Design, modelling, simulation and integration of cyber physical systems

TLDR: The requirement that methodologies for CPS-design should be part of a multi-disciplinary development process within which designers should focus not only on the separate physical and computational components, but also on their integration and interaction is considered.

About: This article is published in Computers in Industry.The article was published on 2016-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 208 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cyber-physical system & Process (engineering).

Figures

Figure 12: Redundancy Model according to [SWL+13] (left) and mapping to PAR (right)

Figure 13: Mapping of PAR onto Initialization of the Redundancy Matrix [enlargement of SWL+13 and FPS11]

Figure 3: Relationships

Figure 14: Wind Turbine with Embeded Signals [Süt10]: 1: Nacelle temperature (To) 2: Gearbox oil To 3: Gearbox bearing To 4: High speed shaft revolution speed 5: Generator bearing To 6: Stator To (3 phases) 7: Power output as a part of a Off-shore wind turbine farm

Figure 9: Agent-based self-aware, self-describing CPPS-module

Figure 2: The Industrial Internet of Things (after [Wor15])

Frequently asked questions

Q1. What have the authors contributed in "Design, modelling, simulation and integration of cyber physical systems: methods and applications" ?

The aim of this survey paper is to provide an overview of different types of system and the associated transition process from mechatronics to CPS and cloud-based ( IoT ) systems. Challenges related to CPS-design are therefore considered in the paper from the perspectives of the physical processes, computation and integration respectively. It will further consider the requirement that methodologies for CPS-design should be part of a multi-disciplinary development process within which designers should focus not only on the separate physical and computational components, but also on their integration and interaction. 

Q2. What are the future works in "Design, modelling, simulation and integration of cyber physical systems: methods and applications" ?

Future research directions will focus on trends of evolution, roadmaps of development, social embedding, and/or expected impacts of CPSs. As highlights can be pointed out the presentation of a systematic classification of systems, the systematic review of CPS-Design literature with an emphasis on the design, modelling, simulation and integration of CPS and the formulation of architectural and behavioural paradigms for CPS. 

Q3. What is the main benefit of model based approaches?

One of the main benefits of model based approaches is the possibility to automatically generate the designed software components using model transformations. 

Q4. How much money did the European Union invest in R&D?

For instance, the Advanced Research and Technology for Embedded Intelligence and Systems (ARTEMIS) program of the European Union invested seven billion euros in R&D between 2007 and 2013 to stimulate work towards achieving leadership in intelligent electronic systems by 2016. 

Q5. What is the importance of reducing the dimensionality of the features representing the physical behaviour?

The importance of reducing the dimensionality of the features representing the physical behaviour becomes crucial for speeding and optimizing the learning [ABB+06]. 

Q6. What is the reason maintenance is non-deterministic?

maintenance is non-deterministic, because a maintenance operation may change the system’s state and the consequence of one operation determines subsequent maintenance operations. 

Q7. What is the role of redundant actuators in the system?

Similar to sensors, redundant actuators can be useful to support the functionally reconfiguring of the actuator network when some actuators are faulty or to exhibit different functions [JoFo13]. 

Q8. What is the way to ensure that the agent’s decision is safe?

Dependability is guaranteed using a safety shell that allows only safe and non-destructive decisions of the agent to be conducted [WaVo08] during runtime. 

Q9. What is the main challenge of CPS-design?

From the perspective of the integration of the computation and physical processes,CPS-design requires a integration within the collaborative design process of CPS. 

Q10. What are the key challenges for CPPS in the near future?

One of the key challengesfor CPPS in the near future are to define the metrics for evaluating I4.0 compliance and the benefits of adaptivity, flexibility etc. allowing for the benchmarking of different solutions. 

Q11. What is the number one priority for federal investment?

In the US, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) positioned CPS research as the number one priority for federal investment. 

Q12. What is the role of reasoning in the system architecture?

These reasoning capabilities play a central role in the entire systems architecture in order for it to become resilient to external changes and failures. 

Q13. What are the main factors that need to be taken into account in relation to next generation systems?

In considering the growth of computers as applied to industrial environments, there are a number of factors and issues that need to be taken into account in relation to next generation systems. 

Q14. What is the main challenge of the conceptual design phase?

From the perspective of the conceptual design phase, the design-characteristic aspects of systems, such as hierarchy parameters and modularity should be analysed using a conceptual model [Heh12]. 

Q15. How does the smooth green curve compare to the SC method?

The smooth green curve has averaged out the peaks, but still shows the tendency of a fixed beam, confirming the idea of being able to predict the gearbox failure. 

Q16. What is the name of the research agenda for cyber physical systems?

In 2011, the German National Academy of Science and Engineering (Acatech) launched an integrated research agenda for Cyber Physical Systems [Aca12]. 

Q17. What system classes are used to implement agents?

As mentioned above, agents may be implemented on PLCs and PCs depending on the realtime requirements and processing power needed. 

Q18. What is the need to develop product models and systems engineering methods from the mechatronics?

Considering the emergence of the CPS concept there is a need to develop product models and systems engineering methods from the mechatronics field towards that of CPS [ZBL+14, BLE16].