Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to Addiction
TLDR
The effects of regular and chronic drug use on alterations in these stress and motivational systems are reviewed, with specific attention to the impact of these adaptations on stress regulation, impulse control, and perpetuation of compulsive drug seeking and relapse susceptibility.Abstract:
Stress is a well-known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse vulnerability. A series of population-based and epidemiological studies have identified specific stressors and individual-level variables that are predictive of substance use and abuse. Preclinical research also shows that stress exposure enhances drug self-administration and reinstates drug seeking in drug-experienced animals. The deleterious effects of early life stress, child maltreatment, and accumulated adversity on alterations in the corticotropin releasing factor and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (CRF/HPA), the extrahypothalamic CRF, the autonomic arousal, and the central noradrenergic systems are also presented. The effects of these alterations on the corticostriatal-limbic motivational, learning, and adaptation systems that include mesolimbic dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) pathways are discussed as the underlying pathophysiology associated with stress-related risk of addiction. The effects of regular and chronic drug use on alterations in these stress and motivational systems are also reviewed, with specific attention to the impact of these adaptations on stress regulation, impulse control, and perpetuation of compulsive drug seeking and relapse susceptibility. Finally, research gaps in furthering our understanding of the association between stress and addiction are presented, with the hope that addressing these unanswered questions will significantly influence new prevention and treatment strategies to address vulnerability to addiction.read more
Citations
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Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure
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The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise.
TL;DR: Overall, the majority of the literature finds that the experience of stress impairs efforts to be physically active, and some prospective studies report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress (behavioral activation).
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Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction.
Rajita Sinha,Ania M. Jastreboff +1 more
TL;DR: An integrative heuristic model is proposed, wherein repeated high levels of stress alter the biology of stress and appetite/energy regulation, with both components directly affecting neural mechanisms contributing to stress-induced and food cue-induced HP food motivation and engagement in overeating of such foods to enhance risk of weight gain and obesity.
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The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States
TL;DR: Health professionals should consider the role multiple types of discrimination plays in the development and treatment of substance use disorders among LGB adults.
References
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