Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires.
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TLDR
Cognitive interviews are a positive addition to current methods of pretesting questionnaires prior to distribution to the sample and are most valuable in pretesting questions that are complex, where questions are sensitive and intrusive and for specific groups for whom questionnaire completion may pose particular difficulties.Abstract:
Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems that occur in questionnaire responses and how cognitive interviewing can be used to identify problematic questions prior to using the questionnaire in the field.
Background. Questionnaire design involves developing wording that is clear, unambiguous and permits respondents successfully to answer the question that is asked. However, a number of problems in relation to respondents' understanding and successfully completing questionnaires have been identified. Cognitive interviewing, an amalgamation of cognitive psychology and survey methodology, has been developed to identify problematic questions that may elicit response error. The overall aim is to use cognitive theory to understand how respondents perceive and interpret questions and to identify potential problems that may arise in prospective survey questionnaires.
Methods. A literature review is used to examine the process of questionnaire design and how cognitive interviewing can be used to reduce sampling error and increase questionnaire response rates.
Findings. Cognitive interviewing involves interviewers asking survey respondents to think out loud as they go through a survey questionnaire and tell them everything they are thinking. This allows understanding of the questionnaire from the respondents' perspective rather than that of the researchers. Cognitive interviews have been used in a number of areas in health care research to pretest and validate questionnaires and to ensure high response rates. Interviewing has been found to be highly effective in developing questionnaires for age specific groups (children and adolescents) and in ascertaining respondents' understanding in health surveys prior to distribution. However, cognitive interviews have been criticized for being overly subjective and artificial.
Conclusion: Cognitive interviews are a positive addition to current methods of pretesting questionnaires prior to distribution to the sample. They are most valuable in pretesting questions that are complex, where questions are sensitive and intrusive and for specific groups for whom questionnaire completion may pose particular difficulties.read more
Citations
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The COMET Handbook: Version 1.0
Paula R Williamson,Douglas G. Altman,Heather Bagley,Karen L. Barnes,Jane M Blazeby,Sara T Brookes,Mike Clarke,Mike Clarke,Elizabeth Gargon,Sarah L. Gorst,Nicola Harman,Jamie J Kirkham,Angus G K McNair,Cecilia A.C. Prinsen,Jochen Schmitt,Caroline B. Terwee,Bridget Young +16 more
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Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87
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The analysis and interpretation of cognitive interviews for instrument development
Kathleen A. Knafl,Janet A. Deatrick,Agatha M. Gallo,Gwynne Holcombe,Marie Bakitas,Jane Dixon,Margaret Grey +6 more
TL;DR: The development and application of analytic strategies for summarizing, interpreting, and using data from cognitive interviews that were conducted during the process of creating a measure of parental management of childhood chronic conditions are addressed.
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Transgender-inclusive measures of sex/gender for population surveys: Mixed-methods evaluation and recommendations.
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data.
TL;DR: This article reviewed major advances in verbal reports over the past decade, including new evidence on how giving verbal reports affects subjects' cognitive processes, and on the validity and completeness of such reports.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Work Limitations Questionnaire.
Debra Lerner,Benjamin C. Amick,William H. Rogers,Susan Malspeis,Kathleen M. Bungay,Diane J Cynn +5 more
TL;DR: With 25 items, 4 dimensions (limitations handling time, physical, mental-interpersonal, and output demands), and a 2-week reporting period, the Work Limitations Questionnaire demonstrated high reliability and validity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Initial validation of a diagnostic questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease
Michael J. Shaw,Nicholas J. Talley,Timothy J. Beebe,Todd H Rockwood,Todd H Rockwood,Rolf Carlsson,Rolf Carlsson,S. A. Adlis,A. Mark Fendrick,A. Mark Fendrick,Roger Jones,John Dent,John Dent,Peter Bytzer,Peter Bytzer +14 more
TL;DR: A brief, simple 12-item questionnaire demonstrated validity and reliability and seemed to be responsive to change for reflux and dyspeptic symptoms and was highly predictive of the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Elementary school-aged children's reports of their health: a cognitive interviewing study
George W. Rebok,Anne W. Riley,Christopher B. Forrest,Barbara Starfield,Brian N. Green,Judith A. Robertson,Ellen S. Tambor +6 more
TL;DR: Children as young as eight are able to report on all aspects of their health experiences and can use a five-point response format, providing the guidance needed to develop and test a pediatric health status questionnaire.