Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers
TLDR
The results of this study strongly indicate that transmission of resistant clones and resistance plasmids of E. coli from poultry to humans commonly occurs.Abstract:
The prevalence of resistance in enterococci to antibiotics, commonly used for therapy in poultry or as antimicrobial growth promoters (AMGPs), was determined in faecal samples of two chicken populations: broilers in which antibiotic and AMGP use is common and laying-hens with a low antibiotic usage. In addition faecal samples were examined from three human populations: broiler farmers, laying-hen farmers and poultry slaughterers. MICs of an extended panel of antibiotics for a randomly chosen gentamicin- or vancomycin-resistant enterococcal isolate from each faecal specimen were also determined. The prevalence of resistance for all antibiotics tested was higher in broilers than in laying-hens. Resistance in faecal enterococci of broiler farmers was for nearly all antibiotics higher than those observed in laying-hen farmers and poultry slaughterers. The overall resistance in broilers was correlated with the resistance in broiler farmers and in poultry slaughterers. No correlation between the results obtained in the laying-hens with any of the other populations was found. The 27 gentamicin-resistant isolates all showed high-level resistance to gentamicin and two of these isolates, both Enterococcus faecium, were resistant to all antibiotics tested, except vancomycin. The 73 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from the five populations belonged to four different species and in all isolates the vanA gene cluster was detected by blot hybridization. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of these vancomycin-resistant enterococci were quite heterogeneous, but Enterococcus hirae isolates with the same or a closely related PFGE pattern were isolated at two farms from the broiler farmer and from broilers. Molecular characterization of vanA-containing transposons of these isolates showed that similar transposon types, predominantly found in poultry, were present. Moreover, similar vanA elements were not only found in isolates with the same PFGE pattern but also in other VRE isolated from both humans and chickens. The results of this study suggest transmission of resistance in enterococci from animals to man. For VRE this might be clonal transmission of animal strains, but transposon transfer seems to occur more commonly.read more
Citations
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Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health
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TL;DR: The substantial and expanding volume of evidence reporting animal-to-human spread of resistant bacteria, including that arising from use of NTAs, supports eliminating NTA use in order to reduce the growing environmental load of resistance genes.
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Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants
TL;DR: The impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations is reviewed.
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Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century
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TL;DR: In this review the factors that have been linked to the waxing of bacterial resistance are addressed and profiles of bacterial species that are deemed to be particularly concerning at the present time are illustrated.
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Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data
Ian R. Phillips,Mark Casewell,Tony Cox,Brad de Groot,Christian Friis,Ronald N. Jones,Charles H. Nightingale,Rodney Preston,John Waddell +8 more
TL;DR: The application of the 'precautionary principle' is a non-scientific approach that assumes that risk assessments will be carried out, and anti-Gram-positive growth promoters would be expected to have little effect on most Gram-negative organisms.
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Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications
TL;DR: Joint collaboration across the world with international bodies is needed to assist the developing countries to implement good surveillance of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and strengthening of regulations that direct antibiotic manufacture, distribution, dispensing, and prescription is needed, hence fostering antibiotic stewardship.
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