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Evaluation of ipilimumab in combination with allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a GM-CSF gene in previously treated pancreatic cancer.

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TLDR
Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) has been tested as a single agent in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and in combination with GVAX has the potential for clinical benefit and should be evaluated in a larger study.
Abstract
Preclinical reports support the concept of synergy between cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade in nonimmunogenic tumors. In particular, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies have been successfully combined with GM-CSF cell-based vaccines (GVAX). Ipilimumab (anti-

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Journal ArticleDOI

The future of immune checkpoint therapy

TL;DR: The way forward for this class of novel agents lies in the ability to understand human immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, which will provide valuable information regarding the dynamic nature of the immune response and regulation of additional pathways that will need to be targeted through combination therapies to provide survival benefit for greater numbers of patients.
Journal ArticleDOI

Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy.

TL;DR: As the molecular mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy are elucidated, actionable strategies to prevent or treat them may be derived to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
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Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy

TL;DR: Concluding remarks are made that principles learned during the development of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 approaches will likely be used as new immunologic checkpoint blocking antibodies begin clinical investigation, and whether they enhance the efficacy of either approach alone is investigated.
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CSF1/CSF1R Blockade Reprograms Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages and Improves Response to T-cell Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer Models

TL;DR: It is demonstrated in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that inhibiting signaling by the myeloid growth factor receptor CSF1R can functionally reprogram macrophage responses that enhance antigen presentation and productive antitumor T-cell responses.
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Immune Escape Mechanisms as a Guide for Cancer Immunotherapy

TL;DR: This work discusses immune escape mechanisms exploited by cancer and presents strategies for applying this knowledge to improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

FOLFIRINOX versus Gemcitabine for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer

TL;DR: FOLFIRINOX was associated with a survival advantage and had increased toxicity as compared with gemcitabine, and is an option for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and good performance status.
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