Effects of Two-Dimensionality on Pipe Transients Modeling

TLDR: In this article, the authors discuss the rapid damping of pressure peaks in a water-hammer phenomenon after the end of a complete valve-closure maneuver, which is due to flow characteristics not considered when one-dimensional models are employed.

Abstract: The paper discusses the rapid damping of pressure peaks in a water-hammer phenomenon after the end of a complete valve-closure maneuver. This effect is due to flow characteristics not considered when one-dimensional models are employed. Such an effect is linked to the cross-sectional velocity profiles, and therefore to the intrinsic two-dimensionality of the flow field. Applying a 2-D model, recently proposed in the literature, to expand the limited experimental data available with numerical results, useful information on the evolution of the velocity profiles during a transient has been obtained. Starting from an in-depth inspection of the terms in the momentum equation, an additional term is introduced to model the effects of the flow-field two-dimensionality in a 1-D formulation. Finally, the adequacy of a relationship previously proposed by the writers to evaluate the additional term is specifically showed for fast transients in the field of low-Reynolds-number flows when no cavitation occurs, even if its validity has been proven elsewhere for rather different conditions.