Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 2008"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that technological innovation is a contextual process whose relevance should be assessed depending on the socioeconomic condition it is embedded in, and they sketch a scarcity-induced innovation framework to analyse such paths and provide a brief account of institutional aspects of planning and policy.

TL;DR: The most farreaching recommendation of Vannevar Bush's famous July 1945 report, Science-the Endless Frontier, was that it was in the nation's best interest for the federal government to fund university research as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: The authors analyzes the parallel paths of technology policy in Japan and the US over the last three decades and finds that the development cycle in both countries is governed by four ecosystem principles: sustainable development through substitution, self-propagation through co-evolution, organizational inertia and inspired learning from competitors, and heterogeneous synergy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the capacity for science and technology (S&T) and innovation in China, including the factors that influence capacity building, the supporting policies for implementing the Medium and Long-term National Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020), and the promotion of capacity building for S&T and innovation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and map the players in the field of biomass digestion technology in Tanzania and analyze to what extent a system of innovation can be identified, and find that major challenges exist with respect to financing and supportive policies.

TL;DR: In this paper, an in-depth literature review was carried out, followed by interviews with experts in procurement departments, which helped us to understand and evaluate the major concerns of companies that have already adopted an e-procurement system.

TL;DR: The authors examines how nanotechnology will raise new science and policy questions and lead to new strategic linkages that will have a major impact on the futures of these nations for decades to come.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive plan for conversion, over a 30-50 year period, to available and affordable technological options that can accomplish the replacement of 98% of US fossil fuel needs and the reduction of 97% of present US CO2 emissions.

TL;DR: The development, implementation, and diffusion of fast-neutron reactors could reduce that waste to short-lived manageable amounts as mentioned in this paper, which could provide the power and water needed to change a suffering world to one of abundance.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that unless another major shift in S&T policy occurs, there is real danger that India will not move beyond its status as a blue-collar science and technology power.

TL;DR: In this article, a series of short vignettes describing political, economic, and scientific milestones for China, India, and the United States illustrates the domestic evolution of the three countries since the middle of the twentieth century and the relationships among them.

TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors argue that although there has been notable progress during the past 30 years, it will take another 50 years to forge a prosperous society that enjoys the benefits of science and technology.

TL;DR: The US has emerged as the world leader in science and technology research and development in the 60 years following World War II as discussed by the authors, due to a successful public-private partnership in research and higher education fostered after the war, and to the fiercely competitive and innovative nature of US industry.

TL;DR: In this paper, a new generation of innovative, small-scale technologies is needed to prevent and control pollution, and to restore watersheds, which are needed to address the water issues of the future.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis of software development in China and India is performed to identify similarities and disparities in their institutional systems that have an impact on their software development, which can provide important insight into the development of science and technology in a global context.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the human resources for science and technology (HRST) competitiveness of 42 countries and regional economies based on the 2006 The World Competitiveness Yearbook published by IMD.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the model and its shortcomings, focusing on implications for innovation policy of the emergence of the "globalally networked enterprise" and propose a new model to address the shortcomings of the current model.

TL;DR: The post-war shift in US technology and science policies has been somewhat misunderstood as mentioned in this paper, and the consequences of the US neglect of diffusion are most evident in health care, with government spending huge sums on research while disregarding service delivery.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at knowledge production in different countries vis-a-vis their economic strength, and then position India within this landscape, and conclude that science and technology in India rest on four pillars: (1) techno-nationalism, (2) inclusive growth, (3) techno globalism, and (4) global leadership.

TL;DR: It is argued that public acceptance can be achieved if the service station is designed to be as safe as any petrol service station, and a safety system can be built that will create the defined tolerable risk level.

TL;DR: The authors in this paper proposed a framework for engineering technology and engineering education in China, which is based on the following framework: within the first 20 years, China will build a moderately prosperous society with higher standards featuring a more developed economy, greater democracy, advanced science and education, more social harmony, and a more affluent life for the Chinese people.

TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors pointed out that not only have science and technology received growing priority in China's development strategy, but basic research has also received greater attention in the country's policies on Science and technology.

TL;DR: In this article, a self-assembly-based technique for the production of structural ceramics has been proposed, which has the potential to dramatically affect a range of products such as power turbines and aircraft engines.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the governance of material transfer agreements (MTAs) by analysing architecture already in place in the European Union and the United States, and propose a governance model for research and the progress of science.

TL;DR: In this article, India, China, and the United States have leveraged the growing internationalization of innovation to offset weaknesses in their own national innovation systems and have benefited from the globalization of science and technology (S&T).

TL;DR: In the years preceding India's independence on August 15, 1947, the Indian National Congress focused considerable attention on the importance of science and technology, including scientific planning in an independent country.

TL;DR: In this paper, a lever-based bead-breaking tool was developed to eliminate the drudgery of manual bead breaking by local Nigerian tyre repair artisans, which is based on the lever principle.

TL;DR: The co-evolution of global and national knowledge networks is discussed in this article, where the authors focus on the policy implications for American education; international competitiveness in math, science, and technology; and the shortcomings of American performance in these fields.

TL;DR: Examining infectious disease issues in the context of three countries: China, India, and the United States creates new opportunities and challenges for infectious disease research and practice.

TL;DR: In this paper, the ominous projections of global climate change loom as a unique menace to the survival of civilization and collective action will require the citizens of both technological and emerging nations to collaborate in order to bring about drastic modifications of lifestyle.