A laboratory model of an atmospheric mesofront

TLDR: In this article, the leading edge of a well-defined flow of dense air without significant condensation, such as occurs at a thunderstorm outflow or a sea-breeze front, is explained in terms of a gravity (density) current formed by the denser air.

Abstract: Consideration is given to the leading edge of a well-defined flow of dense air without significant condensation, such as occurs at a thunderstorm outflow or a sea-breeze front. Explanation of the front is proposed in terms of a gravity (density) current formed by the denser air. Observations of such flows are related both to laboratory gravity current heads in which head, tail and calm wind conditions are simulated and to a simple, theoretical gravity current model based primarily on a momentum balance. Good agreement is found between the atmosphere, laboratory and analytical results. The mean flow in the gravity current behind the head is greater than the velocity of the head, a result of mixing between the two fluids. This mixing nearly all occurs at the leading edge of the current. The excess height of the head of the gravity current is interpreted as the mixing region at the leading edge, and this mixed fluid lays down a stable layer above the following gravity current. In the laboratory the effect of a headwind is to flatten the profile of the raised head at the front and to reduce its rate of advance by about three-fifths of the value of the opposing flow.