Showing papers in "World Development in 1999"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the conceptual origins of the community, and the ways the term has been deployed in writings on resource use, and analyze those aspects of community most important to advocates for community's role in resource management.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop an analytical framework for analyzing rural livelihoods in terms of their sustainability and their implications for rural poverty, arguing that the analysis of rural livelihood needs to understand people's access to five types of capital asset and the ways in which they combine and transform those assets in the building of livelihoods that as far as possible meet their material and their experiential needs.

TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework highlighting the central role of institutions in mediating environment-society relationships is proposed. But the authors focus on the implications of intra-community dynamics and ecological heterogeneity.

TL;DR: In this paper, a framework for analyzing social vulnerability is outlined, an aspect largely underemphasized in assessments of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes, which is defined as the exposure of individuals or collective groups to livelihood stress as a result of environmental change.

TL;DR: There is increasing agreement that clustering helps small enterprises to overcome growth constraints and compete in distant markets but there is also recognition that this is not an automatic outcome as mentioned in this paper, and recent research on industrial clusters has made a major contribution to this shift in the debate.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate how contract farming functions as an economic institution and explore the causes of the observed variation in the scale of outgrower production in Latin America and suggest alternative policies to promote contract farming with smallholders.

TL;DR: Broad shifts are occurring at a rapid pace in the structure of diet, physical activity patterns, and obesity patterns in urban areas in lower income countries, particularly their urban populations.

TL;DR: In this paper, anthropological research on the micro-credit program of the Grameen Bank shows that bank workers are expected to increase disbursement of loans among their members and press for high recovery rates to earn profit necessary for economic viability of the institution.

TL;DR: The main hypothesis of the original hypothesis was that the changing character of labor markets around the world had been leading to a rise in female labor force participation and a relative if not absolute fall in men's employment, as well as a feminization of many jobs traditionally held by men.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors stress the need to focus on systems of knowledge accumulation, rather than just production systems, and present a conceptual framework to guide investigation of these aspects of cluster knowledge-systems.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors differentiate between three types of clusters when it comes to formulating cluster-oriented policies in Latin America: survival clusters of micro-and small-scale enterprises owe their existence more to unfavorable macroeconomic conditions and less to entrepreneurial competence and dynamism.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish between static and dynamic, and micro-and macro-efficiency, and argue that labor market regulation has an important role to play in the institutional transformation needed to reconcile goals of efficiency and equality.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether enterprises in the export-oriented Sinos Valley (South of Brazil) have stepped up cooperation in response to intensified global competition in leather footwear, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, it shows a substantial increase in bilateral vertical cooperation, contributing to a major advance in raising product quality, speed of response and flexibility.

TL;DR: In this article, the impact of inequality on the ability of human groups to undertake successful collective action is investigated with special reference to overexploitation of common property resources in voluntary provision problems.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that it is not only the level of corruption but also the nature of corruption that affects investment, and that corruption regimes that are more predictable have less negative impact on investment than those that are less predictable.

TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of forest products to households living in or near forests has been increasingly recognized, and a typology that recognizes the varied relationships of people to forests and forest products permits assessment of the impacts of economic, cultural and social changes.

TL;DR: It is found that the absolute number of urban poor is increasing, as is the share of overall poverty and undernourishment coming from urban areas, and more research needs to be done on alleviation of poverty in urban areas.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the economics of livelihood generation and class in rural South Africa in an effort to contribute to the ongoing and vociferous debate in South Africa about poverty and its alleviation.

TL;DR: This paper reviewed urban food insecurity and generated a set of empirical questions for an analysis of food and livelihood security in contemporary urban sub-Saharan Africa, and then examined historical and contemporary evidence from Kampala, Uganda, and Accra, Ghana to suggest some tentative conclusions.

TL;DR: In this article, the macroeconomic determinants of migrants' remittances to their countries of origin were investigated using data for Egypt and they found that both exchange rate and interest rate differentials are important in attracting remittance flows through official channels.

TL;DR: The authors found that the determinants of food insecurity and malnutrition, and the magnitudes of their effects, are very nearly the same in rural and urban areas of Mozambique, although some differentiation does begin to appear among children 24-60 months old.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the theoretical argument that geographic and sectoral clustering enables enterprises to overcome constraints to growth and development, and found that certain anomalies could only be explained by other contextual variables.

TL;DR: The fences-and-fines approach (the American National Park model) to wildlife protection is now perceived by many conservationists to have failed in Africa and an alternative approach whereby rural communities are given ownership rights or custodianship and management responsibilities for the resource has been introduced under the name Community-based Wildlife Management (CWM) (also known as Community-Based Conservation or CBC) as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: Effective targeting of specific education messages to improve child feeding practices and use of preventive health care could have a major impact on reducing childhood malnutrition in Accra.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used data collected from a 1997 household survey carried out in Accra, Ghana to look at the crucial role that women play as income earners and securing access to food in urban areas.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the hypothesis that meeting international quality assurance standards requires greater local cooperation, both among producers as well as between producers and their suppliers and subcontractors, and drew on quantitative and qualitative data to examine how inter-firm ties, both vertical and horizontal, have changed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the two gender-related indices proposed by UNDP in the 1995 Human Development Report, the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and argue that the particular ways in which these indices were constructed and the assumptions made to overcome data gaps severely limit their usefulness and result in very misleading international comparisons.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use an applied nonseparable model to simulate conservation decisions in Ethiopia and find that despite their awareness of the erosion problem, peasants' investments in land have been limited.

TL;DR: The authors examines the level and changes in female and male participation rates, employment segregation, and female wages relative to male wages across the world economy and concludes that growth benefits women at large, inequalities can have significantly adverse effects on welfare and market-based development alone can be a weak instrument doe reducing inequality between the sexes.

TL;DR: In this paper, the limitations of offical statistics on the informal sector with the case of home-based women workers are discussed, i.e., women who work from their homes as own-account producers or subcontract workers.