Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias
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TLDR
Eight sources of bias are discussed and conceptualized, and specific measures that can minimize these biases are concluded.Abstract:
Fallacies about the nature of biases have shadowed a proper cognitive understanding of biases and their sources, which in turn lead to ways that minimize their impact. Six such fallacies are presented: it is an ethical issue, only applies to "bad apples", experts are impartial and immune, technology eliminates bias, blind spot, and the illusion of control. Then, eight sources of bias are discussed and conceptualized within three categories: (A) factors that relate to the specific case and analysis, which include the data, reference materials, and contextual information, (B) factors that relate to the specific person doing the analysis, which include past experience base rates, organizational factors, education and training, and personal factors, and lastly, (C) cognitive architecture and human nature that impacts all of us. These factors can impact what the data are (e.g., how data are sampled and collected, or what is considered as noise and therefore disregarded), the actual results (e.g., decisions on testing strategies, how analysis is conducted, and when to stop testing), and the conclusions (e.g., interpretation of the results). The paper concludes with specific measures that can minimize these biases.read more
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References
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Cognitive Bias and Blindness: A Global Survey of Forensic Science Examiners
TL;DR: The authors found that forensic examiners regarded their judgments as nearly infallible and showed only a limited understanding and appreciation of cognitive bias, and they believed they are immune to bias or can reduce bias through mere willpower and fewer than half supported blind testing.
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A Hierarchy of Expert Performance
TL;DR: A Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP) that includes eight distinct levels is developed that evaluates and quantify the performance of forensic experts, a highly specialized domain that plays a critical role in the criminal justice system.
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The impact of human-technology cooperation and distributed cognition in forensic science: biasing effects of AFIS contextual information on human experts.
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Content-specific expectations enhance stimulus detectability by increasing perceptual sensitivity
Timo Stein,Marius V. Peelen +1 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that prior information about specific object properties dynamically enhances the effective signal of visual input matching the expected content, thereby biasing object detection in favor of expected objects.
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