.4, 0.2 and 0.04 kg ha(-1), respectively in the presence of 1.56 kg N ha(-1) as urea and 0.4 kg surfactance ha(-1) (as wetting agent) in 400 L of water. The maximum fruit yield was obtained, when 0.4 kg Zn ha(-1) and 0.2 kg Mn ha(-1) was sprayed along with 1.56 kg N ha(-1) and 0.4 kg surfactance ha(-1) in 400 L of water. The minimum % peel was obtained with B alone and minimum % rag with Zn + Mn, maximum fruit size with Zn + B and maximum fruit volume with Zn + Mn. Similarly, % juice in sweet oranges was increased significantly by B alone, reducing sugar by Mn alone and vitamin C contents by Zn + B through foliar spray, suggested that each micronutrient had different role on the quality of citrus fruit. Foliar spray of Zn, Mn and B along with urea significantly increased the concentration of Zn and Mn in citrus leaves, while the concentration of B was not affected with foliar spray, perhaps due to dilution within the citrus tissues. Therefore, it is suggested that either Zn+Mn or Zn+B may be applied as foliar spray in combination with urea and surfactance for getting the maximum yield and improved quality of citrus fruit under prevailing conditions.
80 citations
TL;DR: The chemical analysis of flesh and pit of two varieties of date palm fruit as well as the radical scavenging activity of their extracts was undertaken and showed that the total sugars could present over 60% of the dry weight of date flesh in two studied varieties.
Abstract: The chemical analysis of flesh and pit of two varieties of date palm fruit (Deglet nour and Alig) as well as the radical scavenging activity of their extracts was undertaken The fruits were grown in Djerid region (Oasis of Tozeur, Tunisia) Total sugars was measured by HPLC method or with Fehling reagent, crude lipid content was obtained by Soxhlet's extraction, mineral elements were measured by atomic absorption photometer The antioxidant activity of extracts from the flesh and pit of the date fruit was measured on the basis of the scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) free radical Our results showed that the total sugars could present over 60% of the dry weight of date flesh in two studied varieties The content of reducing sugars was higher in Alig variety than Deglet nour For the minerals content, dates flesh were a very good source of several minerals and could be an important source of potassium for regular consumer with a concentration of 061 and 072% (dry matter), respectively from flesh Deglet nour and Alig Concerning the date pit composition, oils content was 1013% in Deglet nour and 1237% in Alig and the total sugars were less than 6% for the two varieties In addition, ethyl acetate extracts from flesh Deglet nour, pit Deglet nour and pit Alig showed an important free radical scavenging activity towards 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
75 citations
TL;DR: The phytochemical studies revealed the presents of important bioactive constituents with antioxidant activity that may have some medicinal properties.
Abstract: Extracts of 42 medicinal plants used for the treatment of anaemia, diabetes, AIDS, malaria and obesity were screened for phytochemical substances and antioxidant potentials. The plant extracts were prepared as hydrolysed (for total antioxidant) and non-hydrolysed (for free antioxidant). Extracts were analysed using three different assay methods for antioxidant analysis: Folin (Folin Ciocalteu reagent), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). The leaves of Alchornea cordifolia showed the highest antioxidant properties as determined by both Folin and FRAP free antioxidant, followed by Dacryodes edulis and Ocimum basilicum in FRAP and by Dacryodes edulis, Harungana madagascariensis for Folin and DPPH method. For total antioxidant activity, Alchornea cordifolia was ranked first followed by Dacryodes edulis, Harungana madagascariensis, Ocimum basilicum for the FRAP method while for the Folin method Harungana madagascariensis occupied the first position followed by Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Ocimum basilicum, Coleus coprosifolius, Alchornea cordifolia, Dacryodes edulis. All the plants show some antioxidant activity irrespective of the method used. The phytochemical studies revealed the presents of important bioactive constituents with antioxidant activity that may have some medicinal properties.
72 citations
TL;DR: Combination treatment with clozapine and ECT was safe and effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients and should be considered for the treatment of treatment- resistant schizophrenia patients.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the results of treatment with clozapine alone, Electroshock (ECT) alone and the combination of clozapine with ECT in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Eighteen treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients were assigned to three equal groups: one group was given clozapine; one group was treated with ECT and one group was treated with the combination of clozapine and ECT. The treatment response was evaluated using the PANSS criteria and the data were analyzed with ANOVA. Combination therapy was superior to single modality therapy. The reduction of PANSS scores was 46% in the clozapine group, 40% in the ECT groups and 71% in the combination group, the difference between the combination group and the other groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Patients had a quick response to combination treatment, which resulted in a higher cure rate of positive and negative symptoms and improved the patients general performance. There were no significant adverse effects with combination treatment. Combination treatment with clozapine and ECT was safe and effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. It should be considered for the treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients.
70 citations
TL;DR: It was found that group D receiving 40 g kg(-1) of black seed in the feed had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on mean body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage and weight of different body organs (breast and thigh).
Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of feed added black seed (Nigella sativa L.) on the overall performance and immunity of broiler chicks at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar in May 2005. Four experimental rations designated as A, B, C and D having black seed at the rate of 0, 20, 30 and 40 g kg(-1) feed were fed to 160 broiler chicks, randomly distributed into 16 replicates, so as to have 4 replicates per group and 10 chicks per replicate. The experiment was lasted for 35 days. Average weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, weight of different body organs (breast, thigh, intestine), giblets (liver, gizzard), abdominal fat weight, antibody titer against ND, IB and IBD were used as criteria of response. Economics for each group was calculated at the end of experimental period. It was found that group D receiving 40 g kg(-1) of black seed in the feed had a significant (p 0.05) effect was observed in gizzard, intestine, weight of abdominal fat and feed cost. Antibody titer against ND and IBD were higher in group D, however high antibody titer against IB was recorded in group C. Return per unit of feed cost and gross return were significantly (p < 0.05) effected by group D.
TL;DR: Three strains of Aedes aegypti collected in 2006 from three major cities in Indonesia were tested to determine their resistance status to pyrethroid (permethrin and deltamethrin) and also the resistance mechanisms regarding three detoxifying enzymes, i.e., oxidase, esterase A and esterases B, which suggested that detoxifying enzyme apparently were involved in the development of resistance in Bandung strain.
Abstract: Three strains of Aedes aegypti collected in 2006 from three major cities in Indonesia, i.e., Bandung, Palembang and Surabaya, were tested to determine their resistance status to pyrethroid (permethrin and deltamethrin) and also the resistance mechanisms regarding three detoxifying enzymes, i.e., oxidase, esterase A and esterase B. The resistance level was expressed as Resistance Ratio (RR) compared to the susceptible VCRU strain. Results of this study showed that Ae. aegypti in Indonesia has developed tolerance to permethrin and deltamethrin, except in the Bandung strain, which was resistant to permethrin and deltametherin with RR90 79.3 and 23.7, respectively. The study also suggested that detoxifying enzymes (oxidase, esterase A and esterase B) apparently were involved in the development of resistance in Bandung strain as indicated by the high level of activity of those enzymes in Bandung strain compared to other more susceptible strains. Although there is a possibility that other mechanisms, such as a target-site resistance mechanism, in Bandung strain were also involved.
TL;DR: It appears that cigarette smoking is associated with reduced sperm quality and the risk of idiopathic male infertility in smoker men.
Abstract: In this research we investigated the effect of cigarette smoking on sperm parameters both before and after swim-up. Semen sample provided from fertile smoker (n = 25), fertile nonsmoker (n = 21), infertile smoker (n = 23) and infertile nonsmoker men (n = 32). Semen analysis was performed manually according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards guidelines. Present research showed that sperm parameters quality in smoker men was approximately lower than nonsmoker men. As well as present research showed that cigarette smoking has dose dependent effect on sperm parameters, but this effect was not significant. Therefore, it appears that cigarette smoking is associated with reduced sperm quality and the risk of idiopathic male infertility in smoker men.
TL;DR: Ethyl acetate fraction showed potential as alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and demonstrated depressed postprandial blood glucose level and may have potential use in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Abstract: The compounds that could inhibit the activity of a-glucosidase are potentially used for antidiabetic by suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia. This research aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic activity in A. terreus koji extracted by ethyl acetate. The extracts was dissolved in methanol: water (1:4), followed by fractionations with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was assayed for its activity against a-glucosidase. The active fraction was purified by column chromatography using silica gel and resin as adsorbent. The kopi extract showed potential as alpha-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 <10 microg mL(-1) and showed combination of non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition mode against a-glucosidase. Ethyl acetate fraction showed potential as inhibitor alpha-glucosidase with IC50 = 8.6 microg mL(-1). In animal experiment, active fraction (F10-4) of ethyl acetate fraction suppressed the increase of postprandial blood glucosidase level compare to the control. Thus it showed potential as alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and demonstrated depressed postprandial blood glucose level and may have potential use in the management of type 2 diabetes.
TL;DR: Results showed a significant decrease in total glycogen, total lipids and total protein of liver, muscles and gills after 24 and 96 h of exposure to 96 h LC50 of hexavalent chromium (43.7 mg L(-1).
Abstract: In nature chromium occurs in divalent, trivalent and hexavalent forms. Hexavalent chromium predominates over the trivalent form in natural waters. Knowledge of acute toxicity of a xenobiotic often can be very helpful in predicting and preventing acute damage to aquatic life in receiving waters as well as in regulating toxic waste discharges. The 96 h LC50 tests can be used to obtain toxicity data as rapidly and inexpensively as possible. In the present study, results showed a significant decrease in total glycogen, total lipids and total protein of liver, muscles and gills after 24 and 96 h of exposure to 96 h LC50 of hexavalent chromium (43.7 mg L(-1)). Cytotoxicity of metals is important because some metals are potential mutagens able to induce tumors in humans and experimental animals, the treatment of(Cr VI) at 43.7 mg L(-1) was for 24 and 96 h, respectively. DNA was extracted after treatment from brain and liver of the tested fish. Our results showed appearance of polymorphic bands at the long treatment interval (96 h) ofhexavalent chromium. However, these bands were not appeared when the fish were exposed to the (Cr VI) for the short treatment interval (24 h). Histopathological changes were seen in liver, muscle and gills sections of chromium-exposed fishes. The obtained results were discussed in the study research.
TL;DR: The hepatoprotective effects of garlic, ginger and vitamin E pre-treatment against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in male wistar albino rats were investigated and the observed alteration in the normal architecture of the hepatic cells decreased remarkably in pre-treated rats.
Abstract: The hepatoprotective effects of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and vitamin E pre-treatment against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in male wistar albino rats were investigated. Carbon tetrachloride (0.5 mL kg(-1) body weight) was administered after 28 days of feeding animals with diets containing ginger, garlic, vitamin E and various mixtures of ginger and garlic. Serum alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, 24 h after CCl4 administration, decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) in rats pre-treated with garlic, ginger, vitamin E and various mixtures of garlic and ginger than in CCl4-treated rats only. Lipid peroxidation expressed by serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was assayed to assess the extent of liver damage by CCl4; including the extent of hepatoprotection by garlic, ginger and vitamin E. MDA concentration was significantly decreased (p < or = 0.05) in rats pretreated with garlic, ginger, vitamin E and various mixtures of garlic and ginger than in rats administered CCl4-alone. Histological examination of the liver revealed severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in rats treated with CCl4 alone. However, the observed alteration in the normal architecture of the hepatic cells decreased remarkably in pre-treated rats.
TL;DR: There were no significant treatment differences for weight of egg components or shell thickness, but albumen height and HU were higher in the second fortnight for the groups receiving organic zinc at 25 or 50 mg kg(-1) than in the un-supplemented group.
Abstract: Eighty layer hens were assigned in a completely randomized design to four dietary treatments containing zinc sulphate or organic zinc as Albino-Zn in two levels of 25 or 50 ppm. Feed intake was expressed on a per hen basis. Daily egg collection was expressed on a hen-day basis. Eggs were weighed to calculate egg mass. Feed conversion ratio was calculated as feed consumed per egg mass. Also all eggs produced on days 14, 28 and 42 were collected and used for egg quality parameters. Albumen height was measured and HU was calculated. The yolk and dried shell were weighed then albumen weight was calculated. There was no effect of zinc source or zinc level on egg production, egg weight or feed conversion ratio. However, feed intake was lower in the group receiving 50 mg kg(-1) organic zinc. There were no significant treatment differences for weight of egg components or shell thickness, but albumen height and HU were higher in the second fortnight for the groups receiving organic zinc at 25 or 50 mg kg(-1) than in the un-supplemented group.
TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of free and bound polyphenols from Telfairia occidentalis (darkish green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup and folk medicine for the management of many diseases in Nigeria) leaves were compared.
Abstract: In this study the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of free and bound polyphenols from Telfairia occidentalis (darkish green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup and folk medicine for the management of many diseases in Nigeria) leaves were compared. Free soluble polyphenols were extracted with 80% acetone, while the bound polyphenols were extracted from the acid and alkaline hydrolyzed residue of the leaf from free soluble polyphenols using ethyl acetate. The total phenol, DPPH free radical scavenging ability and reducing property were determined; subsequently the ability of the extracts to prevent acetaminophen (megadose) induced liver damage in rats were also assessed. Change in serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total protein and bilirubin were also determined. The results of the study revealed that the free soluble polyphenols content in the vegetable were significantly higher (p 0.05) in serum bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins in the rats. However, simultaneous intubations of some of the rat with 10 mg or 20 mg mL(-1) of T. occidentalis leaf extract (free soluble or bound polyphenols) along side with the acetaminophen caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum ALP, GOT and GPT (except those intubated with bound polyphenols). Free soluble polyphenols had higher protective effect on the liver than the bound polyphenols; however there action were not dose-dependent. It could be inferred that both soluble free and bound polyphenols extracts of T. occidentails leaf have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, however soluble free polyphenols had significantly higher antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties than the bound polyphenols.
TL;DR: It is concluded that it is necessary to perform D-test for detection of inducible clindamycin in staphylococci in routine laboratory practices.
Abstract: The incidence of inducible clindamycin resistance were studied in Milad Hospital of Tehran, Iran. Of 175 isolates of S. aureus 17 (9.7%) isolates showed inducible clindamycin resistance. Of 17 inducible clindamycin isolates of S. aureus, 11 strains were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 6 isolates were methicillin susceptible S. aureus) (MSSA). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linozolide. We conclude that it is necessary to perform D-test for detection of inducible clindamycin in staphylococci in routine laboratory practices.
TL;DR: Combined treatment of lead-exposed animals with Nigella sativa showed marked improvement in both biochemical and histopathological findings as well as reduction in the damaged areas of lead acetate-induced rats' toxicity in particularly on liver and kidney.
Abstract: Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment and some of them occur in food, water, air and tissues even in the absence of occupational exposure. Among of these lead, (Pb) is a hazardous substance to human and animals. The present study was carried out to investigate the possible protective effect of co-administered Nigella sativa seeds on lead acetate-induced rats' toxicity in particularly on liver and kidney. Thirty-six male rats were divided into six groups, 6 rats each. The first group was served as a control, while the second group was fed on the basal diet with Nigella sativa addition, whereas the other groups contained lead acetate (10 and 20% of LD50) with and without Nigella sativa supplementation for six weeks. At the end of the feeding period, rats were fasted over night and anesthetized and blood and tissue samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological studies. The results of this study revealed that lead acetate caused significant elevations in AST, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. Lead treatment also produced significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Histopathological observations showed severe damage in the liver and kidneys. Its damaged areas were measured using Image analyzer. Combined treatment of lead-exposed animals with Nigella sativa showed marked improvement in both biochemical and histopathological findings as well as reduction in the damaged areas. These experimental results strongly indicate the protective effect of Nigella sativa against toxic effect of lead on liver and kidney tissues.
TL;DR: Study of some rhamnolipid properties showed that sunflower oil, heptadecane and paraffin were efficiently emulsified and emulsions formed with vegetable oils were more stable than emulsion formed with hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Biosurfactant produced from P aeruginosa RB 28 was extracted, purified and characterized Thin layer chromatography results showed that the extract contained two different compounds The identification of the nature of the two compounds showed that they were glycolipids and rhamnose was the sugar moiety in these glycolipids It was concluded that these compounds were rhamnolipids The production of biosurfactant was started at late log phase and reached its maximal level (27 g L(-1)) at the stationary phase Study of some rhamnolipid properties showed that sunflower oil, heptadecane and paraffin were efficiently emulsified and emulsions formed with vegetable oils (olive oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) were more stable than emulsions formed with hydrocarbons
TL;DR: It seems that the relaxation effect of extract alcoholic parsley seed on the contraction of ileum is performed by blocking of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Abstract: Traditional herbal medicines such as Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) have been used for treatment of intestinal disorders in Iran To date no pharmacological evidence for their effectiveness has been reported The aim of this study was to examine the relaxant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Petroselinum crispum on isolated adult male Wistar rat's ileum contraction by KCl 60 (mM) The extract was prepared from parsley seed with 80% ethanol A portion of ileum was removed and placed in an organ bath containing Tyrode solution (37 degrees C, pH = 74) bubbled with air From a resting tension of 1 g, isotonic Transducer and Harvard Universal Oscillograph were used for recording contraction of ileum after administration of 60 mM KCl Various concentration of extract were added to the bath This experiment showed that, the extract in a dose-dependent manner decreased the induced-KCl ileums contraction (n = 7, p < 0001) Also adding extract before influence of KCl, cause reduced effect of KCl (n = 7, p < 0001) In addition, the Tyrode solution without CaCl2 and high concentration of K+, various concentration of extract significantly (n = 7, p < 0001) decreased the CaCl2-induced contraction Therefore, it seems that the relaxation effect of extract alcoholic parsley seed on the contraction of ileum is performed by blocking of voltage-gated calcium channels
TL;DR: This result indicates that P. hyrcanium contains high levels of phenolic compounds that may contribute to higher free radical scavenging activity compared to the other extracts of the plants in this study.
Abstract: Extracts of five plants were investigated for their total flavonoids, phenol contents and their radical scavenging activity using DPPH assays: Polygonium hyrcanicum, Centaurea depressa, Sambucus ebulus, Mentha spicata and Phytolacca americana. Quercetin and butylated hydroxy toluene were used as standard reference with well-documented antioxidant activity. Total flavonoid content in these plants ranged from 31.6 to 109.5 mg g(-1) and the amount of free phenolic compounds was between 32 and 287.5 mg g(-1) extract powder. Free phenolic compounds content were in the order: P. hyrcanium > M. spicata > S. ebulus > C. depressa > P. americana. It was also observed that all methanolic extract samples of studied plants showed free radical scavenging activity. The highest antioxidant activity was found in P. hyrcanium with an IC 50 equal to 0.036 mg mL(-1) that is higher than BHT (IC 50 = 0.054). A correlation between radical scavenging capacities of extracts with total phenolic compounds content was observed. This result indicates that P. hyrcanium contains high levels of phenolic compounds that may contribute to higher free radical scavenging activity compared to the other extracts of the plants in this study.
TL;DR: Priming increased the final germination percentage and the germination rate (1/t 50, where t 50 is the time to 50% of germination) under saline condition and alleviated the adverse effect of salt stress on sugar beet.
Abstract: The study was carried out to assess whether water uptake could be improved in sugar beet seeds and salt tolerance at the germination and early seedling stage by soaking the seeds for 10 h in distilled water (control), 100, 150 and 200 mg L(-1) GA3. Electrical Conductivity (EC) values of the NaCl solution were 0.0 (control), 4.7, 9.4 and 14.1 dS n(-1) NaCl. Priming increased the final germination percentage and the germination rate (1/t 50, where t 50 is the time to 50% of germination) under saline condition. Water uptake of primed seeds also increased significantly with increasing concentration of GA3 as compared to control. Priming also alleviated the adverse effect of salt stress on sugar beet in terms of roots and shoots lengths and fresh weights of plants, roots and shoots.
TL;DR: The mean values of glucose and cholesterol were significantly decreased in subjects after Ramadan, although none of these decreases reached to a level with pathological significance, and no significant changes in serum levels of triglyceride were noted.
Abstract: Fasting during holy month, Ramadan, is a religious obligation for all adult healthy Muslims. During this month Muslims are allowed to eat and drink between sunset and dawn. However, they are not allowed to eat and drink after dawn. To assess the effects of fasting on weight, BMI (Body Mass Index) and some blood indices, we recruited 28 overweight male volunteers aged 20-26 years. They were on a balanced diet of 2000 calories, containing 70 g protein, 350 g carbohydrate and 35.5 g lipid during Ramadan, while they were on a free diet before Ramadan. Subjects were requested to drink more than 6 glasses (about 1.5 L) of water or fruit juice every night between sunset to dawn during Ramadan. Serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride as well as weight and BMI were measured in all subjects one day before and after Ramadan. Fasting resulted in significant (p<0.05) decreases in the mean values of both, weight and the BMI. Similarly, the mean values of glucose and cholesterol were significantly decreased in subjects after Ramadan, although none of these decreases reached to a level with pathological significance. Conversely, no significant changes in serum levels of triglyceride were noted.
TL;DR: The levels ofAFM1 in total samples indicated that feeds for cows in this region were contaminated with AFB1 in such a level that appears to be a serious public health problem at the moment, and there is a need to limit exposure to aflatoxins by imposing regulatory limits.
Abstract: During the years 2005 and 2006, samples of raw and of pasteurized milk (72 samples each) were collected randomly from various parts of Urmia city in Iran for the detection of aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxin M1 levels were assessed by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). There was a high incidence of AFM1 (100%), in both raw and pasteurized milk samples. The AFM1 levels in 6.25% of samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union (50 ng L(-1)), while the observed mean ofAFM1 was lower than those proposed for European diets. Maximum level ofAFM1 in raw and pasteurized samples were 91.8 and 28.5 ng L(-1), while minimum levels were 4.3 and 5.1 ng L(-1), respectively. The levels ofAFM1 in total samples indicated that feeds for cows in this region were contaminated with AFB1 in such a level that appears to be a serious public health problem at the moment. Therefore, there is a need to limit exposure to aflatoxins by imposing regulatory limits.
TL;DR: A concerted effort in breeding cassava for drought tolerance is needed as cassava cultivation is expanding into nontraditional semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
Abstract: Nine cassava genotypes were evaluated for their growth responses and adaptability to soil moisture stress on the field and in the screenhouse in Nigeria. Genotypes were evaluated in three savanna agroecologies in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Screenhouse evaluation was conducted using three moisture regimes of 75, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) in a two-factor factorial experiment in CRD with three replicates. Morphological and yield data were collected on the field and in the screenhouse. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) difference among genotypes on the field and in the screenhouse. Field moisture stress led to a decline in plant height by 47%, stem girth by 15%, number of tubers by 95% and tuber yield by 87%. Screenhouse moisture condition of 25% FC led to a reduction in plant height by 12.6 and 21.2%, stem girth by 16.3 and 21.7%, number of roots by 94.5 and 88.7% and root weight by 93.3 and 94.9%, respectively at 16 and 30 WAP. Moisture stress therefore resulted into considerable reduction in both vegetative growth and yield of cassava genotypes. Therefore, a concerted effort in breeding cassava for drought tolerance is needed as cassava cultivation is expanding into nontraditional semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Germplasm introduced from Latin America (especially north-eastern Brazil) is providing a unique source of variability to further broaden the genetic base for drought tolerance in cassava.
TL;DR: It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis possesses hypoglycemic effect in alloxan diabetic rats and could be useful in the ethnotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
Abstract: The blood glucose lowering effect of the ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfaria occidentalis in normoglycemic, alloxan-diabetic and glucose loaded rats was determined. Ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfairia occidentialis was administered at two dose levels (100 and 250 mg kg(-1)) to both normoglycemic and alloxan diabetic Wilstar albino rats. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the rats at 1, 2 and 4 h. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was carried out by administering 100 and 250 mg kg(-1) of the extract to glucose loaded rats (1 g kg(-1)) and blood was collected from the tail vein of rats at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Blood glucose level was determined using a glucometer. Standard methods were used for phytochemical screening of the extract. The results showed that 100 mg kg(-1) ethanolic extract of seed of T. occidentalis reduced blood glucose concentration significantly only in the alloxan diabetic and not in the normoglycemic rats. 250 mg kg(-1) extract did not show this effect. The extract did not affect the oral glucose tolerance of rats when administered simultaneously or 1 h before glucose loading. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins and terpenes. It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis possesses hypoglycemic effect in alloxan diabetic rats and could be useful in the ethnotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the phytoplankton groups provide the main support for earthen pond aquaculture in the pond compared to zooplankon classes.
Abstract: The present study provides a characterization of water quality and plankton samples in earthen fish pond in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Sampling was done over a period of six months, running from October, 2004 through March, 2005. All the water quality parameters were within the optimal ranges for plankton productivity. Temperatures varied from 19.75 to 27.25 degrees C; transparency, 24.75-29.50 cm; pH, 6.62-7.85; Dissolved Oxygen (DO), 3.87-5.85 mg L(-1); free CO2 5.25-7.25 mg L(-1) and bicarbonate (HCO3) alkalinity, 81.25-147.5 mg L(-1). Analyses of plankton samples recorded a total of 5 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae and 2 classes of zooplankton; Crustacea and Rotifera. The phytoplankton population was comprised of 17 genera belonging to Cyanophyceae (5 classes, 34.47%), Bacillariophyceae (3, 13.87%), Cyanophyceae (3, 34.48%), Euglenophyceae (3, 10.68%) and 1 to Dinophyceae (6.50%). The zooplankton population consisted of 10 genera belonging to Rotifera (4, 40.13%) and Crustacea (6, 59.87%). Phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance varied from 60800 to 239400 units/l and 7620 to 12160 units/l, respectively. It is concluded that the phytoplankton groups provide the main support for earthen pond aquaculture in the pond compared to zooplankton classes. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond plankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on plankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
TL;DR: The roots and leaves respiration of two maize cultivars -704 and 301- were determined in various concentrations of PEG 6000 and Relative Water Content (RWC) was used to indicate the degree of stress.
Abstract: Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors that reduce growth, development and production of plants. Stress was applied with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 6000 and water potentials were: zero (control), -0.15 (PEG 10%), -0.49 (PEG 20%), -1.03 (PEG 30%) and -1.76 (PEG 40%) MPa. The roots and leaves respiration of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars -704 and 301- were determined in various concentrations of PEG 6000. Oxygen uptake declined in leaves and roots with increasing PEG concentrations. Decrease of oxygen uptake in roots and leaves of 704 variety were higher than 301 variety. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but carotenoids content increased (p < 0.05) under water stress. Decrease of chlorophyll content in 704 var. was higher than 301 var., but carotenoids content in 301 var. was higher than 704 var. Relative Water Content (RWC) was used to indicate the degree of stress. RWC decreased with increasing PEG concentrations. Lowering of RWC reduced growth and increased shoot/root ratio. Decrease of water content in 704 plants was higher than 301 plants. Shoot/root ratio in 704 var. was higher than 301 var.