Journal ArticleDOI
Direct manipulation interfaces
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A cognitive account of both the advantages and disadvantages of direct manipulation interfaces is sought and two underlying phenomena that give rise to the feeling of directness of manipulation are identified.Abstract:
Direct manipulation has been lauded as a good form of interface design, and some interfaces that have this property have been well received by users. In this article we seek a cognitive account of both the advantages and disadvantages of direct manipulation interfaces. We identify two underlying phenomena that give rise to the feeling of directness. One deals with the information processing distance between the user's intentions and the facilities provided by the machine. Reduction of this distance makes the interface feel direct by reducing the effort required of the user to accomplish goals. The second phenomenon concerns the relation between the input and output vocabularies of the interface language. In particular, direct manipulation requires that the system provide representations of objects that behave as if they are the objects themselves. This provides the feeling of directness of manipulation.read more
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References
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Book
User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction
TL;DR: A.A. Norman, Cognitive Engineering, Psychological Issues in Support of Multiple Activities, and D.W. diSessa, Notes on the Future of Programming: Breaking the Utility Barrier.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Sketchpad: a man-machine graphical communication system
TL;DR: The Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings, and opens up a new area of man-machine communication.
Journal ArticleDOI
Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages
TL;DR: As I talked with enthusiasts and examined the systems they used, I began to develop a model of the features that produced such delight, and the central ideas seemed to be visibility of the object of interest; rapid, reversible, incremental actions; and replacement of complex command language syntax by direct manipulation of the objects of interest.
Journal ArticleDOI
The future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest three motivations for the strong interest in human factors' aspects of user interfaces and review five design issues: command language versus menu selection, response time and display rates, wording of system messages, on-line tutorials, explanations and help messages and hardware devices.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Sketch pad a man-machine graphical communication system
TL;DR: This paper was reproduced from the AFIPS Conference proceedings, Volume 23, of the Spring Joint Computer Conference held in Detroit, 1963, and suggested that this report contained essentially the same material he spoke on at the SHARE D/A Committee Workshop.