Showing papers in "Pharmacology & Therapeutics in 1994"

TL;DR: This review proposes a new way of defining receptors for nucleotides, based on agonist potency order, transduction mechanisms and molecular structure, that will give a more ordered and logical approach to accommodating new findings.

TL;DR: The history of hemorrhagic toxin research is discussed with emphasis on the Crotalus atrox proteinases, the structural similarities observed among the hemorrhagic toxins are outlined, and the structural relationships of the toxins to the mammalian reproductive proteins are described.

TL;DR: Progress has been made in understanding the function of DA-containing discrete brain nuclei and the functional consequence of the DA's interaction with other neurotransmitters, and some of the latest advances in these various areas are explored.

TL;DR: The oxidative stress theory of neurodegeneration, on excitotoxin-induced cell damage and on impairment of mitochondrial function are focused on as three major noxae being the most likely causes of cell death either independently or in connection with each other.

TL;DR: The history of efforts to take advantage of certain infectious disease processes to treat primarily inoperable sarcoma and their corresponding relevance to present day immunotherapy are examined.

TL;DR: An effort is made to place the many different approaches to anti-angiogenesis research into a comprehensible structure, in order to identify problems of evaluation and interpretation, thereby providing a clearer basis for determining promising and needed directions for further investigation.

TL;DR: The distribution and function of different 5-HT receptor types present on vascular smooth muscle, endothelium and perivascular neurones are reviewed, and ways in which they can be positively defined and differentiated using traditional pharmacological approaches are considered.

TL;DR: The drawbacks of targeting solid tumors and the advantages of the 'vascular targeting' approach are discussed, the validation of the concept in a mouse model is described and the properties of tumor endothelial cell markers are summarized, which are candidates for vascular targeting in humans.

TL;DR: The phototherapeutic potential (in particular, anticancer and antiviral aspects) of nonporphyrin photosensitizers (as a new generation of phototherAPEutic agents) are summarized in more detail, which have been relatively much less reviewed hitherto.

TL;DR: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) gene expression is correlated with synapse formation during development and regeneration and IGFs are now identified as the first soluble nerve- and muscle-derived neurotrophic factors found to regulate the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration.

TL;DR: A series of murine monoclonal antibodies directed against human growth factor receptors and their corresponding growth factors have been produced and some of them have shown promising preclinical activity and are being tested in clinical trials.

TL;DR: Use of metabolic suicide genes in gene therapy of cancer and human immunodeficiency virus is reviewed, and several clinical trials employing suicide genes are described.

TL;DR: The demonstration that mutations in Pax-1, Pax-3 and Pax-6 are linked with various murine mutants and human diseases confirms the importance of these genes as essential morphoregulators.

TL;DR: In vitro, CNTF supports the survival of all classes of peripheral nervous system neurons plus many CNS neurons, induces neurite outgrowth, promotes a cholinergic phenotype in sympathetic neurons and arrests division of neuronal precursor cells.

TL;DR: A wide range of glucuronide-, glutathione- and sulfate-conjugates are transported by this system, and TR- rats, which lack c MOAT activity, have been valuable in defining the substrate specificity of cMOAT.

TL;DR: "Dietary fibre" includes a range of relatively poorly digested food substances mainly composed of non-starch polysaccharides, including pectins and gums, which are used to delay gastric emptying and improve glycemic control in diabetes, as well as to alleviate constipation.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the available information about the factors that determine breast milk contents of micronutrients, and to highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind these changes.

TL;DR: The different targeting mechanisms available to the pharmaceutical scientist to provide site-specific delivery in the gastrointestinal tract will be critically assessed.

TL;DR: By cross-relating the available data, this review attempts to tentatively assign behavioural and other in vivo correlates of these receptor subtypes, to develop an integrated view of 5-HT1D receptor dysfunction in man.

TL;DR: The bioequivalence requirements for generic products are reviewed and, in the interest of promoting international harmonisation, those areas where differences exist among countries are highlighted.

TL;DR: The clinical role of drugs acting on 5-HT receptors in the treatment of emesis, diarrhoea, the control of abdominal pain and discomfort and the rectification of gastrointestinal motility is identified.

TL;DR: This review presents only those contributions that have progressed from the bench to the clinic using murine monoclonal antibodies coupled chemically to toxins, their subunits or ribosome-inactivating proteins.

TL;DR: It will be illustrated that all calcium antagonists are not identical pharmacological agents and that their therapeutic action is related to vasodilatation.

TL;DR: Oral rehydration therapy with glucose-electrolyte solutions has been considered to be one of the greatest therapeutic advances of this century and may have wider applications in the management of patients with the short bowel syndrome and in post-surgical patients.

TL;DR: The changes in gene transcription that occur during preadipocyte differentiation are reviewed and how these are regulated and the potential role of autocrine/paracrine acting factors in the proliferation and differentiation of the preadIPocyte is discussed.

TL;DR: Atherosclerosis may follow sudden loss of architectural integrity of the intimal plaque by three different mechanisms: plaque fissuring, intraluminal plaque rupture or intramural hemorrhage related to abnormal vessel wall stress and/or biochemistry.

TL;DR: Evidence for an influence of salicylates on circulating and lamina propria inflammatory cells is presented, as well as actions on adhesion molecules, chemotactic peptides and inflammatory mediators, such as eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, cytokines or reactive oxygen metabolites.

TL;DR: In vitro in vitro assays should facilitate the search for potential inhibitors of IN with the ultimate goal of providing a means to halt retroviral infections, such as that which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), effectively.

TL;DR: A toxic protein, stonustoxin (SNTX), was purified from the venom of S. horrida: the primary lethal action has been attributed to its potent endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant activity causing a rapid, marked and irreversible hypotension.

TL;DR: Intracellular signalling pathways mediating the effects of oncogenes on cell growth and transformation offer novel targets for the development of anticancer drugs, and it may be sufficient to target a component of the signalling pathway activated by the oncogene rather than theOncogene product itself.