Showing papers in "The Journal of Asian Studies in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a market-enhancing view of the role of government in East Asian economic development, in which the capacity of government policy to facilitate or complement private sector co-ordination is examined.
Abstract: The role of government in East Asian economic development has been a continuous issue. Two competing views have shaped enquiries into the source of the rapid growth high-performing Asian economies and attempts to derive a general lesson for other developing economies: the market-friendly view, according to which government intervenes little in the market, and the developmental state view, in which it governs the market. What these views share in common is a conception of market and government as alternative mechanisms for resource allocation. They are distinct only in their judgement of the extent to which market failures have been, and ought to be, remedied by direct government intervention. This collection of essays suggests a breakthrough, third view: the market-enhancing view. Instead of viewing government and the market as mutually exclusive substitutes, it examines the capacity of government policy to facilitate or complement private sector co-ordination. The book starts from the premise that private sector institutions have important comparative advantages over government, in particular in their ability to process information available on site. At the same time, it recognizes that the capabilities of the private sector are more limited in developing economies. The market-enhancing view thus stresses the mechanisms whereby government policy is directed at improving the ability of the private sector to solve co-ordination problems and overcome other market imperfections. In presenting the market-enhancing view, the book recognizes the wide diversity of the roles of government across various East Asian economies-including Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and China-and its path-dependant and developmental stage nature.
204 citations
187 citations
TL;DR: Chan's work is part of a larger project of contemporary Asian American studies to incorporate Chinese as important actors in American history It emphasizes the adaptations of Chinese social organization in the United States, and explains them as necessary and unprecedented responses to unfamiliar challenges as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Each of these epigrams is from an exemplary work of primary research While not entirely exclusive—potential for overlap appears in the ideas of “mutual development” and “transfer” of culture—they each exemplify different research agendas that result in competing narratives of Chinese migration Sucheng Chan's work is part of a larger project of contemporary Asian American studies to incorporate Chinese as important actors in American history It emphasizes the adaptations of Chinese social organization in the United States, and explains them as necessary and unprecedented responses to unfamiliar challenges Although Chan pays more attention than many Asian American historians to Chinese nationalism, transnational families, and continued links to China, she does not follow the implications of these descriptions so far as to reformulate her narrative of migration as a monodirectional relocation followed by locally conditioned transformation (see also S Chan 1991, 63–66,96–97; 1990) In their most extremely America-centered versions, Asian American histories have treated these extra-American phenomena as little more than byproducts of exclusion and racism, and denounced the idea of the temporary Chinese sojourner as an orientalist construction (A Chan 1981)
164 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gurungs (Tamu-Mai) of Central Nepal defined Maithil identity: Who is in charge? 4. Hinduization: The Experience of the Thulung Rai 5. Being Nepali without Nepal: Reflections on a South Asian Diaspora 6. Changing Concepts and Metaphors of Ethnic Identity Among the Mewahang Rai 7. Vestiges and Visions: Cultural Change in the Process of Nation-Building in Nepal
Abstract: 1. Political Identity in Nepal: State, Nation and Community 2. Identity and Change Among the Gurungs (Tamu-Mai) of Central Nepal 3. Defining Maithil Identity: Who is in Charge? 4. Hinduization: The Experience of the Thulung Rai 5. Being Nepali without Nepal: Reflections on a South Asian Diaspora 6. Changing Concepts and Metaphors of Ethnic Identity Among the Mewahang Rai 7. Vestiges and Visions: Cultural Change in the Process of Nation-Building in Nepal
121 citations
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Pearson explores the role of port cities and their orientation, relations between the coast and the interior, the place of the coast in the world economy, and the impact of the Portuguese in the early modern period.
Abstract: In Port Cities and Intruders, historian Michael Pearson explores the role of port cities and their orientation, relations between the coast and the interior, the place of the coast in the world economy, and the impact of the Portuguese in the early modern period.
98 citations
TL;DR: For many decades, Japan was the only advanced industrial country in the world that did not rely on unskilled foreign labor as discussed by the authors, and the Japanese case demonstrated that a country could fully industrialize and sustain high levels of economic growth without becoming dependent on large populations of immigrant workers.
Abstract: For many decades, Japan was the only advanced industrial country in the world that did not rely on unskilled foreign labor. For many observers, the Japanese case demonstrated that a country could fully industrialize and sustain high levels of economic growth without becoming dependent on large populations of immigrant workers. Instead of importing immigrants, Japan was able to meet its increasing demand for unskilled labor power by effectively mechanizing and rationalizing production and further utilizing untapped sources of labor (female and elderly workers). Because of the country's insistence on ethnic homogeneity and its refusal to accept unskilled foreign workers, Japan had been forced to optimize domestic labor productivity and supply, creating a highly efficient and competitive industrial system capable of economic expansion without immigration. This implicitly sustained a “myth of Japanese uniqueness”—the notion that Japan's economic system was unique because it was based on distinctive Japanese ethnocultural qualities.
95 citations
TL;DR: Hagedorn's Dogeaters as discussed by the authors explores the relationship between race, gender, and sexuality in Asian American feminist literature, focusing on the sexual politics of America and its relationship with race and gender.
Abstract: Preface vii INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER ONE Fraternal Devotions: Carlos Bulosan and the Sexual Politics of America 17 CHAPTER TWO Gish Jen and the Gendered Codes of Americanness 44 CHAPTER THREE Transversing Nationalism, Gender, and Sexuality in Jessica Hagedorn's Dogeaters 73 CHAPTER FOUR Global-Local Discourse and Gendered Screen Fictions in Karen Tei Yamashita's Through the Arc of the Rain Forest 106 CONCLUSION Asian American Feminist Literary Criticism on Multiple Terrains 139 APPENDIX ONE Number of Plots in Dogeaters 147 APPENDIX TWO Epigraphs and Other Quoted Material in Dogeaters 148 Notes 151 Works Cited 185 Index 199
90 citations
87 citations
TL;DR: In the village of ukegawa, Japan, a large chestnut tree up on the hillside in the garden of the village doctor's family was used to feed macaques every autumn.
Abstract: In the village of ukegawa there stood, until recently, a large chestnut tree up on the hillside in the garden of the village doctor's family. In the 1960s macaques started to descend from the mountains to feed on the tree every autumn. The old doctor, a kindly man with a well-known fondness for animals, at first indulged the little monkeys. The visitors from the forest also appealed to his curiosity in matters of science, and he even took the opportunity to observe them from the house as they fed. But as their numbers grew and their boldness increased, the doctor's attitude towards the monkeys began to change. His wife made clear her feelings to him about the monkeys stealing all the family's chestnuts, while all he could do was watch them with his binoculars! The doctor reacted by chasing the monkeys away.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the problem of displacement and resettlement in the Narmada valley in all its aspects based on wide-ranging empirical evidence and presented a telling picture of the resettlement situation and its political antecedents.
Abstract: This volume investigates the problem of displacement and resettlement in the Narmada valley in all its aspects. Based on wide-ranging empirical evidence, it presents a telling picture of the resettlement situation and its political antecedents.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors place the dynamics of a national political movement within a richly detailed account of its working at the village level, and show how the movement was used to thwart growing demands for democratic reform, recruiting five million members to become the largest mass organization in Thai history.
Abstract: In the 1970s, the Thai state organized the Village Scout movement to counter communist insurgency. The movement was soon used to thwart growing demands for democratic reform, recruiting five million members to become the largest mass organization in Thai history, and, mobilized by the military-controlled media, helped topple a civilian government and restore military rule. This book bridges both the macro and micro levels of analysis to place the dynamics of a national political movement within a richly detailed account of its working at the village level.
TL;DR: A collection of essays about modern Japanese cultural history from modernist architecture to women as cultural symbols, popular songs to the rhetoric of empire-building, and more is presented in this article.
Abstract: Scholars, Japanese and non-Japanese alike, have studied the greater Taisho era (1900-1930) within the framework of Taisho demokurashii (democracy). While this concept has proved useful, students of the period in more recent years have sought alternative ways of understanding the late Meiji-Taisho period. This collection of essays, each based on new research, offers original insights into various aspects of modern Japanese cultural history from modernist architecture to women as cultural symbols, popular songs to the rhetoric of empire-building, and more. The volume is organized around three general topics: geographical and cultural space; cosmopolitanism and national identity; and diversity, autonomy, and integration. Within these the authors have identified a number of thematic tensions that link the essays: high and low culture in cultural production and dissemination; national and ethnic identities; empire and ethnicity; the center and the periphery; naichi (homeland) and gaichi (overseas); urban and rural; public and private; migration and barriers. The volume opens up new avenues of exploration for the study of modern Japanese history and culture. If, as one of the authors contends, the imperative is to understand more fully the historical forces that made Japan what it is today, these studies of Japan's competing modernities point the way to answers to some of the country's most challenging historical questions in this century. Contributors: Gail L. Bernstein, Barbara Brooks, Lonny E. Carlile, Kevin M. Doak, Joshua A. Fogel, Sheldon Garon, Elaine Gerbert, Jeffrey E. Hanes, Helen Hardacre, Sharon A. Minichiello, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Jonathan M. Reynolds, Michael Robinson, Roy Starrs, Mariko Asano Tamanoi, Julia Adeney Thomas, E. Patricia Tsurumi, Christine R. Yano.
TL;DR: Cordova et al. as discussed by the authors described the history of Filipinos living in the United States as a "tragic sense of Filipino history" and highlighted the importance of Filipina identity in the American Sociopolitical Mainstream Filipino Americans and ecology.
Abstract: Foreword - Fred Cordova Introduction - Maria P P Root The Tragic Sense of Filipino History - Peter Bacho Demographic Changes Transforming the Filipino American Community - Juanita Tamayo Lott Macro/Micro Dimensions of Filipino Immigration to the United States - Antonio J A Pido Colonialism's Legacy - Nilda Rimonte The Inferiorizing of the Filipino Coming Full Circle - Leny Mendoza Strobel Narratives of Decolonization among Post-1965 Filipino Americans Contemporary Mixed-Heritage Filipino Americans - Maria P P Root Fighting Colonized Identities Filipino American Identity - Linda A Revilla Transcending the Crisis Living in the Shadows - Concepcion A Montoya The Undocumented Immigrant Experience of Filipinos Mail-Order Brides - Raquel Z Ordonez An Emerging Community Part of the Community - Cynthia C Mejia-Giudici A Profile of Deaf Filipino Americans in Seattle The Day the Dancers Stayed - Theodore S Gonzalves On Filipino Cultural Nights Pamantasan - Jon Y Okamura and Amefil R Agbayani Filipino American Higher Education Images, Roles and Expectations of Filipino Americans by Filipino Americans - Allan L Bergano and Barbara L Bergano-Kinney Homeland Memories and Media - Rick Bonus Filipino Images and Imaginations in America Deflowering the Sampaguita - M Evelina Galang Tomboy, Dyke, Lezzie and Bi - Trinity A Ordona et al Filipina Lesbian and Bisexual Women Speak Out At the Frontiers of Narrative - Martin F Manalansan IV The Mapping of Filipino Gay Men's Lives in the United States Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater - Antonio T Tiongson, Jr Situating Young Filipino Mothers and Fathers Beyond the Dominant Discourse on Adolescent Pregnancy The Prevalence and Impact of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs on Filipino American Communities - Jacqueline T Jamero Berganio, Leonardo A Tacata Jr and Peter M Jamero The Family Tree - Emilie Gaborne Dearing Dicovering Oneself The Filipino American Young Turks of Seattle - Peter M Jamero A Unique Experience in the American Sociopolitical Mainstream Filipino Americans and Ecology - Felix I Rodriguez New Challenges in the Global Future Filipino Spirituality - Thelma B Burgonio-Watson An Immigrant's Perspective
TL;DR: Achin Vanaik as discussed by the authors argues that the growing phenomenon of Hindu communalism which currently threatens to tear India apart is neither from fascism nor from merely religious extremism, but from modernity and modernity.
Abstract: This work is a rigorous analysis of the growing phenomenon of Hindu communalism which currently threatens to tear India apart. Placing the politics of Hindu nationalism and anti-Muslim hatred in a global context, the author explains the specific nature and modernity of communalism, distinguishing it both from fascism and from merely religious extremism. In defending both the reality and the desirability of the secularization of Indian state and society, Vanaik engages in an examination of the relationship between religion and culture, critically appraising the contributions of Emile Durkheim, Charles Taylor and Anthony Giddens to questions of identity and modernity. Whilst rejecting simplistic readings of religion as nothing but ideology, Vanaik is scathing about the postmodernists and cultural essentialists who assert the inescapable centrality of religion to Indian culture and society. Moving beyond purely theoretical considerations, the book assesses India's political future, the possible obstacles to the development of communalism, and the forces that exist on the Left which might be brought into alliance to halt the march of chauvinism. Achin Vanaik is the author of \"The Painful Transition: Bourgeois Democracy in India\".
TL;DR: A boat tour with a West Bengal government secretary who had police bodyguards to protect him against pirates and tigers in the reserve forest tiger sanctuary was described in this article. But they had none of the apprehensions locals experienced and the conversation among the government officials took an unexpected turn.
Abstract: While boating down the ganges delta on a visit to the Reserve Forest Tiger Sanctuary, I noticed on the bank some idols overlooking the river. When I asked about their significance, it was explained that a tiger had killed and carried off a girl; these idols were meant to ward off future attacks. Since I was on tour with a West Bengal government Secretary who had police bodyguards to protect him against pirates and tigers, we had none of the apprehensions locals experienced. As the launch continued downstream, the conversation among the government officials took an unexpected turn. They talked of a massacre in the area of Untouchable refugees who had illegally settled in the protected forest reserve: the killings were said to number in the thousands of families.
TL;DR: In this article, Aggarwal and Morrison analyzed Institutional transformation in the Asia-pacific region and the evolution of an Institution C. Morrison and C.Dupont.
Abstract: Preface Contributors APEC: The Evolution of an Institution C. Morrison Analyzing Institutional Transformation in the Asia-Pacific V. Aggarwal PART I: ECONOMIC TRENDS Trade Patterns and Regimes in Asia and the Pacific P. Guerrieri Foreign Direct Investment and APEC S. Urata Intellectual Property and APEC S. La Croix PART II: DOMESTIC POLITICAL CONTEXT Australia and APEC J. Ravenhill The United States and APEC Regime-Building R. Baker Japan's Approach to APEC and Regime Creation in the Asia-Pacific Y. Yamamoto and T. Kikuchi China and APEC Z. Yunling PART III: THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT: NESTED INSTITUTIONS? Political-Military Dynamics and the Nesting of Regimes: An Analysis of APEC, the WTO, and Prospects for Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific J. Grieco Nesting NAFTA in APEC: The Political Economy of Open Subregionalism M. Cameron ASEAN and Institutional Nesting in the Asia-Pacific: Leading from behind in APEC M. Plummer PART IV: INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR APEC APEC and Regime Creation in the Asia Pacific: The OECD Model? S. Ostry European Integration and APEC: The Search for Institutional Blueprints C.Dupont The Future of APEC V. Aggarwal and C. Morrison Index
TL;DR: The relative autonomy of the Third World Politician: Suharto and Indonesian Economic Development in Comparative Perspective as discussed by the authors has been studied in the context of post-Suharto Indonesia.
Abstract: IntroductionPART ONE1 Suharto's Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions2 The Politics of Shared Growth: Some Indonesian Cases3 Politics and Culture in Indonesia4 The Relative Autonomy of the Third World Politician: Suharto and Indonesian Economic Development in Comparative PerspectivePART TWO5 Improvising Political Cultural Change: Three Indonesian Cases6 Indonesia's Democratic Past and Future7 Indonesia's Threefold Crisis8 The Politics of Development Policy9 Can All Good Things Go Together? Democracy, Growth and Unity in Post-Suharto Indonesia10 Media Dakwah Scriptualism: One Form of Islamic Political Thought and Action in New Order IndonesiaIndex
TL;DR: In this paper, the central and east European economies, the post-Soviet states, and the Southeast and South Asia were compared, including China, Vietnam, India, and South-east Asia.
Abstract: Part 1 Central and East Europe: the Czech Republic, Josef C. Brada and Ali M. Kutan Hungary, Andras Blaho and Peter Gal East Germany, Jurgen von Hagen Poland, Stanislaw Wellisz. Part 2 The North European economies: the Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Kalev Kukk Finland, Urpo Kivikari. Part 3 The post-Soviet states: Russia, Padma Desai Kazakhstan, Heiner Flassbeck et al Uzbekistan, Michael Connolly. Part 4 East, Southeast and South Asia: China, Richard S. Eckaus Vietnam, David Dollar and Borje Ljunggren India, Manmohan Agarwal.
TL;DR: The authors studied 34 early examples of this literature in order to understand the origins and development of this textual tradition, including the social context of these works as well as their transmission and ritual use.
Abstract: "Precious volumes," or "pao-chuan," were produced by popular sects in the Ming and early Qing dynasties. These scriptures were believed to have been divinely revealed to sect leaders and contain teachings and ritual instructions that provide valuable information about a lively and widespread religious tradition outside mainstream Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Largely neglected until now, they testify to the imagination and devotion of popular religious leaders. This book, the most detailed and comprehensive study of "pao-chuan" in any language, studies 34 early examples of this literature in order to understand the origins and development of this textual tradition. Although the work focuses on content and structure, it also treats the social context of these works as well as their transmission and ritual use.
TL;DR: Many asian cultures have rich traditions of self-cultivation that exercise mind and body through physical and meditational training as discussed by the authors, and many studies have focused fruitfully on how the body is cultivated to serve as an agent of resistance against various forms of social control.
Abstract: Many asian cultures have rich traditions of self-cultivation that exercise mind and body through physical and meditational training. Research and scholarship with respect to those traditions have focused fruitfully on how the body is cultivated to serve as an agent of resistance against various forms of social control. Of these many writings on this subject, I will here name only a suggestive few: Joseph Alter's study of Indian wrestling (1993), for example, tracks the wrestlers' self-conscious reappropriation of their bodies from the power of the state through a regimented discipline aimed at resisting docility. John Donohue's study of the Japanese martial art karate (1993) explores how, in the West, karate's symbolic and ritual functions create a psychological dynamic that counters the prevalent fragmentation of urban life. Douglas Wile's research on Chinese taiji quart (1996) similarly reconstructs the cultural/historical context in which this martial art was created. He shows that what motivated nineteenth-century literati to create taiji quan was its representational function rather than its practical utility. That is, Taiji quan “may be seen as a psychological defense against Western cultural imperialism” (p. 26) insofar as it produced a secure sense of the national self that helped China adapt to a new international environment (p. 29). All of these studies place the body-in-cultivation in a specific historical context; they maintain that the individual, physical body both registers and reveals the national sociopolitical landscape.
TL;DR: For instance, Fangsheng as discussed by the authors refers to the practice of freeing animals from captivity or rescuing them from death, and can be translated variously as "releasing,” "liberating, or saving" animals.
Abstract: Terms, like monuments, long stand unchanged. They might acquire new contexts, attract new associations, and thus be transformed in content or meaning. Yet the very constancy of the term beguiles us to assume some immutable essence instead. Such has been the case for the term fangsheng, which literally means “releasing lives,” but specifically referred to the practice of freeing animals from captivity or rescuing them from death, and which I therefore translate variously as “releasing,” “liberating,” or “saving” animals. The term fangsheng is usually traced back to the fifth century, when it appeared in the Book of Brahmā's Net (Fanwang jing); and it can be tracked forward to the present, where it is still used for practices observed in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and New York. Understood to have originated in a Buddhist text and to have beenin currency for at least 1500 years, it thus signals the power and durability of a Buddhist belief.
TL;DR: In 1992, Kawakatsu Heita, professeur d'economie a l'universite de Waseda, and Ueyama Shunpei, historien published two articles as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Deux articles ont ete publies en 1992 dans le mensuel Chūō kōron sur l'essence de l'experience historique japonaise, l'un d'eux par Kawakatsu Heita, professeur d'economie a l'universite de Waseda, l'autre par Ueyama Shunpei, historien. L'auteur du present article cherche a explorer les forces et les faiblesses de la these de Kawakatsu sur l'histoire economique de l'Asie de l'est. Il porte une attention particuliere au role et a la place du commerce international dans les economies pre-industrielles de la region. Cet article debute avec un examen de l'economie japonaise pendant la periode Tokugawa (1600-1867), suivi par une analyse critique de la these de Kawakatsu. L'auteur traite egalement de la Chine, d'une part a cause de l'importance de la Chine dans le cadre conceptuel de Kawakatsu, d'autre part a des fins de comparaison.
TL;DR: Chan, C.Clark and D.Lam as discussed by the authors discussed the role of the market, state, and society in Asian development, and pointed out that the market is more than the state.
Abstract: List of Tables - List of Figures - List of Acronyms - Notes on the Contributors - Looking Beyond the Developmental State S.Chan, C.Clark & D.Lam - Networks, Politics and Institutions C-I.Moon & R.Prasad - Market, State and Society in Asian Development C.Clark & S.Chan - More than the Market, More than the State: Global Commodity Chains and Industrial Upgrading in East Asia G.Gereffi - Peace by Pieces: Mainland-Taiwan Transaction Flows S.Chan - Privatization Within the Chinese State C-T.Kuo - Private Governance in Taiwan C-T.Kuo - Presidential Leadership for Technological Developments in Korea S.D.Hahm & L.C.Plein - Japan's Model of Economic Development: Will It Work in the Future? W.Boulton - The Cultural Roots of 'Guerilla Capitalism' in Taiwan D.Lam & C.Clark - The Structure and Spirit of Development in Rural Taiwan I.Skoggard - Elites and Regimes in Comparative Perspective: Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia W.Case - References - Index
TL;DR: In this paper, Kosaku et al. discuss the importance of race relations in the context of race riots, and present a set of guidelines for race riots in the United States.
Abstract: Contents Part I 1. Yoshino Kosaku 2. Ohnuki-Tierney Emiko Part II 3. Kendall Laurel 4. Hae-joang Cho Part III 5. Shih-chung Hsieh 6. Gladney Dru C. Part IV 7. A. B. Shamsul 8. Milner Anthony Part V 9. Kelly John D. 10. Kaplan Martha Part VI 11. Deringil Selim 12. Kirisci Kemal Part VII 13. Handler Richard 14. Okamura Jonathan Y.