Q2. What is the importance of cyathostomins for horses?
The importance of these parasites for horses is directly related with larval cyathostomosis, a potentially fatal syndrome in most cases, and the high resistance of most gastrointestinal nematode parasites to routine antihelminthics (Reinemeyer, 1986; Reinemeyer and Herd, 1986).
Q3. What is the common parasite in horses?
Klei and Chapman (1999) reported field data suggesting that horses can acquire resistance to helminths with age, which is confirmed by the reduced parasite load and egg count in feces.
Q4. What was the purpose of the present study?
The objective of the present study was to test an alginate pellet formulation containing D. flagrans for the biological control of cyathostomin in horses raised in fields.
Q5. What is the promising species for nematodes?
Within the predator group, the species Duddingtonia flagrans stands out as the most promising for the control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in domestic animals (Terrill et al., 2004; Dias et al., 2007a).
Q6. What is the promising species for gastrointestinal nematode control?
the availability of larvae on pasture may be determined by contamination from animals, as well as environmental factors, parasite and host (Lima et al., 1997).D. flagrans is considered the most promising species in for biological control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of livestock (Faedo et al., 2002).
Q7. How many feces were mixed with industrial vermiculite?
Coprocultures were established together with EPG counts; 20 g of feces were mixed with ground, moistened and autoclaved industrial vermiculite (NS Barbosa Ind. Com.1) and taken to an oven at 26 8C, for 8 days, to obtain cyathostome larvae.
Q8. What is the common nematode in horses?
Kaplan (2002) and Matthews et al. (2004) discussed that worm control in horses is usually carried out withanthelmintic drugs, which have not been totally effective for the control of these nematodes since their action is restricted to adult parasites and there is occurrence of resistance.
Q9. Where did Baudena et al. (2000a) record field data?
Baudena et al. (2000a) recorded field data in southern Louisiana, a region with subtropical climate in The United States, appearing that there is a larger number of infective larvae in the pasture in months with mild temperatures.
Q10. How many species of strongyles were found in the equine pasture?
Silva et al. (1993) reported that the subfamily Cyathostominae is highly prevalent in a large part of the Brazilian territory, and Carvalho et al. (1998) identified 19 species of small strongyles in necropsied horses in the state of Minas Gerais.
Q11. What is the smallest number of larvae recorded?
June and September had the highest rainfall rates (25.25 and35.31 mm3 respectively), with the smallest larval number recorded, possibly because the L3 were washed off by rain (Figs. 3 and 6).
Q12. What percentage of EPG reduction was found for fungus-treated animals?
August, September and October showed smaller percentages of EPG reduction for fungus-treated animals than the control group; 35.4%, 73.2%, 64.3% and 30.5%, respectively.
Q13. What was the EPG of the animals treated with D. flagrans?
EPG of animals treated with D. flagrans was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the control group, especially in the last 4 months of the experiment, in which the EPG monthly mean of the treated group was 46.2% lower than the control group.
Q14. How many larvae were recovered from feces?
The correlation coefficient between EPG and infective larvae recovered from paddocks of group 1 within 0–20 cm from fecal pats was 0.0662; and for the distance 20–40 cm was 0.0416.